Physiology - Endocrine

Question 1

true or false: the endocrine system involves ducts

Answer 1

false

a ductless system involving glands that secrete into blood

Question 2

how is specificity of signalling achieved by endocrine glands?

Answer 2

distinct hormones with specific receptors on specific target tissues

Question 3

list the 8 main endocrine glands of the body

Answer 3

hypothalamus 
pituitary 
parathyroid 
thyroid 
adrenal gland 
pancreas 
placenta 
gonads

Question 4

what is meant by an autocrine gland?

Answer 4

the hormone released acts back on the gland that released it

Question 5

what is meant by a paracrine gland?

Answer 5

the hormone released acts on neighbouring structures

Question 6

list the three main classes of hormone

Answer 6

peptides
steroids
tyrosine derivatives

Question 7

state three examples of peptide hormones

Answer 7

insulin
GH
oxytocin

Question 8

state two examples of a steroid hormones

Answer 8

cortisol

testosterone

Question 9

state three examples of tyrosine derivative hormones

Answer 9

adrenaline
thyroxine
melatonin

Question 10

true or false: a whole protein is always required to achieve hormonal effect

Answer 10

false

Question 11

true or false: steroid hormones travel freely in the blood

Answer 11

false

usually bound to a carrier protein

Question 12

which carrier protein binds to cortisol?

Answer 12

cortisol binding hormone

Question 13

which carrier protein binds to thyroxine (T4)?

Answer 13

thyroxine binding globulin

Question 14

which hormones normally bind to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)?

Answer 14

testosterone

oestradiol

Question 15

true or false: free and bound lipophilic hormones are in equilibrium in the blood

Answer 15

true

Question 16

what does tropic mean with regards to hormones?

Answer 16

hormones that act on endocrine glands to regulate hormone secretion

Question 17

what are the biggest components involved in hormone elimination?

Answer 17

liver

kidneys

Question 18

list the three main types of hormone receptor

Answer 18

GPCR
tyrosine kinase
nuclear receptors

Question 19

which of the three main types of hormone receptors are found on the cell surface?

Answer 19

GPCR

kinase receptors

Question 20

state a hormone that signals via receptor kinases

Answer 20

insulin

Question 21

what are the three main components of the hypothalamic pituitary axis?

Answer 21

hypothalamus
pituitary
peripheral glands

Question 22

list the main hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary

Answer 22

GH 
LSH/FSH 
TSH 
prolactin 
ACTH

Question 23

list the main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

Answer 23

oxytocin

ADH

Question 24

what is the effect of peripheral hormones on the pituitary/hypothalamus?

Answer 24

negative feedback inhibition

Question 25

what is the major determinant of hormone concentration?

Answer 25

rate of secretion

Question 26

outline the thyroid hormone axis

Answer 26

hypothalamus = TRH
anterior pituitary = TSH
thyroid = T3 and T4

Question 27

what test is done to evaluate the thyroid gland?

Answer 27

highly sensitive TSH assay

Question 28

outline the HPA axis

Answer 28

hypothalamus = CRH
anterior pituitary = ACTH
adrenals = cortisol

Question 29

true or false: random cortisol measurement is useful in determining cortisol levels

Answer 29

false

levels vary widely throughout the day

Question 30

what hormone does GH stimulate the liver to produce?

Answer 30

IGF-1

Question 31

which cells secreted prolactin?

Answer 31

mammotrophs

Question 32

which hypothalamic hormone inhibits prolactin release?

Answer 32

dopamine

Question 33

what is the rate limiting step in steroid hormone metabolism?

Answer 33

cholesterol to pregnenolone