Pharyngeal Arches 1 - Herring Flashcards by Anna Farrell

an important landmark for brain development that sets up the specialization of the cerebral hemispheres (forebrain)

Prechordal plate

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The notochord forming the __________ induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate to neuro-ectoderm via neurulation

primordial axis

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when does neurulation begin

week 3

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The notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate on the posterior aspect of the trilaminar embryo by day 18, this begins ?

neurulation

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the neural tube primarily forms the

CNS

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the center of the neural tube will form the

ventricular system and central canal of the spinal cord

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The first fusion of neural folds in humans occurs at the level of the future ___________ and occurs at day _____

hindbrain-cervical junction

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The cranial two-thirds of the neural plate and tube represents thefuture ______

brain

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Caudal one-third of the neural plate and tube represents the future______

spinal cord (cervical to approximately S2 levels)

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Unfused portions at the cranial and caudal ends are referred to as

neuropores

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The cranial end of the neural tube forms the _____

brain

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The forebrain gives rise to the__________and_________

cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon

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the midbrain becomes the

adult midbrain

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the hindbrain gives rise to the ____ , ________ , and _________-

pons

cerebellum

medulla

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the remainder of the neural tube forms the

spinal cord

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Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a unique population of cells that arise from thedorsal part of the

developing neural tube

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neural crest cells arise during the process of

neurulation

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mesenchyme =

embryonic connective tissue

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Neural crest cells migrate to many specific locations in the body and differentiate into a variety of cells that form:

most of the PNS and ANS
dorsal root (spinal) and autonomic system ganglia
sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
pia mater and arachnoid mater
Schwann cells (type of glial cell)
craniofacial bony structures
melanocytes
cells of the suprarenal (adrenal) medulla

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Neural crest cells form 2 types of structures in the head:

Ectomesenchyme derivatives and Non-ectomesenchyme derivatives

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Ectomesenchyme derivatives forms many of the skeletal and connective tissue components of the head including:

bone, cartilage, connective tissue and dentin

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Non-ectomesenchyme Derivatives: what are they?

Neurons and glial cells of the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous system

Melanocytes (pigment-containing cells) of the epidermis

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Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane pulled

ventrally

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Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane = developing brain becomes most _______ part of the embryo

cranial

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an ectoderm pouch located between the future brain & developing heart

stomodeum

what is the future structural formation of the oral cavity

stomodeum

Primordial heart located _____ to the developing brain and oropharyngeal membrane

rostral

Longitudinal folding moves the future heart toward the region of the ______

thorax

On each side (R/L) of the stomodeum, the _______ start to develop

pharyngeal arches

The primitive oral cavity is surrounded by the ___________ and ___________

first pharyngeal arch frontonasal prominence

The structural development of the head and neck occurs between weeks ______ of gestation

3-8

The embryonic basis of the head and neck is 5 pairs of _________

pharyngeal arches

the pharyngeal arches form where and when

on either side of the cranial foregut during late week 3 - early week 5

These arches are numbered

1,2,3,4, and 6

The 1st pharyngeal arch appears around the beginning of the ____ week of development

4th

The other arches (2, 3, 4, and 6) are added in a caudal succession so there are ultimately ____ arches by the end of the 4th week

The pharyngeal arches are separated from each other by:

ectoderm-lined pharyngeal clefts / grooves (located externally) endoderm-lined pharyngeal pouches (located internally)

A typical pharyngeal arch contains:

a cartilaginous rod A muscular component sensory and motor nerves (cranial) a pharyngeal arch artery (aortic arch)

The cartilaginous rod of a pharyngeal arch forms the

skeleton of the arch (neural crest cells)

The muscular component of a pharyngeal arch differentiates into

muscles in the head and neck

The sensory and motor nerves (cranial nerves) of a pharyngeal arch supply the

mucosa and muscles derived from the arch

the embryonic aortic arches begin to form in week _____ in a ______ pattern

3 craniocaudal

what are some structures that a cartilaginous rod from a pharyngeal arch can form | MSHL

middle ear bones styloid process of temporal bone hyoid bone laryngeal cartilages

a pharyngeal arch also contains a mesodermal component that differentiates into muscles in the head and neck, what are examples of these muscles? | MoM list

Muscles of mastication Muscles of facial expression, Suprahyoid muscles Muscles of the middle ear Muscles of the pharynx, larynx and palate

what cranial nerves are found in a pharyngeal arch

CN V CN VII CN IX CN X

A pharyngeal arch artery (aortic arch) that undergoes extensive remodeling to differentiate into parts of what arteries? | 6 answers

Arch of aorta Right subclavian artery Common and internal carotid arteries Maxillary artery Pulmonary arteries Ductus arteriosus

Small elevations of the 1st and 2nd arches surrounding the 1st pharyngeal cleft / groove fuse together to form the

auricle of the external ear

The recognizable face begins its development from 5 embryonic structures that surround the

stomodeum (primitive mouth)

Neural crest in the mandibular prominence forms __________ cartilage

Meckel’s cartilage

Meckel’s cartilage differentiates to form

mandible malleus and incus sphenomandibular ligament

the 1st pharyngeal arch is innervated by

CN V

the 1st pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN V, what are they

Muscles of mastication: masseter, temporalis, & lateral and medial pterygoids Mylohyoid Anterior belly of digastric

the 1st pharyngeal arch is associated with the 1st aortic arch which develops into part of the _______ which supplies the ________

maxillary artery deep face

1st Pharyngeal cleft develops into the

external auditory meatus (ear canal)

the 1st Pharyngeal pouch develops into the | 2 things

tympanic (middle ear) cavity and the auditory (Eustachian) tube

Tissue remaining in between (1st pharyngeal membrane) forms the

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Neural crest in arch 2 forms _______- cartilage

Reickert’s

Reickert’s cartilage differentiates to form | SSLS

Stapes Styloid process of the temporal bone Lesser horn and the upper body of the hyoid bone Stylohyoid ligament

the 2nd pharyngeal arch is innervated by

CN VII

the 2nd pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN VII, what are they

Muscles of facial expression Posterior belly of digastric Stylohyoid

the 2nd pharyngeal arch is associated with the 2nd aortic arch which forms a __________ that usually _______

transient stapedial artery regresses

pharyngeal cleft 2, 3, and 4 contributes to the transient ______ which is usually ________

cervical sinus obliterated

pharyngeal pouch 2 develops into the

palatine tonsil

the most common congenital anomaly associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch

Cervical cyst, sinus or fistula

a closed sac that typically lies deep to sternocleidomastoid in the neck

cervical cyst

an abnormal channel that extends from a cervical cyst either externally to skin of neck or internally to pouch 2

cervical sinus (tract)

an abnormal pathway extending from skin of neck to tonsillar fossa of pharynx

cervical fistula

The third pharyngeal arch completes the formation of the

hyoid bone in the neck

The third pharyngeal arch completes the formation of the hyoid bone in the neck and forms what 2 things

greater horn and lower body of the hyoid bone

the 3rd pharyngeal arch is innervated by

CN IX

the 3rd pharyngeal arch innervates the only muscle innervated by CN IX, what is it

stylopharyngeus

the 3rd pharyngeal arch is associated with aortic arch 3 which contributes to the ________ and proximal segment of the __________

common carotid artery internal carotid artery

Pharyngeal pouch 3 develops into the __________ and _________

inferior parathyroid gland thymus

The 4th pharyngeal arch is responsible for contributing to the formation of the cartilages of the

larynx (voice box)

the 4th pharyngeal arch contributes to formation of the

thyroid, cricoid, and other laryngeal cartilages

the 4th pharyngeal arch is innervated by

CN X

the 4th pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN X, what are they

Pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngeus) One laryngeal muscle - the cricothyroid

the 4th pharyngeal arch is associated with aortic arch 4 which contributes to the _________ and the ___________

right subclavian artery arch of the aorta

Pharyngeal pouch 4 contributes to

superior parathyroid gland ultimobranchial body

the 6th pharyngeal arch contributes to formation of the | same as 4th pharyngeal arch

thyroid, cricoid, and other laryngeal cartilages

the 6th pharyngeal arch is innervated by

CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch)

the 6th pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN X, what are they

Muscles of the upper esophagus Muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)

the 6th pharyngeal arch is associated with aortic arch 6 which contributes to the __________ and ___________

pulmonary arteries ductus arteriosus

The cranial end of the neural tube forms the

brain the primordia of which are the: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain