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809 - Exam 1 Block > CN 1 - Herring > Flashcards

CN 1 - Herring Flashcards

1
Q

inferior frontal gyrus on the LEFT hemisphere

A

broca’s area

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2
Q

what happens when Broca’s area is damaged

A

non-fluent aphasia

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3
Q

what is non-fluent aphasia

A

difficulty finding words but comprehension is intact

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4
Q

where is the precentral gyrus

A

posterior aspect of frontal lobe

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5
Q

what serves as the primary motor cortex

A

pre central gyrus

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6
Q

where is the location of the upper motor neurons

A

precentral gyrus

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7
Q

the pre central gyrus is involved in the pathway to the _________ side of the body (below the head)

A

contralateral

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8
Q

inferolateral portion of homunculus

A

head

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9
Q

superolateral portion

A

upper limb

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10
Q

medial portion

A

lower limb

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11
Q

postero-inferior aspect of parietal lobe & extending onto superior aspect of the temporal lobe

A

Wernicke’s area

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12
Q

what happens when wernicke’s area damaged

A

fluent aphasia

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13
Q

what happens in fluent aphasia

A

impairment of comprehension and repetition (words may not make contextual sense)

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14
Q

Primary receiving area for somatosensory information (pain, temperature, touch) from
the contralateral side of the body (below the head)

A

Postcentral gyrus

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15
Q

functions of temporal lobe

A

language recognition
auditory processing
memory
emotional processing

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16
Q

convergence of temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices

A

insular lobe / insula

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17
Q

functions of insular lobe / insula

A

Reception & integration of
taste sensation, olfactory
sensation, pain, & vestibular functions

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18
Q

Insular lobe / insula has autonomic functions by
regulating

A

sympathetic &
parasympathetic activity

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19
Q

in general, the thalamus serves as

A

relay and integration centers for motor and sensory information

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20
Q

the thalamus connects to what 4 things

A

cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
hypothalamus
brainstem

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21
Q

control of motor functions to pre central gyrus

A

ventral lateral nucleus & ventral anterior nucleus

(VLN and VAN)

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22
Q

Somatosensory information from the body to the postcentral gyrus

A

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL)

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23
Q

Somatosensory information from the head to the postcentral gyrus

A

Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) nucleus

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24
Q

auditory system - which body?

A

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

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25
Q

visual impulses to visual cortex from both retinas - which body

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

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26
Q

signal direction from the periphery to the brain

A

sensory (afferent)

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27
Q

sensory (afferent) is divided into

A

somatic
visceral
special

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28
Q

Touch, vibration, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception from the
body wall, limbs, & head and neck

A

somatic

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29
Q

Sensations from internal organs, blood vessels, & glands

A

Visceral

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30
Q

Vision, Hearing, Balance, Smell, Taste

A

Special

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31
Q

if you see 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurons = think

A

sensory

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32
Q

1st order neurons are located closest to the

A

periphery (source of stimulus/signal)

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33
Q

2nd order neurons are located in the

A

spinal cord or brainstem

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34
Q

3rd order neurons are typically located in the

A

thalamus

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35
Q

Typically, 1st order cell bodies located ________ the CNS as ________

A

outside (but close to)

DRG

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36
Q

Peripheral / Distal processes extend from
the _____ to the _____

A

target to cell body

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37
Q

Central / Proximal processes extend from
the ________ to the ________

A

cell body

spinal cord or brainstem

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38
Q

Proximal / central processes enter CNS via the __________ root of spinal nerves or via cranial nerves

A

posterior (dorsal)

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39
Q

somatic motor transmits signals from the _______ to __________

A

CNS to skeletal muscles

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40
Q

Refers to sequence of neurons in a somatic motor (efferent) pathway

A

upper & lower motor neurons

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41
Q

located in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe

A

upper motor neurons

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42
Q

located either in the brainstem in specific cranial nerve nuclei or in the spinal cord

A

lower motor neurons

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43
Q

motor signals travel _____ from the CNS

A

away

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44
Q

where does decussation occur

A

at the lower brainstem/medulla

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45
Q

cranial nerves do not form ______ and _______ like spinal nerves

A

dorsal and ventral

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46
Q

fiber type composition of cranial nerves

A

somatic motor
sensory (somatic, visceral, special)
preGPS

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47
Q

which cranial nerve exits from the cribriform plate

A

CN I

48
Q

which cranial nerve exits from the optic canal

A

CN II

49
Q

which cranial nerves exit from the Superior Orbital Fissure (4 of them)

A

CN III
CN IV
CN V1
CN VI

50
Q

which cranial nerve exits from the foramen rotundum

A

CN V2

51
Q

which cranial nerve exits from the foramen ovale

A

CN V3

52
Q

which cranial nerves exit from the Internal Acoustic Meatus (2 of them)

A

CN VII
CN VIII

53
Q

which cranial nerves exit from the Jugular Foramen (3 of them)

A

CN IX
CN X
CN XI

54
Q

which cranial nerve exits from the hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII

55
Q

For peripheral pathways –> between the brainstem (or ganglia) & peripheral targets there is NO ___________

A

decussation

56
Q

peripheral pathways are __________ only

A

ipsilateral

57
Q

central pathways within the CNS may be

A

ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral

58
Q

a collection of cell bodies
within the CNS

A

nucleus / nuclei

59
Q

Cranial nerve nuclei are never ________ fibers

A

sympathetic

60
Q

a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

A

ganglion / ganglia

61
Q

Two types of ganglia in the head associated with cranial nerves:

A

sensory and postGPS

62
Q

CN V is sensory ________

A

somatic

63
Q

CN VII is sensory _______ and ________

A

somatic and special

64
Q

CN VIII is sensory ______

A

special

65
Q

CN IX is sensory _____ , ______ , _______

A

somatic, visceral, special

66
Q

CN X is sensory ________ , ________ , _______

A

somatic , visceral, special

67
Q

what are the 3 PostGPS cranial nerves

A

CN III
CN VII
CN IX

68
Q

somatic motor nuclei are composed of

A

lower motor neurons

69
Q

what are the somatic motor cranial nerves

A

CN III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

70
Q

the somatic motor cranial nerves supply the skeletal muscles of the

A

face and orbit & some of the neck muscles

71
Q

what tract(s) = Somatic motor pathway from the upper motor
neurons in the head region of the precentral gyri to the lower motor neurons of CN V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII located in the brainstem

A

corticonuclear / corticobulbar tract

72
Q

the corticonuclear / corticobulbar tract projects to the lower motor neurons of which cranial nerves ?

A

V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

73
Q

Somatic motor pathway from the upper motor
neurons in the upper & lower limb regions of the precentral gyri to the lower motor neurons located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

Corticospinal tract

74
Q

the Corticonuclear / Corticobulbar Tract is composed of the axons of ________ to _______ in the cranial nerve somatic
motor nuclei

A

upper motor neurons

lower motor neurons

75
Q

the Corticonuclear / Corticobulbar Tract is voluntary motor control over muscles of

A
  • facial expression
  • jaw movements
  • laryngeal & pharyngeal movements
  • tongue & palate movements
76
Q

fibers in the Corticonuclear / Corticobulbar Tract project bilaterally to the lower motor neurons in CNs

A

V, IX, X, XI

77
Q

Upper motor neurons only project contralaterally to the lower motor neurons of this nucleus for this CN

A

hypoglossal ; XII

78
Q

Upper motor neurons only project contralaterally to the lower motor neurons in the ventral half of this nucleus for this CN

A

facial motor ; VII

79
Q

lower motor neuron nuclei - trigeminal motor nucleus

A

CN V

80
Q

lower motor neuron nuclei - facial motor nucleus

A

CN VII

81
Q

lower motor neuron nuclei - nucleus ambiguous

A

CN IX & X

82
Q

lower motor neuron nuclei - accessory nucleus

A

CN XI

83
Q

lower motor neuron nuclei - hypoglossal nucleus

A

CN XII

84
Q

The lower motor neurons of each cranial nerve somatic motor nucleus send their axons out into
their respective cranial nerves AND they remain IPSILATERAL - what are they

A

3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12

85
Q

for sensory ganglia, cell bodies are located ______ the brainstem

A

outside

86
Q

what are the sensory cranial nerves and what are they composed of

A

5, 7, 8, 9, 10

1st order cell bodies (peripheral process)

87
Q

sensory ganglia - trigeminal ganglion

A

CN V

88
Q

sensory ganglia - geniculate ganglion

A

CN VII

89
Q

sensory ganglia - spiral ganglion and vestibular ganglion

A

CN VIII

90
Q

sensory ganglia - superior and inferior ganglion of CN IX

A

CN IX

91
Q

sensory ganglia - superior and inferior ganglion of CN X

A

CN X

92
Q

Special sensory pathways for _______ & ________ are unique and do not follow the 1st - 2nd - 3rd order path

A

vision and olfactory

93
Q

reflex pathways will not project to the

A

thalamus

94
Q

Sensory brainstem nuclei - Chief / main / principal nucleus, spinal trigeminal, & mesencephalic nucleus

A

CN V

95
Q

Sensory brainstem nuclei - Spinal trigeminal nucleus & solitary nucleus

A

CN VII

96
Q

Sensory brainstem nuclei - Cochlear nuclei & vestibular nuclei

A

CN VIII

97
Q

Sensory brainstem nuclei - Spinal trigeminal nucleus & solitary nucleus

A

CN VII, IX & X

98
Q

PreGPS fibers travel as part of what cranial nerves and each must synapse where ?

A

CN III, VII, IX, X

99
Q

CN III, VII, and IX must synapse

A

in a parasympathetic ganglion in the head

100
Q

CN X must synapse in the

A

thoraco-abdominal cavity

101
Q

PreGPS nuclei - Edinger-Westphal nucleus

A

CN III

102
Q

PreGPS nuclei - Superior salivary (salivatory) nucleus

A

CN VII

103
Q

PreGPS nuclei - Inferior salivary (salivatory) nucleus

A

CN IX

104
Q

PreGPS nuclei - Dorsal vagal motor nucleus

A

CN X

105
Q

PostGPS ganglia are for which cranial nerves

A

CN III, VII, IX

106
Q

ciliary ganglion

A

CN III

107
Q

otic ganglion

A

CN IX

108
Q

pterygopalatine ganglion

A

CN VII

109
Q

submandibular ganglion

A

CN VII

110
Q

PostGPS fibers
from the “COPS” ganglia
often hitch a ride on branches of CN _____ to reach their targets

A

V

111
Q

regarding sympathetic innervation to the neck - postGS cell bodies are 20% this and 80% this

A

20% superior/middle/inferior cervical ganglion

80% cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion

112
Q

Regarding sympathetic innervation to the neck - PostGS fibers are from levels for superior/middle/inferior cervical ganglion

A

superior: C1-C4
middle: C5-C6
inferior: C7-C8

113
Q

regarding sympathetic innervation to the head - postGS cell bodies are what ganglion

A

superior cervical ganglion

114
Q

PostGS fibers from
the superior cervical ganglion form

A

cephalic arterial rami

115
Q

once cephalic arterial rami are formed, their each their target organs by forming

A

plexus

116
Q

epinephrine ______ the metabolism of the anesthetic, _____ the anesthetic effect, and can ______ hemorrhage caused by the contraction of blood vessels

A

reduce
enhance
reduce

809 - Exam 1 Block (19 decks)

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