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Oral Biology 2020 > Pharyngeal arches 1/14/17 > Flashcards

Pharyngeal arches 1/14/17 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two general phases of pharyngeal arch development?

A
  • Formation of pharyngeal system

- Development of pharyngeal derivatives

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2
Q

What is a cysts?

A

-Sealed cavity filled with air, pus, fluid…..

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3
Q

What is a sinus?

A

-Cavity within a tissue, can open externally

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4
Q

What is a fistula?

A

-Abnormal connection between 2 structures

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5
Q

What does the pharyngeal apparatus consist of?

A
  • Pharyngeal arches
  • pharyngeal grooves
  • pharyngeal pouches
  • pharyngeal membrane
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6
Q

How many pharyngeal arches are there?

A

1-6 but 5th doesn’t form

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7
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches emerge?

A

-Neural tube closure around 4 weeks development

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8
Q

What is another name for the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

-Mandibular atch

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9
Q

What is another name for the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

-Hyoid arch

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10
Q

What 2 prominences do you find the the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A
  • Maxillary

- Mandibular

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11
Q

T/F

The pharyngeal arches contain all of the germ layers

A

True

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12
Q

What germ layer forms the pouch?

A

-Endoderm

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13
Q

What germ layer forms the cleft?

A

-Ectoderm

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14
Q

What germ layer forms the arch?

A

-Mesoderm

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15
Q

T/F

Early arches are not continuous with each other

A

False

They are continuous

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16
Q

Where is the floor of your gut and pharynx derived from?

A

-Endodermal

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17
Q

What breaks down during week 4 that connects the stomodeum (mouth) to the primitive gut?

A

-Oropharyngeal membrane (buccopharyngeal)

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18
Q

What are the four components of each of the pharyngeal arches?

A
  • Aortic arch
  • Cartilaginous rod
  • Muscular component
  • nerve
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19
Q

What is the aortic arch component of the pharyngeal arch?

A

-An artery that arises from the truncus arteriosus of the primordial heart

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20
Q

What is the cartilaginous rod component of the pharyngeal arch?

A

-It form the skeleton of the arch

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21
Q

What is the muscular component of the components of pharyngeal arches?

A

-It differentiates into muscles in the head and neck

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22
Q

What is the nerve component of the pharyngeal arches?

A

-Supplies the mucosa and muscles derived from the arch

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23
Q

What do the components of the pharyngeal arches come from?

A

-Mesoderm (mesenchyme)

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24
Q

Where do the aortic arches arise from?

A

-Mesoderm

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25
Q

Where do the aortic arches bridge between?

A

-Truncus arteriosus and the dorsal aorta

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26
Q

What do the aortic arches 1 and 2 make?

A
  • Maxillary
  • External carotid
  • Stapedial
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27
Q

What do the aortic arches 3,4, and 6 make?

A
  • Common carotid
  • Internal carotid
  • Aortic
  • Subclavian
  • Pulmonary
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28
Q

What muscles come from arch 1?

A

-Muscles of mastication

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29
Q

What muscles come from arch 2?

A

-Muscles of facial expression

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30
Q

What muscles from from arch 3?

A

-Stylopharyngeus

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31
Q

What muscles come from arch 4?

A

-Pharyngeal constrictors

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32
Q

What muscles come from arch 6?

A

-Laryngeal muscles

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33
Q

What do the nerves from the pharyngeal arches come from?

A
  • Neural crest

- Ectodermal

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34
Q

What CN comes from arch 1?

A

-Trigeminal

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35
Q

What CN comes from arch 2?

A

-Facial nerve

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36
Q

What CN comes from arch 3?

A

-Glossopharyngeal

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37
Q

What CN comes from 4-6?

A
  • Vagus (4th arch)

- Recurrent laryngeal (6th arch)

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38
Q

What skeleton parts come from arch 1?

A
  • Meckel’s cartilage
  • Maxilla
  • Mandible
  • Malleus
  • incus
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39
Q

What skeletal parts come from arch 2?

A
  • Stapes
  • Styloid process
  • Less horn and upper portion of hyoid
40
Q

What skeletal parts come from arch 3?

A

-Greater horn and lower portion of body of hyoid

41
Q

What does the mandibular process form?

A
  • Lower lip
  • Lower face
  • Lower cheek regions
  • Chin
  • Mandible
  • Body of the tongue
42
Q

What does the maxillary process form?

A
  • Midface
  • upper cheek
  • upper lip
  • secondary palate
  • maxilla
  • zygomatic bone
43
Q

Where arch does the mandibular process and maxillary process come from?

A

-Arch 1

44
Q

What is the most common failure of first arch syndrome?

A

-Failure of the Neural crest to properly migrate

45
Q

What is Treacher Collins syndrome?

A
  • First arch syndrome
  • Hypoplasia of arch derived facial bones
  • ear deformations
  • Cleft palate
46
Q

How many paris of pharyngeal grooves are there?

A

4

47
Q

What cleft is the only one normally not obliterated in development?

A

Cleft 1

48
Q

What does pharyngeal cleft 1 give rise to?

A

-External auditory meatus

49
Q

If the pharyngeal clefts or grooves don’t completely obliterate what occurs?

A

-Usually benign sinuses or cysts

50
Q

What are two types of branchial sinuses, cysts, and fistulas?

A
  • Lateral cervical

- Internal branchial

51
Q

What is a lateral cervical pharyngeal cleft anomaly?

A

-Open externally (neck) failure of second groove or cervical sinus to obliterate

52
Q

What does the first pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

-Middle ear

53
Q

What does the proximal part of the first pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

-Eustachian tube

54
Q

What does the second pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

-Lining of the crypts in the palatine tonsils

55
Q

What are the tonsils composed mostly of?

A

-Mesoderm

56
Q

What does the third pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A
  • Inferior parathyroid gland

- Thymus

57
Q

What wing from the third pharyngeal pouch forms the inferior parathyroid glands?

A

-Dorsal wing

58
Q

What does the ventral wing of the third pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

-Thymus

59
Q

What does the fourth pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A
  • Superior parathyroid gland

- Ultimobranchial body

60
Q

What does the dorsal wing give rise to in the fourth pharyngeal pouch?

A

-Superior parathyroid glands

61
Q

What does the ventral wing give rise to in the fourth pharyngeal pouch?

A

-Ultimocranchial

62
Q

T/F

Primordia originate at mature function sites

A

False

They need to migrate

63
Q

What does PTH do to Ca2+ levels?

A

-Increases Ca 2+ levels

64
Q

What does Calcitonin do to Ca2+ levels?

A

-Lower Ca2+ levels

65
Q

What is the most common syndrome of a pharyngeal pouch ?

A

-DiGeorge Syndrome

66
Q

What causes DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

-Failure of 3rd and 4th pouches to differentiate into thymus and parathyroid

67
Q

What Deficits do you see in DiGeorge Syndrome?

A 
-Catch 22
Cardiac abnormality
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hpocalcemia
68
Q

What are the pharyngeal membranes?

A

-Form where the epithelia of the grooves and pouches approach each other

69
Q

Where do you find the tympanic pharyngeal membrane?

A

-Derived from layer between 1st cleft and 1st pouch

70
Q

What is the importance of the Hox genes?

A

-Involved in bodily segmentation

71
Q

Where do the neural crest cells migrate to?

A

-Pharyngeal arches

72
Q

What controls/tells the neural crest cells where do migrate?

A

-Hox genes

73
Q

If you lose a Hox gene (Anterior posterior axis) what happens?

A

-It can lead to duplication of other structures

74
Q

What genes are interarch patterning genes dealing with proximal from distal genes?

A

Dlx Genes

75
Q

Where does the tongue develop from?

A

-Floor of the arches

76
Q

What part of the tongue does arch 1 form?

A

-Anterior 2/3 of tongue epithelium

77
Q

What part of the tongue does arch 2 form?

A

-Gets covered up as arch 3 grows

78
Q

What part of the tongue does arch 3 form?

A

-Most of the remaining 1/3 of tongue epithelium

79
Q

What part of the tongue does arch 4 from?

A

-Bit of tongue at the very back of the throat

80
Q

In week 4 arch one form a median swelling called what?

A

-Median tongue bud

81
Q

In week 5 arch 1 forms lateral swellings called what?

A

-Distal tongue buds

82
Q

What do the median tongue buds and distal tongue buds become?

A

-Anterior 2/3 of tongue

83
Q

In week 4 what does Arch 2 form in the tongue?

A

-Copula

84
Q

In weeks 5-6 what is arch 2 overgrown by?

A

-Hypopharyngeal eminence from arches 3 and 4

85
Q

What gives rise to tongue muslces?

A

-Occipital somites

86
Q

T/F

The tongue muscles are pharyngeal in origin

A

False

Except palatoglossus

87
Q

What is the dividing line between the oral tongue and pharyngeal tongue?

A

-Terminal sulcus

88
Q

What is the foramen cecum on the tongue the site of?

A

-Thyroid primordium

89
Q

Why are tongue muscles innervated by CN XII when the anterior 2/3 is derived from pharyngeal arch 1?

A

-Tongue muscles don’t come from the arches

90
Q

Where does the thyroid develop from?

A

-Endodermal diverticulum just posterior to floor of the 1st arch

91
Q

Is the development of the thyroid bilateral?

A

No

92
Q

What are some thyroid anomalies?

A

-Thyroglossal duct cysts and sinuses

93
Q

Where does the development of the pituitary gland occur?

A

-Forms from upward invagination of the oral ectoderm in the stomodeum (Rathke’s pouch)

94
Q

How do you know whether a sinus/cyst is thyroglossal or cervical?

A

-Thyroglossal will be found on the midline

95
Q

What forms the neurohypophysis?

A

-Develops from the developing brain (neural ectoderm)

96
Q

What forms the adenohypophysis?

A

-Develops from the stomodeum roof (oral ectoderm)

Oral Biology 2020 (21 decks)

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