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Anatomy of the Lower Limb Flashcards

Mr L Reid

1
Q

name the 6 regions of the lower limb

A 
gluteal
femoral
knee
leg
ankle
foot
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2
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

ball and socket

synovial

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3
Q

what are the actions of the hip joint? (4)

A

flexion-extension
abduction-aduction
medial-lateral rotation
circumduction

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4
Q

the ____ __ _____ articulates with the __________ in the hip joint

A

head of femur

acetabulum

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5
Q

name the 3 ligaments of the hip joint

A

iliofemoral
ischiofemoral
pubiofemoral

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6
Q

name the small ligament found within the hip joint itself

A

ligamentum teres of the femur

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7
Q

name the primary blood supply to the head of femur

A

medial circumflex femoral artery

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8
Q

what arteries are damaged in femoral neck fractures?

A

reticular arteries

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9
Q

what type of joint is seen in the knee complex?

A

modified synovial hinge joint

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10
Q

list the actions of the knee (2)

A

flexion-extension

slight rotation

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11
Q

name the 3 articulations of the knee complex

A 
1x patellofemoral
2x tibiofemoral (medial and lateal)
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12
Q

how many extra capsular ligaments are there in the knee? name them.

A
  1. patellar
  2. lateral collateral (fibular)
  3. medial collateral (tibial)
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13
Q

name the two intra-articular ligaments of the knee complex.

A
  1. anterior cruciate - ACL

2. posterior cruciate - PCL

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14
Q

what are the lateral and medial menisci shaped like? what are they made of?

A

crescent

fibrocartilage

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15
Q

describe the Q angle changes in Genu varum and valgum (2)

A

Genu varum - decreased Q angle

Genu valgum - increased Q angle

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16
Q

what do nerves that enter/exit the pelvis and perineum travel through?

A

greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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17
Q

passageway for structures into the:

Gluteal region is via the what?
perineum is via the what?

A

gluteal region is via the greater sciatic foramen

perineum is via the lesser sciatic foramen

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18
Q

name the 2 ligaments forming these foramen (2)

A

sacrotuberous ligament

sacrospinous ligament

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19
Q

what level is the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

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20
Q

what level is the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-S4

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21
Q

what level is the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?

A

S1-S3

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22
Q

how many superficial muscles of the gluteal region are there? name them

A
  1. Gluteus maximus
  2. Gluteus medius
  3. Gluteus minimus
  4. Tensor fascia latae
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23
Q

what is the action of the superficial muscles of the gluteal region? (3)

A

extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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24
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region innervated by?

A

gluteal nerves

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25
what muscle(s) of the gluteal region is supplied by the inferior gluteal nerve?
Gluteus maximus
26
what muscle(s) of the gluteal region is supplied by the superior gluteal nerve?
all others excluding Gluteus maximus
27
name the 4 deep muscles of the gluteal region
Piriformis Obturator internus Gemelli (Superior and Inferior) Quadratus femoris
28
what is the action of the 4 deep muscles of the gluteal region? (2)
Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers
29
what innervates the deep muscles the gluteal region?
nerves of sacral plexus
30
reduced function of superior gluteal nerve function is known as what?
Trendelenberg Gait
31
the hip on the _____________ side will drop
contralateral
32
hip drop is due to weak hip _________ by the _______ _______
abduction by the gluteus medius
33
the sciatic nerve exits inferior to which muscle?
piriformis
34
what does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region?
nothing
35
the sciatic nerve bifurcates into which 2 structures?
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
36
the tibial nerve is ______ in size and lies ______ whereas the common fibular is _______ and lies more _______
tibial - larger and medial | common fibular - smaller and lateral
37
how many compartments do the thigh and leg have each? name them
3 thigh - anterior, medial and posterior leg - anterior, posterior and lateral
38
describe compartment syndrome including cause, symptoms and treatment
increased pressure in enclosed space caused by swelling of tissue or fluid increase affects leg function - muscles and nerves in the compartment fasciotomy to relieve pressure
39
where are the flexors of the thigh and extensors of the leg found?
anterior compartment of the thigh
40
name the 4 muscles responsible for flexion of the thigh
1. Pectineus 2. Iliopsoas (psoas major/min + iliacus) 3. Sartorius 4. Rectus femoris
41
name the 4 muscles responsible for extension of the leg
1. Rectus femoris 2. Vastus lateralis 3. Vastus medialis 4. Vastus intermedius
42
what innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh?
``` femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4) except psoas major - (L1, L2, L3) ```
43
list the boundaries of the femoral triangle: ``` superior - medial - lateral - floor - roof - ```
``` superior - Inguinal ligament medial - Lateral border of adductor longus lateral - Medial border of sartorius floor - Iliopsoas and pectineus roof - Deep fascia (fascia lata) ```
44
list the contents of the femoral triangle lateral to medial
femoral Nerve femoral Artery femoral Vein lYmphatics NAVY
45
name the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh (5)
``` Adductor longus Adductor brevis Adductor magnus Gracilis Obturator externus ```
46
what innervates the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
all obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4)
47
what is the exception of innervation?
hamstring part of the adductor magnus - tibial nerve
48
what is the action of the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
adductors of the thigh
49
name the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh (3)
Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps femoris
50
what is the actions of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh? (2)
extensors of thigh | flexors of leg
51
name the nerve and part of the nerve which innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh
tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2)
52
what muscle is the exception in the posterior compartment of the thigh and is innervated by the common fibular division of the sciatic nerve?
short head of biceps femoris rest of posterior thigh is tibial division of sciatic nerve
53
name the 3 superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
1. Gastrocnemius 2. Soleus 3. Plantaris
54
what is action of the superficial muscles of the posterior aspect of the leg?
plantarflexors of the ankle
55
name the 4 deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg
1. Popliteus 2. Flexor hallucis longus 3. Flexor digitorum longus 4. Tibialis posterior
56
what is the actions of the 4 deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg? (2)
flexors of toes | plantar flexors of ankle
57
what innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg?
tibial nerve
58
name the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg
1. Tibialis anterior 2. Extensor digitorum longus 3. Extensor hallucis longus 4. Fibularis tertius
59
what nerve innervates the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
60
what is the actions of the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg? (2)
dorsiflexors of ankle | extensors of toes
61
name the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg
fibulas longus | fibulas brevis
62
what nerve innervates the 2 lateral leg muscles?
superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
63
what is the actions of the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
evert the foot and weakly plantarflex ankle
64
Loss of the muscle action in _______ compartment of the leg and reduced or absent ____________ is seen in foot ____
anterior compartment dorsiflextion foot drop
65
what is the other phrase for foot drop?
deep fibular nerve palsy
66
name the boundaries of the popliteal fossa superolateral - superomedial - inferior - roof -
Superolaterally - Biceps femoris Superomedially - Semimembranosus Inferiorly - Gastrocnemius Roof - Popliteal fascia
67
what is the other name given to the calcanea tendon?
achilles tendon
68
the calcaneal tendon is __cm long and attaches to the _________ __________ of the _________
15cm long attaches to the calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus
69
the calcaneal tendon is the tendon of which 2 muscles?
gastrocnemius and soleus
70
plantar flexion is the normal result in what reflex?
'ankle jerk' reflex
71
what nerve roots is the ankle jerk reflex testing?
S1 and S2
72
___________ lymphatics | follow _________ veins, drain to superficial ________ _____ _____, then _______ _____ lymph nodes
Superficial lymphatics | follow saphenous veins, drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes, then external iliac lymph nodes
73
Deep lymphatics follow ____ veins, ____ _______ lymph nodes then _______ _____ lymph nodes
Deep lymphatics follow deep veins, deep inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes
74
what lymphatics are from external to cannon iliac?
lumbar lymphatics
75
who has a small penis?
ben porter

Musculoskeletal (37 decks)

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