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809 - Exam 1 > Pharyngeal Arches 1 - Herring > Flashcards

Pharyngeal Arches 1 - Herring Flashcards

1
Q

an important landmark for brain development that sets up the specialization of the cerebral hemispheres (forebrain)

A

Prechordal plate

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2
Q

What induces overlying ectoderm to differentiate to neuro-ectoderm via neurulation

A

notochord forming the primordial axis

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3
Q

when does neurulation begin

A

week 3

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4
Q

how does neurulation begin

A

with the notochord inducing the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plateon the posterior aspect of the trilaminar embryo by day 18

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5
Q

the neural tube primarily forms the

A

CNS

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6
Q

the center of the neural tube will form the

A

ventricular system and central canal of the spinal cord

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7
Q

The first fusion of neural folds in humans occurs at the level of the future ___________ and occurs atday _____

A

hindbrain-cervical junction

22

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8
Q

The cranial two-thirds of the neural plate and tube represents thefuture ______

A

brain

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9
Q

Caudal one-third of the neural plate and tube represents the future______

A

spinal cord(cervical toapproximatelyS2 levels)

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10
Q

Unfused portions at the cranial and caudal ends are referred to as

A

neuropores

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11
Q

The cranial end of the neural tube forms the _____

A

brain

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12
Q

Theforebraingives rise to the__________and_________

A

cerebral hemispheres

diencephalon

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13
Q

the midbrain becomes the

A

adult midbrain

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14
Q

the hindbrain gives rise to the ____ , ________ , and _________-

A

pons

cerebellum

medulla

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15
Q

the remainder of the neural tube forms the

A

spinal cord

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16
Q

Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a unique population of cells that arise from thedorsal part of the

A

developing neural tube

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17
Q

neural crest cells arise during the process of

A

neurulation

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18
Q

mesenchyme =

A

embryonic connective tissue

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19
Q

Neural crest cells migrate to many specific locations in the body and differentiate into a variety of cells that form:

A

most of the PNS and ANS
dorsal root (spinal) and autonomic system ganglia
sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
pia mater and arachnoid mater
Schwann cells (type of glial cell)
craniofacial bony structures
melanocytes
cells of the suprarenal (adrenal) medulla

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20
Q

Neural crest cells form 2 types of structures in the head:

A

Ectomesenchyme derivatives and Non-ectomesenchyme derivatives

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21
Q

Ectomesenchyme derivatives forms many of the skeletal and connective tissue components of the head including:

A

bone, cartilage, connective tissue and dentin

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22
Q

Non-ectomesenchyme Derivatives: what are they?

A

Neurons and glial cells of the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous system

Melanocytes (pigment-containing cells) of the epidermis

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23
Q

Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane pulled

A

ventrally

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24
Q

Oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane = developing brain becomes most _______ part of the embryo

A

cranial

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25
Q

an ectoderm pouch located between the future brain & developing heart

A

stomodeum

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26
Q

what is the future structural formation of the oral cavity

A

stomodeum

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27
Q

Primordial heart located _____ to the developing brain and oropharyngeal membrane

A

rostral

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28
Q

Longitudinal folding moves the future heart toward the region of the ______

A

thorax

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29
Q

On each side (R/L) of the stomodeum, the _______ start to develop

A

branchial or pharyngeal arches

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30
Q

The primitive oral cavity is surrounded by the ___________ and ___________

A

first pharyngeal arch

frontonasal prominence

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31
Q

The structural development of the head and neck occurs between weeks ______ of gestation

A

3-8

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32
Q

The embryonic basis of the head and neck is 5 pairs of _________-

A

pharyngeal (branchial) arches

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33
Q

the pharyngeal arches form where and when

A

on either side of the cranial foregut

during late week 3 - early week 5

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34
Q

These arches are numbered

A

1,2,3,4, and 6

35
Q

The 1st pharyngeal arch appears around the beginning of the ____ week of development

A

4th

36
Q

The other arches (2, 3, 4, and 6) are added in a caudal succession so there are ultimately ____ arches by the end of the 4th week

A

5

37
Q

The pharyngeal arches are separated from each other by:

A

ectoderm-lined pharyngeal clefts / grooves (located externally)

endoderm0lined pharyngeal pouches (located internally)

38
Q

A typical pharyngeal arch contains:

A

a cartilaginous rod
A muscular component
sensory and motor nerves (cranial)
a pharyngeal arch artery (aortic arch)

39
Q

The cartilaginous rod of a pharyngeal arch forms the

A

skeleton of the arch (neural crest cells)

40
Q

The muscular component of a pharyngeal arch differentiates into

A

muscles in the head and neck

41
Q

The sensory and motor nerves (cranial nerves) of a pharyngeal arch supply the

A

mucosa and muscles derived from the arch

42
Q

the embryonic aortic arches begin to form in week _____ in a ______ pattern

A

3

craniocaudal

43
Q

what are some structures that a cartilaginous rod from a pharyngeal arch can form

A

middle ear bones
styloid process of temporal bone
hyoid bone
laryngeal cartilages

44
Q

a pharyngeal arch also contains a mesodermal component that differentiates into muscles in the head and neck, what are examples of these muscles?

A

Muscles of mastication
Muscles of facial expression,
Suprahyoid muscles
Muscles of the middle ear
Muscles of the pharynx, larynx and palate

45
Q

what cranial nerves are found in a pharyngeal arch

A

CN V
CN VII
CN IX
CN X

46
Q

A pharyngeal arch artery (aortic arch) that undergoes extensive remodeling to differentiate into parts of the:

A

Arch of aorta
Right subclavian artery
Common and internal carotid arteries
Maxillary artery
Pulmonary arteries
Ductus arteriosus

47
Q

Small elevations of the 1st and 2nd arches surrounding the 1st pharyngeal cleft / groove fuse together to form the

A

auricle of the external ear

48
Q

The recognizable face begins its development from 5 embryonic structures that surround the

A

stomodeum (primitive mouth)

49
Q

Neural crest in the mandibular prominence forms

A

Meckel’s cartilage

50
Q

Meckel’s cartilage differentiates to form

A

mandible

malleus and incus

sphenomandibular ligament

51
Q

the 1st pharyngeal arch is innervated by

A

CN V

52
Q

the 1st pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN V, what are they

A

Muscles of mastication: masseter, temporalis, & lateral and medial pterygoids
Mylohyoid
Anterior belly of digastric

53
Q

the 1st pharyngeal arch is associated with the 1st aortic arch which develops into part of the _______ which supplies the ________

A

maxillary artery

deep face

54
Q

1st Pharyngeal cleft develops into the

A

external auditory meatus (ear canal)

55
Q

the 1st Pharyngeal pouch develops into the

A

tympanic (middle ear) cavity and the auditory (Eustachian) tube

56
Q

Tissue remaining in between (1st pharyngeal membrane) forms the

A

tympanic membrane (ear drum)

57
Q

Neural crest in arch 2 forms _______- cartilage

A

Reickert’s

58
Q

Reickert’s cartilage differentiates to form

A

1 middle ear bone (stapes)
styloid process of the temporal bone
lesser horn and the upper body of the hyoid bone
Stylohyoid ligament

59
Q

the 2nd pharyngeal arch is innervated by

A

CN VII

60
Q

the 2nd pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN VII, what are they

A

Muscles of facial expression
Posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid

61
Q

the 2nd pharyngeal arch is associated with the 2nd aortic arch which forms a __________ that usually _______

A

transient stapedial artery

regresses

62
Q

pharyngeal cleft 2, 3, and 4 contributes to the transient ______ which is usually ________

A

cervical sinus

obliterated

63
Q

pharyngeal pouch 2 develops into the

A

palatine tonsil

64
Q

the most common congenital anomaly associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch

A

Cervical (branchial) cyst, sinus or fistula

65
Q

a closed sac that typically lies deep to sternocleidomastoid in the neck

A

cervical cyst

66
Q

an abnormal channel that extends from a cervical cyst either externally to skin of neck or internally to pouch 2

A

cervical sinus (tract)

67
Q

an abnormal channel that extends from a cervical cyst either externally to skin of neck or internally to pouch 2

A

cervical fistula

68
Q

The third pharyngeal arch completes the formation of the

A

hyoid bone in the neck

69
Q

The third pharyngeal arch completes the forms what 2 things

A

greater horn and lower body of the hyoid bone

70
Q

the 3rd pharyngeal arch is innervated by

A

CN IX

71
Q

the 3rd pharyngeal arch innervates the only muscle innervated by CN IX, what is it

A

stylopharyngeus

72
Q

the 3rd pharyngeal arch is associated with aortic arch 3 which contributes to the ________ and proximal segment of the __________

A

common carotid artery

internal carotid artery

73
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 3 develops into the __________ and _________

A

inferior parathyroid gland

thymus

74
Q

The 4th pharyngeal arch is responsible for contributing to the formation of the cartilages of the

A

larynx (voice box)

75
Q

the 4th pharyngeal arch contributes to formation of the

A

thyroid, cricoid, and other laryngeal cartilages

76
Q

the 4th pharyngeal arch is innervated by

A

CN X

77
Q

the 4th pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN X, what are they

A

Pharyngeal muscles (except stylopharyngeus)

One laryngeal muscle - the cricothyroid

78
Q

the 4th pharyngeal arch is associated with aortic arch 4 which contributes to the _________ and the ___________

A

right subclavian artery

arch of the aorta

79
Q

Pharyngeal pouch 4 contributes to

A

superior parathyroid gland

ultimobranchial body

80
Q

the 6th pharyngeal arch contributes to formation of the

A

thyroid, cricoid, and other laryngeal cartilages

81
Q

the 6th pharyngeal arch is innervated by

A

CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch)

82
Q

the 6th pharyngeal arch forms muscles innervated by CN X, what are they

A

Muscles of the upper esophagus

Muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)

83
Q

the 6th pharyngeal arch is associated with aortic arch 6 which contributes to the __________ and ___________

A

pulmonary arteries

ductus arteriosus

84
Q
A

809 - Exam 1 (8 decks)

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