CN 1 - Herring Flashcards
1
Q
inferior frontal gyrus on the LEFT hemisphere
A
broca’s area
2
Q
what happens when Broca’s area is damaged
A
non-fluent aphasia
3
Q
what is non-fluent aphasia
A
difficulty finding words but comprehension is intact
4
Q
where is the precentral gyrus
A
posterior aspect of frontal lobe
5
Q
what serves as the primary motor cortex
A
pre central gyrus
6
Q
where is the location of the upper motor neurons
A
precentral gyrus
7
Q
the pre central gyrus is involved in the pathway to the _________ side of the body (below the head)
A
contralateral
8
Q
inferolateral portion of homunculus
A
head
9
Q
superolateral portion
A
upper limb
10
Q
medial portion
A
lower limb
11
Q
postero-inferior aspect of parietal lobe & extending onto superior aspect of the temporal lobe
A
Wernicke’s area
12
Q
what happens when wernicke’s area damaged
A
fluent aphasia
13
Q
what happens in fluent aphasia
A
impairment of comprehension and repetition (words may not make contextual sense)
14
Q
Primary receiving area for somatosensory information (pain, temperature, touch) from
the contralateral side of the body (below the head)
A
Postcentral gyrus
15
Q
functions of temporal lobe
A
language recognition
auditory processing
memory
emotional processing
16
Q
convergence of temporal, parietal, and frontal cortices
A
insular lobe / insula
17
Q
functions of insular lobe / insula
A
Reception & integration of
taste sensation, olfactory
sensation, pain, & vestibular functions
18
Q
Insular lobe / insula has autonomic functions by
regulating
A
sympathetic &
parasympathetic activity
19
Q
in general, the thalamus serves as
A
relay and integration centers for motor and sensory information
20
Q
the thalamus connects to what 4 things
A
cerebral cortex
basal ganglia
hypothalamus
brainstem
21
Q
control of motor functions to pre central gyrus
A
ventral lateral nucleus & ventral anterior nucleus
(VLN and VAN)
22
Q
Somatosensory information from the body to the postcentral gyrus
A
Ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL)
23
Q
Somatosensory information from the head to the postcentral gyrus
A
Ventral Posterior Medial (VPM) nucleus
24
Q
auditory system - which body?
A
medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)
25
visual impulses to visual cortex from both retinas - which body
lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
26
signal direction from the periphery to the brain
sensory (afferent)
27
sensory (afferent) is divided into
somatic
visceral
special
28
Touch, vibration, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception from the
body wall, limbs, & head and neck
somatic
29
Sensations from internal organs, blood vessels, & glands
Visceral
30
Vision, Hearing, Balance, Smell, Taste
Special
31
if you see 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurons = think
sensory
32
1st order neurons are located closest to the
periphery (source of stimulus/signal)
33
2nd order neurons are located in the
spinal cord or brainstem
34
3rd order neurons are typically located in the
thalamus
35
Typically, 1st order cell bodies located ________ the CNS as ________
outside (but close to)
DRG
36
Peripheral / Distal processes extend from
the _____ to the _____
target to cell body
37
Central / Proximal processes extend from
the ________ to the ________
cell body
spinal cord or brainstem
38
Proximal / central processes enter CNS via the __________ root of spinal nerves or via cranial nerves
posterior (dorsal)
39
somatic motor transmits signals from the _______ to __________
CNS to skeletal muscles
40
Refers to sequence of neurons in a somatic motor (efferent) pathway
upper & lower motor neurons
41
located in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex of the frontal lobe
upper motor neurons
42
located either in the brainstem in specific cranial nerve nuclei or in the spinal cord
lower motor neurons
43
motor signals travel _____ from the CNS
away
44
where does decussation occur
at the lower brainstem/medulla
45
cranial nerves do not form ______ and _______ like spinal nerves
dorsal and ventral
46
fiber type composition of cranial nerves
somatic motor
sensory (somatic, visceral, special)
preGPS
47
which cranial nerve exits from the cribriform plate
CN I
48
which cranial nerve exits from the optic canal
CN II
49
which cranial nerves exit from the Superior Orbital Fissure (4 of them)
CN III
CN IV
CN V1
CN VI
50
which cranial nerve exits from the foramen rotundum
CN V2
51
which cranial nerve exits from the foramen ovale
CN V3
52
which cranial nerves exit from the Internal Acoustic Meatus (2 of them)
CN VII
CN VIII
53
which cranial nerves exit from the Jugular Foramen (3 of them)
CN IX
CN X
CN XI
54
which cranial nerve exits from the hypoglossal canal
CN XII
55
For peripheral pathways --> between the brainstem (or ganglia) & peripheral targets there is NO ___________
decussation
56
peripheral pathways are __________ only
ipsilateral
57
central pathways within the CNS may be
ipsilateral, contralateral, or bilateral
58
a collection of cell bodies
within the CNS
nucleus / nuclei
59
Cranial nerve nuclei are never ________ fibers
sympathetic
60
a collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
ganglion / ganglia
61
Two types of ganglia in the head associated with cranial nerves:
sensory and postGPS
62
CN V is sensory ________
somatic
63
CN VII is sensory _______ and ________
somatic and special
64
CN VIII is sensory ______
special
65
CN IX is sensory _____ , ______ , _______
somatic, visceral, special
66
CN X is sensory ________ , ________ , _______
somatic , visceral, special
67
what are the 3 PostGPS cranial nerves
CN III
CN VII
CN IX
68
somatic motor nuclei are composed of
lower motor neurons
69
what are the somatic motor cranial nerves
CN III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
70
the somatic motor cranial nerves supply the skeletal muscles of the
face and orbit & some of the neck muscles
71
what tract(s) = Somatic motor pathway from the upper motor
neurons in the head region of the precentral gyri to the lower motor neurons of CN V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII located in the brainstem
corticonuclear / corticobulbar tract
72
the corticonuclear / corticobulbar tract projects to the lower motor neurons of which cranial nerves ?
V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
73
Somatic motor pathway from the upper motor
neurons in the upper & lower limb regions of the precentral gyri to the lower motor neurons located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord
Corticospinal tract
74
the Corticonuclear / Corticobulbar Tract is composed of the axons of ________ to _______ in the cranial nerve somatic
motor nuclei
upper motor neurons
lower motor neurons
75
the Corticonuclear / Corticobulbar Tract is voluntary motor control over muscles of
- facial expression
- jaw movements
- laryngeal & pharyngeal movements
- tongue & palate movements
76
fibers in the Corticonuclear / Corticobulbar Tract project bilaterally to the lower motor neurons in CNs
V, IX, X, XI
77
Upper motor neurons only project contralaterally to the lower motor neurons of this nucleus for this CN
hypoglossal ; XII
78
Upper motor neurons only project contralaterally to the lower motor neurons in the ventral half of this nucleus for this CN
facial motor ; VII
79
lower motor neuron nuclei - trigeminal motor nucleus
CN V
80
lower motor neuron nuclei - facial motor nucleus
CN VII
81
lower motor neuron nuclei - nucleus ambiguous
CN IX & X
82
lower motor neuron nuclei - accessory nucleus
CN XI
83
lower motor neuron nuclei - hypoglossal nucleus
CN XII
84
The lower motor neurons of each cranial nerve somatic motor nucleus send their axons out into
their respective cranial nerves AND they remain IPSILATERAL - what are they
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12
85
for sensory ganglia, cell bodies are located ______ the brainstem
outside
86
what are the sensory cranial nerves and what are they composed of
5, 7, 8, 9, 10
1st order cell bodies (peripheral process)
87
sensory ganglia - trigeminal ganglion
CN V
88
sensory ganglia - geniculate ganglion
CN VII
89
sensory ganglia - spiral ganglion and vestibular ganglion
CN VIII
90
sensory ganglia - superior and inferior ganglion of CN IX
CN IX
91
sensory ganglia - superior and inferior ganglion of CN X
CN X
92
Special sensory pathways for _______ & ________ are unique and do not follow the 1st - 2nd - 3rd order path
vision and olfactory
93
reflex pathways will not project to the
thalamus
94
Sensory brainstem nuclei - Chief / main / principal nucleus, spinal trigeminal, & mesencephalic nucleus
CN V
95
Sensory brainstem nuclei - Spinal trigeminal nucleus & solitary nucleus
CN VII
96
Sensory brainstem nuclei - Cochlear nuclei & vestibular nuclei
CN VIII
97
Sensory brainstem nuclei - Spinal trigeminal nucleus & solitary nucleus
CN VII, IX & X
98
PreGPS fibers travel as part of what cranial nerves and each must synapse where ?
CN III, VII, IX, X
99
CN III, VII, and IX must synapse
in a parasympathetic ganglion in the head
100
CN X must synapse in the
thoraco-abdominal cavity
101
PreGPS nuclei - Edinger-Westphal nucleus
CN III
102
PreGPS nuclei - Superior salivary (salivatory) nucleus
CN VII
103
PreGPS nuclei - Inferior salivary (salivatory) nucleus
CN IX
104
PreGPS nuclei - Dorsal vagal motor nucleus
CN X
105
PostGPS ganglia are for which cranial nerves
CN III, VII, IX
106
ciliary ganglion
CN III
107
otic ganglion
CN IX
108
pterygopalatine ganglion
CN VII
109
submandibular ganglion
CN VII
110
PostGPS fibers
from the “COPS” ganglia
often hitch a ride on branches of CN _____ to reach their targets
V
111
regarding sympathetic innervation to the neck - postGS cell bodies are 20% this and 80% this
20% superior/middle/inferior cervical ganglion
80% cervicothoracic (stellate) ganglion
112
Regarding sympathetic innervation to the neck - PostGS fibers are from levels for superior/middle/inferior cervical ganglion
superior: C1-C4
middle: C5-C6
inferior: C7-C8
113
regarding sympathetic innervation to the head - postGS cell bodies are what ganglion
superior cervical ganglion
114
PostGS fibers from
the superior cervical ganglion form
cephalic arterial rami
115
once cephalic arterial rami are formed, their each their target organs by forming
plexus
116
epinephrine ______ the metabolism of the anesthetic, _____ the anesthetic effect, and can ______ hemorrhage caused by the contraction of blood vessels
reduce
enhance
reduce
