Metz - Phys of Hearing

Question 1

hair cells are __________ with __________

Answer 1

mechanoreceptors ; stereovili

Question 2

4 components of hearing

Answer 2

1. Collection (of sound waves)
2. Movement (of tymp. membrane)
3. Vibration (of ossicles)
4. Movement (of basilar membrane in cochlea)

Question 3

the tympanic membrane movement facilitates the vibration of the

Answer 3

ossicles

Question 4

the stapes is connected to the cochlea via the

Answer 4

oval window

Question 5

the movement of the basilar membrane stimulates

Answer 5

hair cells

Question 6

once the basilar membrane stimulates the hair cells, what is produced?

Answer 6

an electrical signal that is transmitted to the nervous system

Question 7

high pressure

Answer 7

compressions

Question 8

low pressure

Answer 8

rarefactions

Question 9

how is the wavelength measured

Answer 9

the distance from the peak of one compression to the peak of the next compression

Question 10

a longer wavelength would produce a ______ frequency of sound

Answer 10

low

Question 11

the amplitude of a sound wave is indicative of the

Answer 11

intensity of the sound (how loud it is)

Question 12

frequency is measured in

Answer 12

hertz

Question 13

intensity of sound is expressed in

Answer 13

decibels

Question 14

tall amplitude = what kind of sound

Answer 14

loud

Question 15

short amplitude = what kind of sound

Answer 15

quiet

Question 16

sustained sounds over ___ db can be damaging to hearing

Answer 16

70

Question 17

the eardrum moves IN with the _______ portions of the sound waves

Answer 17

compression (high pressure)

Question 18

the eardrum moves OUT with the _______ phases of the sound waves

Answer 18

rarefaction (low pressure)

Question 19

the ossicles act as levers which help to

Answer 19

amplify sound

Question 20

the ossicles connect the __________ to the oval window of the ________

Answer 20

tympanic membrane ; cochlea

Question 21

amplification also occurs because the surface area of the tympanic membrane is much _______ than that of the oval window

Answer 21

greater

Question 22

the amplification done by the ossicles is important because the movement of sound waves from the ambient air to the liquid internal environment would cause

Answer 22

significant dampening

Question 23

At the oval window, the stapes vibrates and pushes and pulls the fluid in the __________

Answer 23

scala vestibuli

Question 24

Sounds waves are dissipated at the end of the scala tympani in the ____________

Answer 24

round window

Question 25

Sandwiched between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani is the __________

Answer 25

cochlear duct

Question 26

endolymph is very high in ________ and low in _________

Answer 26

K+ ; Na+

Question 27

what are the sensory receptors for hearing? where are they?

Answer 27

hair cells (in the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct)

Question 28

the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are filled with perilymph which has what concentration

Answer 28

Na+ & Cl-

Question 29

the tallest sterevolli is called the

Answer 29

kinocilium

Question 30

the kinocilium interacts with the

Answer 30

tectorial membrane

Question 31

At the base of the cochlea, the basilar membrane is _______ and _______

Answer 31

narrow and stiff

Question 32

the base of the cochlea is only stimulated by __________ (ranging up to a frequency of around ______ Hertz)

Answer 32

high-pitched sounds 20,000

Question 33

The apex of the cochlea is ______ and more ________

Answer 33

wider ; flexible

Question 34

the end of the basilar membrane (apex) would detect __________ (around how many hertz?)

Answer 34

low-pitched sounds 20 hertz

Question 35

what are the 5 sensory structures the vestibular system consists of

Answer 35

utricle saccule 3 semicircular canals

Question 36

the body moving forwards, backwards, or side-to-side is what kind of acceleration

Answer 36

horizontal

Question 37

what detects rotational movement of the head

Answer 37

semicircular canals

Question 38

hair cells in the utricle are embedded in the

Answer 38

macula

Question 39

hair cells in the utricle are embedded where ? how is this different compared to where the hair cells in the cochlea are embedded?

Answer 39

utricle = embedded in macula cochlea = embedded in basilar membrane

Question 40

in hearing, hair bundles interact with a

Answer 40

tectorial membrane

Question 41

in the otolithic organs, the stereovilli project into a gelatinous

Answer 41

otolithic membrane

Question 42

the gelatinous otolithic membrane consists of mucopolysaccharides studded with _______ of _________ called __________

Answer 42

crystals ; calcium carbonate ; otoliths

Question 43

otoliths give the otolithic membrane a ______ density than the surrounding _________

Answer 43

higher ; endolymph

Question 44

as the head is moved, the inertia of the otolithic membrane _______ the stereovilli

Answer 44

deflects

Question 45

what is another name for the sensory epithelium in the utricle

Answer 45

macula

Question 46

mechanical deformation TOWARDS kinocilium _____ non-selective cation channels on tips of stereovilli

Answer 46

opens

Question 47

mechanical deformation AWAY FROM kinocilium _____ non-selective cation channels on tips of stereovilli

Answer 47

closes

Question 48

the opening of non-selective cation channels in the tips of the stereovilli allow small cations to flow _____ their electrochemical gradients

Answer 48

down

Question 49

the opening of the channels allows an ______ of potassium into the hair cells of the utricle

Answer 49

influx

Question 50

an influx of potassium into the hair cells of the utricle facilitates a ________ of the hair cell which ______ voltage gated Calcium channels

Answer 50

depolarization ; opens

Question 51

when the stereovili have been bent away from the kinocilium, the non-selective cation channels ______

Answer 51

close

Question 52

what happens to potassium when the non-selective cation channels in the utricle close? what happens to the hair cell?

Answer 52

Potassium is retained outside the cell and the hair cell hyperpolarizes

Question 53

the hair cells in the semicircular canals are located in the bulge in sensory epithelium called the ?

Answer 53

ampulla

Question 54

the hair cells in the ampulla project into a gelatinous material called the

Answer 54

cupula

Question 55

the cupula does NOT contain

Answer 55

otoliths

Question 56

the cupula has a density that is _______ to endolymph

Answer 56

similar

Question 57

the function of the cupola is best compared to the

Answer 57

sail on a sailboat

Question 58

with a sudden rotation of the semicircular canal, the endolymph ____________ due to _________

Answer 58

stays behind ; inertia

Question 59

sudden rotation of the semicircular canal = the endolymph stays behind (unmoving) --> this exerts a force on the moveable _______

Answer 59

cupula (think wind on a sail)

Question 60

Regarding the basilar membrane, action potentials are generated in the

Answer 60

cochlear nerve

Question 61

regarding auditory transduction, the mechanical stimulation of the stereovilli is converted to electrical signals in the

Answer 61

cochlear nerve

Question 62

In the basilar membrane, Glutamate sends signals via the __________ via action potentials

Answer 62

cochlear nerve

Question 63

In the utricle, glutamate is released and binds to receptors. This initiates an increase in the frequency of action potentials in the

Answer 63

vestibular nerve

Question 64

in the semicircular canals, the "force" bows the cupula which moves the hair cells and initiates effects on the generation of action potentials in the

Answer 64

vestibular nerve

Question 65

the existence of an inner ear on the right and left sides of the body allow for ______ and ______ of additional inputs

Answer 65

comparison ; integration

Question 66

different orientation of kinocilium allow for what in the center of the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals

Answer 66

reversal line