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Musculoskeletal > Anatomy of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Lower Limb Flashcards

Mr L Reid

1
Q

name the 6 regions of the lower limb

A 
gluteal
femoral
knee
leg
ankle
foot
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2
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

ball and socket

synovial

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3
Q

what are the actions of the hip joint? (4)

A

flexion-extension
abduction-aduction
medial-lateral rotation
circumduction

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4
Q

the ____ __ _____ articulates with the __________ in the hip joint

A

head of femur

acetabulum

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5
Q

name the 3 ligaments of the hip joint

A

iliofemoral
ischiofemoral
pubiofemoral

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6
Q

name the small ligament found within the hip joint itself

A

ligamentum teres of the femur

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7
Q

name the primary blood supply to the head of femur

A

medial circumflex femoral artery

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8
Q

what arteries are damaged in femoral neck fractures?

A

reticular arteries

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9
Q

what type of joint is seen in the knee complex?

A

modified synovial hinge joint

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10
Q

list the actions of the knee (2)

A

flexion-extension

slight rotation

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11
Q

name the 3 articulations of the knee complex

A 
1x patellofemoral
2x tibiofemoral (medial and lateal)
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12
Q

how many extra capsular ligaments are there in the knee? name them.

A
  1. patellar
  2. lateral collateral (fibular)
  3. medial collateral (tibial)
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13
Q

name the two intra-articular ligaments of the knee complex.

A
  1. anterior cruciate - ACL

2. posterior cruciate - PCL

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14
Q

what are the lateral and medial menisci shaped like? what are they made of?

A

crescent

fibrocartilage

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15
Q

describe the Q angle changes in Genu varum and valgum (2)

A

Genu varum - decreased Q angle

Genu valgum - increased Q angle

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16
Q

what do nerves that enter/exit the pelvis and perineum travel through?

A

greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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17
Q

passageway for structures into the:

Gluteal region is via the what?
perineum is via the what?

A

gluteal region is via the greater sciatic foramen

perineum is via the lesser sciatic foramen

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18
Q

name the 2 ligaments forming these foramen (2)

A

sacrotuberous ligament

sacrospinous ligament

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19
Q

what level is the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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20
Q

what level is the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-S4

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21
Q

what level is the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?

A

S1-S3

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22
Q

how many superficial muscles of the gluteal region are there? name them

A
  1. Gluteus maximus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Gluteus minimus
  4. Tensor fascia latae
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23
Q

what is the action of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region? (3)

A

extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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24
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region innervated by?

A

gluteal nerves

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25
Q

what muscle(s) of the gluteal region is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

Gluteus maximus

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26
Q

what muscle(s) of the gluteal region is supplied by the superior gluteal nerve?

A

all others excluding Gluteus maximus

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27
Q

name the 4 deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

Piriformis
Obturator internus
Gemelli (Superior and Inferior)
Quadratus femoris

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28
Q

what is the action of the 4 deep muscles of the gluteal region? (2)

A

Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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29
Q

what innervates the deep muscles the gluteal region?

A

nerves of sacral plexus

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30
Q

reduced function of superior gluteal nerve function is known as what?

A

Trendelenberg Gait

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31
Q

the hip on the _____________ side will drop

A

contralateral

32
Q

hip drop is due to weak hip _________ by the _______ _______

A

abduction by the gluteus medius

33
Q

the sciatic nerve exits inferior to which muscle?

A

piriformis

34
Q

what does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region?

35
Q

the sciatic nerve bifurcates into which 2 structures?

A

tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

36
Q

the tibial nerve is ______ in size and lies ______ whereas the common fibular is _______ and lies more _______

A

tibial - larger and medial

common fibular - smaller and lateral

37
Q

how many compartments do the thigh and leg have each? name them

A

3

thigh - anterior, medial and posterior
leg - anterior, posterior and lateral

38
Q

describe compartment syndrome including cause, symptoms and treatment

A

increased pressure in enclosed space caused by swelling of tissue or fluid increase

affects leg function - muscles and nerves in the compartment

fasciotomy to relieve pressure

39
Q

where are the flexors of the thigh and extensors of the leg found?

A

anterior compartment of the thigh

40
Q

name the 4 muscles responsible for flexion of the thigh

A
  1. Pectineus
  2. Iliopsoas (psoas major/min + iliacus)
  3. Sartorius
  4. Rectus femoris
41
Q

name the 4 muscles responsible for extension of the leg

A
  1. Rectus femoris
  2. Vastus lateralis
  3. Vastus medialis
  4. Vastus intermedius
42
Q

what innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A 
femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4)
except psoas major - (L1, L2, L3)
43
Q

list the boundaries of the femoral triangle:

superior - 
medial - 
lateral - 
floor - 
roof -
A 
superior - Inguinal ligament
medial - Lateral border of adductor longus 
lateral - Medial border of sartorius
floor - Iliopsoas and pectineus
roof - Deep fascia (fascia lata)
44
Q

list the contents of the femoral triangle lateral to medial

A

femoral Nerve
femoral Artery
femoral Vein
lYmphatics

NAVY

45
Q

name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh (5)

A 
Adductor longus
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Gracilis
Obturator externus
46
Q

what innervates the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

all obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)

47
Q

what is the exception of innervation?

A

hamstring part of the adductor magnus - tibial nerve

48
Q

what is the action of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

adductors of the thigh

49
Q

name the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh (3)

A

Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris

50
Q

what is the actions of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh? (2)

A

extensors of thigh

flexors of leg

51
Q

name the nerve and part of the nerve which innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh

A

tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)

52
Q

what muscle is the exception in the posterior compartment of the thigh and is innervated by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve?

A

short head of biceps femoris

rest of posterior thigh is tibial division of sciatic nerve

53
Q

name the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  1. Gastrocnemius
  2. Soleus
  3. Plantaris
54
Q

what is action of the superficial muscles of the posterior aspect of the leg?

A

plantarflexors of the ankle

55
Q

name the 4 deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg

A
  1. Popliteus
  2. Flexor hallucis longus
  3. Flexor digitorum longus
  4. Tibialis posterior
56
Q

what is the actions of the 4 deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg? (2)

A

flexors of toes

plantar flexors of ankle

57
Q

what innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?

A

tibial nerve

58
Q

name the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg

A
  1. Tibialis anterior
  2. Extensor digitorum longus
  3. Extensor hallucis longus
  4. Fibularis tertius
59
Q

what nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A

deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)

60
Q

what is the actions of the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg? (2)

A

dorsiflexors of ankle

extensors of toes

61
Q

name the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg

A

fibulas longus

fibulas brevis

62
Q

what nerve innervates the 2 lateral leg muscles?

A

superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)

63
Q

what is the actions of the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A

evert the foot and weakly plantarflex ankle

64
Q

Loss of the muscle action in _______ compartment of the leg and
reduced or absent ____________ is seen in foot ____

A

anterior compartment
dorsiflextion
foot drop

65
Q

what is the other phrase for foot drop?

A

deep fibular nerve palsy

66
Q

name the boundaries of the popliteal fossa

superolateral -
superomedial -
inferior -
roof -

A

Superolaterally - Biceps femoris

Superomedially -
Semimembranosus

Inferiorly - Gastrocnemius

Roof - Popliteal fascia

67
Q

what is the other name given to the calcanea tendon?

A

achilles tendon

68
Q

the calcaneal tendon is __cm long and attaches to the _________ __________ of the _________

A

15cm long

attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus

69
Q

the calcaneal tendon is the tendon of which 2 muscles?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

70
Q

plantar flexion is the normal result in what reflex?

A

‘ankle jerk’ reflex

71
Q

what nerve roots is the ankle jerk reflex testing?

72
Q

___________ lymphatics

follow _________ veins, drain to superficial ________ _____ _____, then _______ _____ lymph nodes

A

Superficial lymphatics

follow saphenous veins, drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes, then external iliac lymph nodes

73
Q

Deep lymphatics
follow ____ veins,
____ _______ lymph nodes then _______ _____ lymph nodes

A

Deep lymphatics
follow deep veins,
deep inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes

74
Q

what lymphatics are from external to cannon iliac?

A

lumbar lymphatics

75
Q

who has a small penis?

A

ben porter

Musculoskeletal (37 decks)

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