Hearing & Balance - B Davis

Question 1

where are the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

Answer 1

in the membranous labyrinth

Question 2

what is the cochlear duct bound by

Answer 2

thick basilar membrane

Question 3

where is the organ of Corti

Answer 3

cochlear duct

Question 4

how many rows of inner hair cells does the organ of corti have

Answer 4

1 neatly arranged single row

Question 5

how many rows of outer hair cells does the organ of corti have

Answer 5

3-4 rows positioned on the basilar membrane

Question 6

what are the inner and outer hair cells covered by

Answer 6

gelatinous tectorial membrane

Question 7

what innervated the inner and outer hair cells

Answer 7

the cochlear nerve

Question 8

the basilar membrane is anchored to the the internal modulus by the

Answer 8

spiral lamina

Question 9

what neuron bodies of the cochlear nerve fibers are in the spiral ganglia

Answer 9

1st order sensory neuron bodies

Question 10

the oval window is much smaller than the tympanic membrane, so it does what to compensate for loss between air and liquid

Answer 10

further amplifies energy

Question 11

pressure waves send vibrations up the _________, around the ______, and back down the _______ where energy is dissipated at the ___________

Answer 11

scala vestibuli
helicotrema
scala tympani
round window

Question 12

what is tonotopy

Answer 12

mechanical tuning of basilar membrane

Question 13

what is tonotopic organization

Answer 13

the basilar membrane varies in stiffness and dimensions along its length, causing it to
vibrate at specific points in response to specific frequencies

Question 14

the basilar membrane is most rigid ________ and responds to _____ frequencies

Answer 14

proximally ; high

Question 15

the basilar membrane is most pliable ________ and responds to _____ frequencies

Answer 15

distal ; low

Question 16

inner hair cells are

Answer 16

primary receptors

Question 17

outer hair cells help with

Answer 17

amplification

Question 18

1st order sensory neurons innervate

Answer 18

hair cells

Question 19

1st order sensory neurons have cell bodies housed in

Answer 19

spiral ganglia

Question 20

central processes synapse at _______________ in _________

Answer 20

ipsilateral cochlear nucleus

pons

Question 21

2nd order neurons from cochlear nucleus project mostly _____________ to ___________ in ________

Answer 21

contralaterally
superior olivary nucleus
pons

Question 22

neurons in superior olivary nucleus project rostrally to _________ then __________ in midbrain

Answer 22

lateral lemniscus

inferior colliculus

Question 23

from the inferior colliculus, auditory neurons project to _______ of the ________

Answer 23

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

thalamus

Question 24

3rd order neurons from MGN project via internal capsule to _________ in __________ of _________

Answer 24

primary auditory cortex

superior temporal lobe

cerebrum

Question 25

lesions - damage to cochlear nerve or cochlear nucleus in brainstem will result in

Answer 25

ipsilateral deafness

Question 26

due to presence of some bilateral projections, higher-level lesions along the auditory pathway will not result in __________ , but can affect _________________ and _____________

Answer 26

complete deafness higher-level auditory processing (speech recognition) sound localization

Question 27

conductive hearing loss is

Answer 27

mechanical

Question 28

conductive hearing loss is a problem with transmitting mechanical vibrations from

Answer 28

air to inner ear

Question 29

how does conductive hearing loss typically present

Answer 29

loss of acuity (can't hear faint sounds)

Question 30

sensorineural hearing loss has to do with damage to

Answer 30

receptors or nerves (hair cells or cochlear nerve fibers)

Question 31

inner hair cells do ___ regenerate so frequency loss is often ______-

Answer 31

not permanent

Question 32

outer hair cells _____ regenerate, they control __________

Answer 32

may volume threshold

Question 33

sensorineural hearing loss can present as ______ or ___________

Answer 33

loss of acuity or loss of sensitivity to certain frequencies

Question 34

loss of acuity is damage to which hair cells

Answer 34

outer hair cells

Question 35

loss of sensitivity to certain frequencies is damage to _____ or _______

Answer 35

inner hair cells or cochlear nerves

Question 36

tinnitus is usually due to damage to _________ because nerves are constantly firing at that _______

Answer 36

hair cells frequency

Question 37

a cochlear implant is treatment for what kind of hearing loss

Answer 37

sensorineural

Question 38

external receiver transmits auditory signals to an electrode coil implanted where

Answer 38

in the cochlea

Question 39

in a cochlear implant, electrodes fire to simulate action of _____ and send signals along _______

Answer 39

hair cells cochlear nerve

Question 40

utricle and saccule have receptor organs called

Answer 40

maculae

Question 41

patch of dense crystals

Answer 41

otoliths

Question 42

gravitational pull on otoliths when head tilts causes deflection of ________ , which triggers action potential along fibers of ________-

Answer 42

hair cell stereocilia vestibular nerve

Question 43

acceleration in horizontal or vertical plane causes ________ of otoliths which triggers _____

Answer 43

intertial lag hair cells

Question 44

utricle macula is more sensitive to _____ acceleration

Answer 44

horizontal

Question 45

saccule macula is more sensitive to _____ acceleration

Answer 45

vertical

Question 46

semicircular canals have receptors housed in swollen ampullae on each canal called the

Answer 46

ampullary crest

Question 47

regarding kinetic balance, as the head turns, an inertial lag of endolymph deflects crest and stereocilia of hair cells which triggers an _________ along ____________-

Answer 47

action potential vestibular nerve fibers

Question 48

hair cells in maculae/ampullary crests are innervated by

Answer 48

vestibular nerve fibers

Question 49

1st order sensory neuron cell bodies housed in ____________ , within the internal acoustic meatus

Answer 49

vestibular ganglia

Question 50

1st order sensory neuron cell bodies in vestibular ganglia synapse at _______ in ______-

Answer 50

ipsilateral vestibular nucleus pons

Question 51

2nd order neurons project ______ to form ____ tracts

Answer 51

inferiorly two

Question 52

what are the 2 vestibulospinal tracts forms by 2nd order neurons

Answer 52

medial and lateral

Question 53

medial vestibulospinal tracts descends to ________ levels

Answer 53

cervical spinal cord

Question 54

lateral vestibulospinal tracts descends to ________ and ________ levels

Answer 54

lumbar and sacral spinal cord

Question 55

medial vestibulospinal tract stimulates neck muscles to maintain

Answer 55

position of head

Question 56

lateral vestibulospinal tract stimulates mainly lower limb muscles to maintain

Answer 56

body posture

Question 57

2nd order neurons also project to what other 3 places

Answer 57

cerebellum extraocular motor nuclei ventral posterior inferior nucleus of thalamus

Question 58

2nd order neurons project to the cerebellum which makes small tweaks to

Answer 58

motor control (posture , head position)

Question 59

2nd order neurons project to the extraocular motor nuclei which forms what reflex

Answer 59

vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 60

what is the vestibulo-ocular reflex

Answer 60

adjustments to eyes to maintain gaze while head moves

Question 61

3rd order neurons in VPI of thalamus project to the ______ region of ______

Answer 61

posterior insula

Question 62

vertigo is often caused from dislodged otoliths drifting through ___________ which interfere with __________ which causes abnormal ________

Answer 62

semicircular canals ampullary crests firing

Question 63

nystagmus is rhythmic eye movements in response to

Answer 63

abnormal vestibular input

Question 64

normal vestibulo-ocular reflex causes eyes to move to maintain ________ as head ______

Answer 64

fixed gaze rotates

Question 65

abnormal vestibulo-ocular reflex can trigger a motor response in the absence of _______ so the eyes do what

Answer 65

this motor response tick back and forth

Question 66

what is Meniere's disease

Answer 66

complex inner ear disease

Question 67

Ménière's disease is usually due to an increase in __________ pressure which interferes with normal function of receptors in _____ and _______

Answer 67

endolymphatic cochlea and vestibule