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809 - Exam 1 > Hearing & Balance - B Davis > Flashcards

Hearing & Balance - B Davis Flashcards

1
Q

where are the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

A

in the membranous labyrinth

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2
Q

what is the cochlear duct bound by

A

thick basilar membrane

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3
Q

where is the organ of Corti

A

cochlear duct

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4
Q

how many rows of inner hair cells does the organ of corti have

A

1 neatly arranged single row

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5
Q

how many rows of outer hair cells does the organ of corti have

A

3-4 rows positioned on the basilar membrane

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6
Q

what are the inner and outer hair cells covered by

A

gelatinous tectorial membrane

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7
Q

what innervated the inner and outer hair cells

A

the cochlear nerve

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8
Q

the basilar membrane is anchored to the the internal modulus by the

A

spiral lamina

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9
Q

what neuron bodies of the cochlear nerve fibers are in the spiral ganglia

A

1st order sensory neuron bodies

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10
Q

the oval window is much smaller than the tympanic membrane, so it does what to compensate for loss between air and liquid

A

further amplifies energy

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11
Q

pressure waves send vibrations up the _________, around the ______, and back down the _______ where energy is dissipated at the ___________

A

scala vestibuli
helicotrema
scala tympani
round window

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12
Q

what is tonotopy

A

mechanical tuning of basilar membrane

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13
Q

what is tonotopic organization

A

the basilar membrane varies in stiffness and dimensions along its length, causing it to
vibrate at specific points in response to specific frequencies

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14
Q

the basilar membrane is most rigid ________ and responds to _____ frequencies

A

proximally ; high

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15
Q

the basilar membrane is most pliable ________ and responds to _____ frequencies

A

distal ; low

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16
Q

inner hair cells are

A

primary receptors

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17
Q

outer hair cells help with

A

amplification

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18
Q

1st order sensory neurons innervate

A

hair cells

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19
Q

1st order sensory neurons have cell bodies housed in

A

spiral ganglia

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20
Q

central processes synapse at _______________ in _________

A

ipsilateral cochlear nucleus

pons

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21
Q

2nd order neurons from cochlear nucleus project mostly _____________ to ___________ in ________

A

contralaterally
superior olivary nucleus
pons

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22
Q

neurons in superior olivary nucleus project rostrally to _________ then __________ in midbrain

A

lateral lemniscus

inferior colliculus

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23
Q

from the inferior colliculus, auditory neurons project to _______ of the ________

A

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

thalamus

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24
Q

3rd order neurons from MGN project via internal capsule to _________ in __________ of _________

A

primary auditory cortex

superior temporal lobe

cerebrum

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25
Q

lesions - damage to cochlear nerve or cochlear nucleus in brainstem will result in

A

ipsilateral deafness

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26
Q

due to presence of some bilateral projections, higher-level lesions along the auditory pathway will not result in __________ , but can affect _________________ and _____________

A

complete deafness

higher-level auditory processing (speech recognition)

sound localization

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27
Q

conductive hearing loss is

A

mechanical

28
Q

conductive hearing loss is a problem with transmitting mechanical vibrations from

A

air to inner ear

29
Q

how does conductive hearing loss typically present

A

loss of acuity (can’t hear faint sounds)

30
Q

sensorineural hearing loss has to do with damage to

A

receptors or nerves (hair cells or cochlear nerve fibers)

31
Q

inner hair cells do ___ regenerate so frequency loss is often ______-

A

not

permanent

32
Q

outer hair cells _____ regenerate, they control __________

A

may

volume threshold

33
Q

sensorineural hearing loss can present as ______ or ___________

A

loss of acuity or loss of sensitivity to certain frequencies

34
Q

loss of acuity is damage to which hair cells

A

outer hair cells

35
Q

loss of sensitivity to certain frequencies is damage to _____ or _______

A

inner hair cells or cochlear nerves

36
Q

tinnitus is usually due to damage to _________ because nerves are constantly firing at that _______

A

hair cells

frequency

37
Q

a cochlear implant is treatment for what kind of hearing loss

A

sensorineural

38
Q

external receiver transmits auditory signals to an electrode coil implanted where

A

in the cochlea

39
Q

in a cochlear implant, electrodes fire to simulate action of _____ and send signals along _______

A

hair cells

cochlear nerve

40
Q

utricle and saccule have receptor organs called

A

maculae

41
Q

patch of dense crystals

A

otoliths

42
Q

gravitational pull on otoliths when head tilts causes deflection of ________ , which triggers action potential along fibers of ________-

A

hair cell stereocilia

vestibular nerve

43
Q

acceleration in horizontal or vertical plane causes ________ of otoliths which triggers _____

A

intertial lag

hair cells

44
Q

utricle macula is more sensitive to _____ acceleration

A

horizontal

45
Q

saccule macula is more sensitive to _____ acceleration

A

vertical

46
Q

semicircular canals have receptors housed in swollen ampullae on each canal called the

A

ampullary crest

47
Q

regarding kinetic balance, as the head turns, an inertial lag of endolymph deflects crest and stereocilia of hair cells which triggers an _________ along ____________-

A

action potential

vestibular nerve fibers

48
Q

hair cells in maculae/ampullary crests are innervated by

A

vestibular nerve fibers

49
Q

1st order sensory neuron cell bodies housed in ____________ , within the internal acoustic meatus

A

vestibular ganglia

50
Q

1st order sensory neuron cell bodies in vestibular ganglia synapse at _______ in ______-

A

ipsilateral vestibular nucleus

pons

51
Q

2nd order neurons project ______ to form ____ tracts

A

inferiorly

two

52
Q

what are the 2 vestibulospinal tracts forms by 2nd order neurons

A

medial and lateral

53
Q

medial vestibulospinal tracts descends to ________ levels

A

cervical spinal cord

54
Q

lateral vestibulospinal tracts descends to ________ and ________ levels

A

lumbar and sacral spinal cord

55
Q

medial vestibulospinal tract stimulates neck muscles to maintain

A

position of head

56
Q

lateral vestibulospinal tract stimulates mainly lower limb muscles to maintain

A

body posture

57
Q

2nd order neurons also project to what other 3 places

A

cerebellum

extraocular motor nuclei

ventral posterior inferior nucleus of thalamus

58
Q

2nd order neurons project to the cerebellum which makes small tweaks to

A

motor control (posture , head position)

59
Q

2nd order neurons project to the extraocular motor nuclei which forms what reflex

A

vestibulo-ocular reflex

60
Q

what is the vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

adjustments to eyes to maintain gaze while head moves

61
Q

3rd order neurons in VPI of thalamus project to the ______ region of ______

A

posterior

insula

62
Q

vertigo is often caused from dislodged otoliths drifting through ___________ which interfere with __________ which causes abnormal ________

A

semicircular canals

ampullary crests

firing

63
Q

nystagmus is rhythmic eye movements in response to

A

abnormal vestibular input

64
Q

normal vestibulo-ocular reflex causes eyes to move to maintain ________ as head ______

A

fixed gaze

rotates

65
Q

abnormal vestibulo-ocular reflex can trigger a motor response in the absence of _______ so the eyes do what

A

this motor response

tick back and forth

66
Q

what is Meniere’s disease

A

complex inner ear disease

67
Q

Ménière’s disease is usually due to an increase in __________ pressure which interferes with normal function of receptors in _____ and _______

A

endolymphatic

cochlea and vestibule

809 - Exam 1 (8 decks)

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