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809 - Exam 1 Block > Craniofacial Development Part 1 and 2 - Dr. BC > Flashcards

Craniofacial Development Part 1 and 2 - Dr. BC Flashcards

1
Q

the cranium develops from ________ , beginning in week ____-

A

mesenchyme

5

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2
Q

mesenchyme develops from _______ and ________-

A

neural crest cells

mesoderm

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3
Q

the developing cranium consists of 2 parts, what are they

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

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4
Q

the neurocranium is the bony case that encloses the

A

brain

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5
Q

the neurocranium is subdivided into what 2 parts

A

a cartilaginous part and a membranous part

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6
Q

the cartilaginous part of the neurocranium forms the

A

cranial base

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7
Q

the membranous part of the neurocranium forms the

A

cranial vault

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8
Q

the membranous cranial vault is made of flat bones forming the

A

calvaria

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9
Q

the neurocranium is derived from mesoderm from _______ and _______

A

somites and ecto-mesenchyme

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10
Q

the neurocranium is derived from neural crest cells in ____________

A

pharyngeal arches

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11
Q

the viscerocranium is the facial skeleton that is derived from ____________ from ___________ in ___________

A

ecto-mesenchyme

neural crest cells

pharyngeal arches

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12
Q

neural crest cells are a vulnerable populations as they leave the

A

neuroectoderm

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13
Q

The cartilaginous neurocranium/chondrocranium of the skull initially consists of a number of separate__________

A

cartilages

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14
Q

The cartilages that lie in front of notochord, which ends in the center of the ___________, are derived from ___________

A

sella turcica

neural crest cells

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15
Q

the cartilages that lie posterior to the notochord arise from ________________ formed by ____________

A

occipital somites

paraxial mesoderm

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16
Q

The base of the skull is formed when these cartilages fuse and ossify by ______________ in the ______ period

A

endochondral ossification

fetal

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17
Q

The ossification pattern of these bones has a definite sequence _______ to ________, beginning with the ________ bone, followed by _________, and then ________ bone

A

anterior to posterior

occipital

sphenoid

ethmoid

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18
Q

the membranous neurocranium consists of ______ bones

A

flat

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19
Q

the membranous neurocranium has paired ______ and _______ bones ; part of _______ bone

A

frontal

parietal

occipital

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20
Q

The membranous portion of the skull is derived from ___________ and _________ mesoderm

A

neural crest cells

paraxial

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21
Q

Mesenchyme from neural crest cells and paraxial mesoderm invests the brain and undergoes

A

intramembranous ossification

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22
Q

the result of intramembranous ossification results in the formation of a number of

A

flat, membranous bones

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23
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs in the ______ mesenchyme at the sides and top of the brain, forming the________

A

head

calvaria (skullcap)

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24
Q

During fetal life, the flat bones of the calvaria are separated by

A

dense connective tissue membranes

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25
Q

During fetal life, the flat bones of the calvaria are separated by dense connective tissue membranes that form

A

fibrous joints, thesutures of calvaria

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26
Q

Six _____________ are found where several sutures meet

A

large fibrous areas (fontanelles)

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27
Q

The softness of the bones and their loose connections at the sutures enable the _______ to undergo changes of

A

calvaria

shape during birth (molding)

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28
Q

After recovering from molding during birth, the neonate’s cranium is ______, and its bones are ______

A

round

thin

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29
Q

The fibrous sutures of the neonate’s calvaria permit the brain to ________ during infancy and childhood

A

enlarge

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30
Q

Because of growth of the surrounding bones, the ________ and ______ fontanelles disappear within 2 to 3 months after birth, but they remain as sutures for several years

A

posterior

sphenoid

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31
Q

The ________ fontanelles disappear by the end of the first year, and the ________ fontanelle disappears by the end of the second year

A

mastoid

anterior

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32
Q

craniosynostosis can limit or slow the growth of the baby’s

A

brain

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33
Q

anencephaly occurs no later than day _____ of development

A

24

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34
Q

encephalocele occurs no later than ____ days of development or shortly thereafter for the most severe lesions

A

24

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35
Q

The first sign of skeletal development is an _______ density in the ________ in the _______ fetal month

A

increased

ectomesenchyme

2nd

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36
Q

The first sign of skeletal development is an increased density in the ectomesenchyme in the 2nd fetal month, which differentiates into a _______ called the _________,

A

hyaline cartilage skeleton

chondrocranium

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37
Q

The first sign of skeletal development is an increased density in the ectomesenchyme in the 2nd fetal month, which differentiates into a hyaline cartilage skeleton, the chondrocranium, mainly comprising the __________ part of the _________ and the ________

A

anterior

cranial base

nasal capsule

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38
Q

The viscerocranium is formed mainly from what arches

A

first 2 pharyngeal arches

39
Q

Most mesenchyme in the head region is derived from the

A

neural crest (ectomesenchyme)

40
Q

Neural crest cells migrate into the ________ and form the bones and connective tissue of_________

A

pharyngeal arches

craniofacial structures

41
Q

as the neural folds fuse to form the neural tube, neuroectodermal cells form __________ between the _________ and ________

A

neural crest cells

surface ectoderm

neural tube

42
Q

neural crest cells form _______ and _______ cells of the sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic nervous system

A

neurons

glial

43
Q

neural crest cells form epinephrine producing cells called _________ of the _________ gland

A

medulla

adrenal (suprarenal)

44
Q

neural crest cells form _________ of the epidermis

A

pigment-containing cells

45
Q

neural crest cells form many of the ________ and __________ components of the head

A

skeletal and connective tissue

46
Q

the first arch gives rise to a

A

maxillary process

47
Q

The first arch gives rise to a maxillary process, which extends _______ beneath the region of the ______

A

forward

eye

48
Q

First arch neural crest ossify by intramembranous ossification to form what 3 things

A

maxilla

zygomatic bone

squamous part of the temporal bone

49
Q

The first arch also gives rise to a _______ process, which contains the __________

A

mandibular

Meckel cartilage

50
Q

Mesenchyme around the Meckel cartilage condenses and ossifies by _________ ossification to give rise to the ___________

A

intramembranous

body of the mandible

51
Q

The Meckel cartilage disappears except in the

A

phenomandibularligament

52
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

replacement of calcified cartilage by osseous tissue

53
Q

Some endochondral ossification occurs in what 4 places

A

condylar head

coronoid process

angle of the mandible

mental protuberance

54
Q

The _________ tip of the mandibular process of arch 1 gives rise to the

A

dorsal

malleus and incus middle ear bones (ossicles)

55
Q

The 2nd arch gives rise to the ___________ and the ___________

A

stapes middle ear bone (ossicle)

styloid process of the temporal bone

56
Q

Ossification of the three ossicles begins in the _________ month, making these the ________ bones to become fully ossified

A

4th

1st

57
Q

Mesenchyme for formation of the bones of the face is derived from _______ , including the ________ and ________ bones

A

neural crest cells

nasal

lacrimal

58
Q

early in development, the face is small. This is caused by the absence of the _________ sinuses and small size of the _____ bones

A

paranasal air sinuses

jaws

59
Q

With the appearance of _______ and development of the _________, the face loses its babyish characteristics

A

teeth

air sinuses

60
Q

Facial development occurs mainly between weeks

A

4 - 8

61
Q

The stomodeum is separated from the pharynx (endodermal foregut) by the

A

oropharyngeal (buccopharyngeal) membrane

62
Q

Five facial primordia appear as prominences around the stomodeum, including what 3 things?

A

1 frontonasal prominence
Paired max. prominences (from pharyngeal arch 1)
Paired mand. prominences (from pharyngeal arch 1)

63
Q

The ___________ forms the forehead; the upper boundary of the stomodeum (mouth) and the nose

A

frontonasal prominence

64
Q

The ________ form the lateral boundaries of the stomodeum (mouth)

A

maxillary prominences

65
Q

The _________ constitute the caudal boundary of the stomodeum (mouth) constitute the caudal boundary of the stomodeum (mouth)

A

mandibular prominences

66
Q

The lower ____ and lower _____ are the first parts of
the face to form

A

jaw and lip

67
Q

During weeks ______, the mandibular prominences gradually enlarge and merge in the midline

A

4 -5

68
Q

Between weeks 5-8, neural crest cells of the first pharyngeal arch give rise to left and right cartilaginous rods called the ________ cartilages

A

Meckel

69
Q

The _______ form the lower lip, the lower jaw, and the
lower cheek regions

A

mandibular prominences

70
Q

The _________ of the mandible marks the site where the 2 mandibular processes merge in the midline

A

mentum or genu

71
Q

What contains the line of fusion of the two separate halves of the mandible (mental symphysis)

A

mentum or genu

72
Q

The line of fusion in the mentum or genu that divides inferiorly to enclose a triangular area is called the

A

mental protuberance

73
Q

A partial or incomplete merger of the mandibular processes forms the common midline ____________

A

chin dimple or cleft

74
Q

Until the end of the _____ week, the primordial jaws comprise only masses of _________ tissue with no differentiation of the lips and gingivae

A

6th

mesenchymal

75
Q

At the end of week 6, a curvy thickening of ectoderm, the _________, grows into the underlying mesenchyme

A

labio-gingival lamina

76
Q

Most of this lamina degenerates, creating a __________ between the lips and gingivae

A

labio-gingival groove or sulcus

77
Q

A small midline remnant of the labio-gingival lamina persists as the ______ of the lower lip

A

frenulum

78
Q

Later in the sixth week, a
second lamina, the _______, arises in the more
buccal margin of the
developing gingiva of both
jaws

A

dental lamina

79
Q

The dental lamina eventually will give rise to _______ that penetrate the mesenchyme of both jaws and will form the deciduous and permanent teeth

A

tooth buds

80
Q

The margins of the placodes proliferate, producing horseshoe- shaped elevations, the _______ and _______ nasal prominences

A

medial ; lateral

81
Q

the nasal pits become anterior _______
and _______

A

nares (nostrils)

nasal cavities

82
Q

the lateral nasal prominences form the ______ of the nose.

A

alae (sides)

83
Q

Merging the ________ and _______ results in continuity of the upper jaw and lip and separation of the nasal pits from the stomodeum

A

medial nasal and
maxillary prominences

84
Q

Each lateral nasal prominence is initially separated from the maxillary prominence by a
cleft, the

A

nasolacrimal groove

85
Q

By the end of the sixth week, each maxillary prominence has begun to merge with the lateral nasal prominence along the line of the

A

nasolacrimal groove

86
Q

By the end of the sixth week, when each maxillary
prominence has begun to merge with the
lateral nasal prominence along the line of the
nasolacrimal groove, continuity has been established between the side of the nose which is formed by the _________________ prominence, and the cheek region formed by the __________ prominence

A

lateral nasal prominence

maxillary prominence

87
Q

The nasolacrimal duct develops in the floor of the

A

nasolacrimal groove

88
Q

The superior end of the nasolacrimal duct expands to form the

A

lacrimal sac

89
Q

By the late fetal period, the
nasolacrimal duct drains into the ________ in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity.

A

inferior meatus

90
Q

By the end of the ____ week, the primordia of the auricles (external
part of ears) have begun to develop

A

5th

91
Q

Six auricular hillocks form around the ____ pharyngeal groove, the primordia of the _____, and the _____ meatus

A

1st

auricle

external acoustic

92
Q

Initially, the external ears are located in the ______ region; however, as the ______ develops, they become located on the side of the _____ at the level of the ______

A

neck

mandible

head

eye

93
Q

Small ___________ are usually located
anterior to the auricle of the external ear; however, they may occur in other sites around the auricle or
in the lobule (earlobe)

A

auricular sinuses and
cysts

809 - Exam 1 Block (19 decks)

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