Pharyngeal Arches 1 - Herring

Question 1

an important landmark for brain development that sets up the specialization of the cerebral hemispheres (forebrain)

Answer 1

Prechordal plate

Question 2

The notochord forming the __________ induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate to neuro-ectoderm via neurulation

Answer 2

primordial axis

Question 3

when does neurulation begin

Answer 3

week 3

Question 4

The notochord induces the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate on the posterior aspect of the trilaminar embryo by day 18, this begins ?

Answer 4

neurulation

Question 5

the neural tube primarily forms the

Answer 5

CNS

Question 6

the center of the neural tube will form the

Answer 6

ventricular system and central canal of the spinal cord

Question 7

The first fusion of neural folds in humans occurs at the level of the future ___________ and occurs at day _____

Answer 7

hindbrain-cervical junction

22

Question 8

The cranial two-thirds of the neural plate and tube represents thefuture ______

Answer 8

brain

Question 9

Caudal one-third of the neural plate and tube represents the future______

Answer 9

spinal cord (cervical to approximately S2 levels)

Question 10

Unfused portions at the cranial and caudal ends are referred to as

Answer 10

neuropores

Question 11

The cranial end of the neural tube forms the _____

Answer 11

brain

Question 12

The forebrain gives rise to the__________and_________

Answer 12

cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon

Question 13

the midbrain becomes the

Answer 13

adult midbrain

Question 14

the hindbrain gives rise to the ____ , ________ , and _________-

Answer 14

pons

cerebellum

medulla

Question 15

the remainder of the neural tube forms the

Answer 15

spinal cord

Question 16

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a unique population of cells that arise from thedorsal part of the

Answer 16

developing neural tube

Question 17

neural crest cells arise during the process of

Answer 17

neurulation

Question 18

mesenchyme =

Answer 18

embryonic connective tissue

Question 19

Neural crest cells migrate to many specific locations in the body and differentiate into a variety of cells that form:

Answer 19

most of the PNS and ANS
dorsal root (spinal) and autonomic system ganglia
sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
pia mater and arachnoid mater
Schwann cells (type of glial cell)
craniofacial bony structures
melanocytes
cells of the suprarenal (adrenal) medulla

Question 20

Neural crest cells form 2 types of structures in the head:

Answer 20

Ectomesenchyme derivatives and Non-ectomesenchyme derivatives

Question 21

Ectomesenchyme derivatives forms many of the skeletal and connective tissue components of the head including:

Answer 21

bone, cartilage, connective tissue and dentin

Question 22

Non-ectomesenchyme Derivatives: what are they?

Answer 22

Neurons and glial cells of the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous system

Melanocytes (pigment-containing cells) of the epidermis

Question 23

Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane pulled

Answer 23

ventrally

Question 24

Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane = developing brain becomes most _______ part of the embryo

Answer 24

cranial

Question 25

an ectoderm pouch located between the future brain & developing heart

Answer 25

stomodeum

Question 26

what is the future structural formation of the oral cavity

Answer 26

stomodeum

Question 27

Primordial heart located _____ to the developing brain and oropharyngeal membrane

Answer 27

rostral

Question 28

Longitudinal folding moves the future heart toward the region of the ______

Answer 28

thorax

Question 29

On each side (R/L) of the stomodeum, the _______ start to develop

Answer 29

pharyngeal arches

Question 30

The primitive oral cavity is surrounded by the ___________ and ___________

Answer 30

first pharyngeal arch frontonasal prominence

Question 31

The structural development of the head and neck occurs between weeks ______ of gestation

Answer 31

3-8

Question 32

The embryonic basis of the head and neck is 5 pairs of _________

Answer 32

pharyngeal arches

Question 33

the pharyngeal arches form where and when

Answer 33

on either side of the cranial foregut during late week 3 - early week 5

Question 34

These arches are numbered

Answer 34

1,2,3,4, and 6

Question 35

The 1st pharyngeal arch appears around the beginning of the ____ week of development

Answer 35

4th

Question 36

The other arches (2, 3, 4, and 6) are added in a caudal succession so there are ultimately ____ arches by the end of the 4th week

Answer 36

5

Question 37

The pharyngeal arches are separated from each other by:

Answer 37

ectoderm-lined pharyngeal clefts / grooves (located externally) endoderm-lined pharyngeal pouches (located internally)

Question 38

A typical pharyngeal arch contains: 

Answer 38

a cartilaginous rod A muscular component sensory and motor nerves (cranial) a pharyngeal arch artery (aortic arch)

Question 39

The cartilaginous rod of a pharyngeal arch forms the

Answer 39

skeleton of the arch (neural crest cells)

Question 40

The muscular component of a pharyngeal arch differentiates into

Answer 40

muscles in the head and neck

Question 41

The sensory and motor nerves (cranial nerves) of a pharyngeal arch supply the

Answer 41

mucosa and muscles derived from the arch

Question 42

the embryonic aortic arches begin to form in week _____ in a ______ pattern

Answer 42

3 craniocaudal

Question 43

what are some structures that a cartilaginous rod from a pharyngeal arch can form | MSHL

Answer 43

middle ear bones styloid process of temporal bone hyoid bone laryngeal cartilages

Question 44

a pharyngeal arch also contains a mesodermal component that differentiates into muscles in the head and neck, what are examples of these muscles? | MoM list

Answer 44

Muscles of mastication Muscles of facial expression, Suprahyoid muscles Muscles of the middle ear Muscles of the pharynx, larynx and palate

Question 45

what cranial nerves are found in a pharyngeal arch

Answer 45

CN V CN VII CN IX CN X

Question 46

A pharyngeal arch artery (aortic arch) that undergoes extensive remodeling to differentiate into parts of what arteries? | 6 answers

Answer 46

Arch of aorta Right subclavian artery Common and internal carotid arteries Maxillary artery Pulmonary arteries Ductus arteriosus

Question 47

Small elevations of the 1st and 2nd arches surrounding the 1st pharyngeal cleft / groove fuse together to form the

Answer 47

auricle of the external ear

Question 48

The recognizable face begins its development from 5 embryonic structures that surround the

Answer 48

stomodeum (primitive mouth)

Question 49

Neural crest in the mandibular prominence forms __________ cartilage

Answer 49

Meckel’s cartilage

Question 50

Meckel’s cartilage differentiates to form

Answer 50

mandible malleus and incus sphenomandibular ligament

Question 51

the 1st pharyngeal arch is innervated by

Answer 51

CN V

Question 52

the 1st pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN V, what are they

Answer 52

Muscles of mastication: masseter, temporalis, & lateral and medial pterygoids Mylohyoid Anterior belly of digastric

Question 53

the 1st pharyngeal arch is associated with the 1st aortic arch which develops into part of the _______ which supplies the ________

Answer 53

maxillary artery deep face

Question 54

1st Pharyngeal cleft develops into the

Answer 54

external auditory meatus (ear canal)

Question 55

the 1st Pharyngeal pouch develops into the | 2 things

Answer 55

tympanic (middle ear) cavity and the auditory (Eustachian) tube

Question 56

Tissue remaining in between (1st pharyngeal membrane) forms the

Answer 56

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Question 57

Neural crest in arch 2 forms _______- cartilage

Answer 57

Reickert’s

Question 58

Reickert’s cartilage differentiates to form | SSLS

Answer 58

Stapes Styloid process of the temporal bone Lesser horn and the upper body of the hyoid bone Stylohyoid ligament

Question 59

the 2nd pharyngeal arch is innervated by

Answer 59

CN VII

Question 60

the 2nd pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN VII, what are they

Answer 60

Muscles of facial expression Posterior belly of digastric Stylohyoid

Question 61

the 2nd pharyngeal arch is associated with the 2nd aortic arch which forms a __________ that usually _______

Answer 61

transient stapedial artery regresses

Question 62

pharyngeal cleft 2, 3, and 4 contributes to the transient ______ which is usually ________

Answer 62

cervical sinus obliterated

Question 63

pharyngeal pouch 2 develops into the

Answer 63

palatine tonsil

Question 64

the most common congenital anomaly associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch

Answer 64

Cervical cyst, sinus or fistula

Question 65

a closed sac that typically lies deep to sternocleidomastoid in the neck

Answer 65

cervical cyst

Question 66

an abnormal channel that extends from a cervical cyst either externally to skin of neck or internally to pouch 2

Answer 66

cervical sinus (tract)

Question 67

an abnormal pathway extending from skin of neck to tonsillar fossa of pharynx

Answer 67

cervical fistula

Question 68

The third pharyngeal arch completes the formation of the

Answer 68

hyoid bone in the neck

Question 69

The third pharyngeal arch completes the formation of the hyoid bone in the neck and forms what 2 things

Answer 69

greater horn and lower body of the hyoid bone

Question 70

the 3rd pharyngeal arch is innervated by

Answer 70

CN IX

Question 71

the 3rd pharyngeal arch innervates the only muscle innervated by CN IX, what is it

Answer 71

stylopharyngeus

Question 72

the 3rd pharyngeal arch is associated with aortic arch 3 which contributes to the ________ and proximal segment of the __________

Answer 72

common carotid artery internal carotid artery

Question 73

Pharyngeal pouch 3 develops into the __________ and _________

Answer 73

inferior parathyroid gland thymus

Question 74

The 4th pharyngeal arch is responsible for contributing to the formation of the cartilages of the

Answer 74

larynx (voice box)

Question 75

the 4th pharyngeal arch contributes to formation of the

Answer 75

thyroid, cricoid, and other laryngeal cartilages

Question 76

the 4th pharyngeal arch is innervated by

Answer 76

CN X

Question 77

the 4th pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN X, what are they

Answer 77

Pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngeus) One laryngeal muscle - the cricothyroid

Question 78

the 4th pharyngeal arch is associated with aortic arch 4 which contributes to the _________ and the ___________

Answer 78

right subclavian artery arch of the aorta

Question 79

Pharyngeal pouch 4 contributes to

Answer 79

superior parathyroid gland ultimobranchial body

Question 80

the 6th pharyngeal arch contributes to formation of the | same as 4th pharyngeal arch

Answer 80

thyroid, cricoid, and other laryngeal cartilages

Question 81

the 6th pharyngeal arch is innervated by

Answer 81

CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch)

Question 82

the 6th pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN X, what are they

Answer 82

Muscles of the upper esophagus Muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)

Question 83

the 6th pharyngeal arch is associated with aortic arch 6 which contributes to the __________ and ___________

Answer 83

pulmonary arteries ductus arteriosus

Question 84

The cranial end of the neural tube forms the

Answer 84

brain the primordia of which are the: forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain