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809 - Exam 1 Block > Metz - Phys of Hearing > Flashcards

Metz - Phys of Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

hair cells are __________ with __________

A

mechanoreceptors ; stereovili

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2
Q

4 components of hearing

A
  1. Collection (of sound waves)
  2. Movement (of tymp. membrane)
  3. Vibration (of ossicles)
  4. Movement (of basilar membrane in cochlea)
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3
Q

the tympanic membrane movement facilitates the vibration of the

A

ossicles

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4
Q

the stapes is connected to the cochlea via the

A

oval window

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5
Q

the movement of the basilar membrane stimulates

A

hair cells

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6
Q

once the basilar membrane stimulates the hair cells, what is produced?

A

an electrical signal that is transmitted to the nervous system

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7
Q

high pressure

A

compressions

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8
Q

low pressure

A

rarefactions

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9
Q

how is the wavelength measured

A

the distance from the peak of one compression to the peak of the next compression

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10
Q

a longer wavelength would produce a ______ frequency of sound

A

low

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11
Q

the amplitude of a sound wave is indicative of the

A

intensity of the sound (how loud it is)

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12
Q

frequency is measured in

A

hertz

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13
Q

intensity of sound is expressed in

A

decibels

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14
Q

tall amplitude = what kind of sound

A

loud

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15
Q

short amplitude = what kind of sound

A

quiet

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16
Q

sustained sounds over ___ db can be damaging to hearing

A

70

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17
Q

the eardrum moves IN with the _______ portions of the sound waves

A

compression (high pressure)

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18
Q

the eardrum moves OUT with the _______ phases of the sound waves

A

rarefaction (low pressure)

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19
Q

the ossicles act as levers which help to

A

amplify sound

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20
Q

the ossicles connect the __________ to the oval window of the ________

A

tympanic membrane ; cochlea

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21
Q

amplification also occurs because the surface area of the tympanic membrane is much _______ than that of the oval window

A

greater

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22
Q

the amplification done by the ossicles is important because the movement of sound waves from the ambient air to the liquid internal environment would cause

A

significant dampening

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23
Q

At the oval window, the stapes vibrates and pushes and pulls the fluid in the __________

A

scala vestibuli

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24
Q

Sounds waves are dissipated at the end of the scala tympani in the ____________

A

round window

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25
Q

Sandwiched between the scala vestibuli and scala tympani is the __________

A

cochlear duct

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26
Q

endolymph is very high in ________ and low in _________

A

K+ ; Na+

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27
Q

what are the sensory receptors for hearing? where are they?

A

hair cells (in the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct)

28
Q

the scala vestibuli and scala tympani are filled with perilymph which has what concentration

A

Na+ & Cl-

29
Q

the tallest sterevolli is called the

A

kinocilium

30
Q

the kinocilium interacts with the

A

tectorial membrane

31
Q

At the base of the cochlea, the basilar membrane is _______ and _______

A

narrow and stiff

32
Q

the base of the cochlea is only stimulated by __________ (ranging up to a frequency of around ______ Hertz)

A

high-pitched sounds

20,000

33
Q

The apex of the cochlea is ______ and more ________

A

wider ; flexible

34
Q

the end of the basilar membrane (apex) would detect __________ (around how many hertz?)

A

low-pitched sounds

20 hertz

35
Q

what are the 5 sensory structures the vestibular system consists of

A

utricle
saccule
3 semicircular canals

36
Q

the body moving forwards, backwards, or side-to-side is what kind of acceleration

A

horizontal

37
Q

what detects rotational movement of the head

A

semicircular canals

38
Q

hair cells in the utricle are embedded in the

A

macula

39
Q

hair cells in the utricle are embedded where ? how is this different compared to where the hair cells in the cochlea are embedded?

A

utricle = embedded in macula

cochlea = embedded in basilar membrane

40
Q

in hearing, hair bundles interact with a

A

tectorial membrane

41
Q

in the otolithic organs, the stereovilli project into a gelatinous

A

otolithic membrane

42
Q

the gelatinous otolithic membrane consists of mucopolysaccharides studded with _______ of _________ called __________

A

crystals ; calcium carbonate ; otoliths

43
Q

otoliths give the otolithic membrane a ______ density than the surrounding _________

A

higher ; endolymph

44
Q

as the head is moved, the inertia of the otolithic membrane _______ the stereovilli

A

deflects

45
Q

what is another name for the sensory epithelium in the utricle

A

macula

46
Q

mechanical deformation TOWARDS kinocilium _____ non-selective cation channels on tips of stereovilli

A

opens

47
Q

mechanical deformation AWAY FROM kinocilium _____ non-selective cation channels on tips of stereovilli

A

closes

48
Q

the opening of non-selective cation channels in the tips of the stereovilli allow small cations to flow _____ their electrochemical gradients

A

down

49
Q

the opening of the channels allows an ______ of potassium into the hair cells of the utricle

A

influx

50
Q

an influx of potassium into the hair cells of the utricle facilitates a ________ of the hair cell which ______ voltage gated Calcium channels

A

depolarization ; opens

51
Q

when the stereovili have been bent away from the kinocilium, the non-selective cation channels ______

A

close

52
Q

what happens to potassium when the non-selective cation channels in the utricle close? what happens to the hair cell?

A

Potassium is retained outside the cell and the hair cell hyperpolarizes

53
Q

the hair cells in the semicircular canals are located in the bulge in sensory epithelium called the ?

A

ampulla

54
Q

the hair cells in the ampulla project into a gelatinous material called the

A

cupula

55
Q

the cupula does NOT contain

A

otoliths

56
Q

the cupula has a density that is _______ to endolymph

A

similar

57
Q

the function of the cupola is best compared to the

A

sail on a sailboat

58
Q

with a sudden rotation of the semicircular canal, the endolymph ____________ due to _________

A

stays behind ; inertia

59
Q

sudden rotation of the semicircular canal = the endolymph stays behind (unmoving) –> this exerts a force on the moveable _______

A

cupula (think wind on a sail)

60
Q

Regarding the basilar membrane, action potentials are generated in the

A

cochlear nerve

61
Q

regarding auditory transduction, the mechanical stimulation of the stereovilli is converted to electrical signals in the

A

cochlear nerve

62
Q

In the basilar membrane, Glutamate sends signals via the __________ via action potentials

A

cochlear nerve

63
Q

In the utricle, glutamate is released and binds to receptors. This initiates an increase in the frequency of action potentials in the

A

vestibular nerve

64
Q

in the semicircular canals, the “force” bows the cupula which moves the hair cells and initiates effects on the generation of action potentials in the

A

vestibular nerve

65
Q

the existence of an inner ear on the right and left sides of the body allow for ______ and ______ of additional inputs

A

comparison ; integration

66
Q

different orientation of kinocilium allow for what in the center of the utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals

A

reversal line

809 - Exam 1 Block (19 decks)

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