CORTEX Basic Science Flashcards
benign bone tumour:
a bony spur, originating the in metaphyseal regions of long bones, growing away from the epiphysis.
osteochondroma
benign bone tumour:
A mostly lucent lesion, with a patchy sclerosis, found within the metaphyseal region of long bones.
enchondroma
benign bone tumour:
A lucent, multi-loculated cyst found within the medulla of many different bones, often with associated cortical expansion.
aneurysmal bone cyst
what is the name of the layer of thin connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibres?
endomysium
The connective tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole is called the epimysium, the connective tissue around a single fascicle is the perimysium and the connetive tissue around a single muscle fibre is the endomysium.
what are the risk factors for avascular necrosis?
excess alcohol intake
illicit steroid use
regular, prescribed prednisolone use
malignant bone tumour:
A malignant tumour of endothelial cells in the marrow. Most cases occur between the ages of 10 and 20. It may be associated with fever, raised inflammatory markers and a warm swelling and may be misdiagnosed as osteomyelitis.
Ewing’s sarcoma
malignant bone tumour:
A malignant primary bone tumour which tends to occur in abnormal bone (bone infarct, fibrous dysplasia, post irradiation, Paget’s disease), most commonly in adolescents or young adults.
fibrosarcoma
malignant bone tumour:
The most common form of primary bone tumour, producing abnormal bone. Most cases are seen in younger age groups (adolescence and early adulthood) with 60% involving the bones around the knee.
osteosarcoma
What is the name of the layer of connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of muscle fibres?
perimysium
Sarcomas of the blood vessels are known as…
angiosarcoma
Sarcomas of muscle are known as…
rhabdomyosarcoma
Sarcomas of the fat are known as…
liposarcoma
what 2 places can osteochondritis occur?
femoral head and the medial femoral condyle of the knee
The sarcomere is defined as the region from one _ ____ to the next
z disc
benign bone tumours:
Tumour often occuring arround the knee and distal radius with a ‘soap bubble’ appearance
giant cell tumour
benign bone tumours:
A tumour extensively involving the proximal femur with cortical thinning and a ‘Shepherd’s crook’ deformity.
fibrous dysplasia
benign bone tumours:
A single lucent lesion, often an incidental finding, found most commonly within metaphyseal regions
simple bone cyst
what are cells found in cartilage called?
chondrocytes
what features are more reassuring of a malignant swelling?
> 5cm in size
irregular surface
systemic upset with weight loss and fatigue
the cells responsible for the destruction of bone during remodelling are…
osteoclasts
what is the most abundant component of cartilage extracellular matrix?
water
soft tissue swellings:
a collection of pus which can be formed secondary to a penetrating wound
abscess
soft tissue swellings:
Inflammation of the usually present, small fluid filled sac lined by synovium around joints which prevents friction between tendons, bones, muscle and skin. This inflammation commonly occurs after repeatedpressure or trauma and, therefore, may present as a soft tissue swelling.
bursitis
soft tissue swellings:
A cystic swelling which occurs around a synovial joint or tendon sheath, as a result of herniation or out‐pouching of a weak portion of joint capsule or tendon sheath.
ganglion
You are the orthopaedic reigistrar in the out-patient clinic. You are referred an 11 year old boy by his GP because he is concerned about a lump which has appeared on the outside of his thigh, just above his knee. The boy and his father tell you it has grown in size and they’re quite concerned. The lump itself is painless although it sometimes catches on the ilio-tibial band on the lateral aspect of his thigh. The boy is well, he doesn’t complain of any other symptoms and doesn’t have any significant past medical history. There is no family history of similar problems.
On examination, the boy is slim and you can feel a firm, bony lump on the lateral aspect of the distal femoral metaphysis. The skin and soft tissues overlying the lump are healthy. You do an x-ray and it shows a bony spur originating from the distal femoral metaphysis. The cortex is otherwise normal.
What is the diagnosis?
osteochondroma
