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Pharmacy INTRO > Pharmacology - Urinary > Flashcards

Pharmacology - Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

The kidneys are __________organs

A

retroperitoneal

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2
Q

What is another name for the bladder muscle?

A

detrusor muscle

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3
Q

large volumes of fluid can be collected without high-pressure damage to the renal system occurring….how much volume?

A

700-1000ml

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4
Q

What is the kidneys pale outer region?

A

cortex

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5
Q

What is the kidneys dark inner region?

A

medulla

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6
Q

________is divided into 8-18 conical regions, called the renal pyramids

A

medulla

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7
Q

The cortex and the medulla are made up of ________

A

nephrons

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8
Q

_________are the functional units of the kidney

A

nephrons

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9
Q

_________are responsible for forming urine

A

nephrons

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10
Q

__________is the unit of the kidney responsible for ultrafiltration of the blood and reabsorption or excretion of products in the subsequent filtrate.

A

nephron

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11
Q

What is the filtering unit of a nephron?

A

glomerulus

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12
Q

_________is responsible for concentration and dilution of urine

A

Loop of Henle

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13
Q

__________is responsible, along with the collecting duct that it joins, for absorbing water back into the body

A

distal convoluted tubule

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14
Q

_____% of the water is normally reabsorbed, leaving highly concentrated urine to flow into the collecting duct and then into the renal pelvis

A

99%

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15
Q

_______of the body fluid is intracellular.

A

2/3

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16
Q

________is fluid within the cells of the body

A

Intracellular

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17
Q

The movement of fluid from one compartment to another is regulated by:

A

Blood pressure

Osmotic concentration.

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18
Q

How much fluid is excreted by the kidneys per day?

A

1500ml

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19
Q

Where is fluid also lost?

A

through the skin and lungs

digestive tract

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20
Q

_______occurs when fluid output is greater than fluid intake

A

dehydration

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21
Q

Fluid intake is regulated by the______

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

_________raises the osmotic pressure of the blood, where there is less fluid, the solute concentration of the blood is greater

A

dehydration

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23
Q

The increased osmotic pressure triggers the _______ center in the hypothalamus

A

thirst

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24
Q

_______ are small charged molecules essential for homeostasis that play an important role in body chemistry

A

electrolytes

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25
Q

________are inorganic salts, acids, and bases that form ions in solution

A

electrolytes

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26
Q

_________ions are needed to transmit impulses in the nerve and muscle tissue

A

sodium

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27
Q

________ions are need for nervous and muscle tissue function

A

potassium

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28
Q

________ions are also needed in maintaining fluid volume within cells

A

potassium

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29
Q

_______also help regulate acid-base levels (pH).

A

potassium

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30
Q

Fluid low =

A

electrolytes high

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31
Q

Fluid high =

A

electrolytes low

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32
Q

______ions are mainly found extracellular

A

sodium

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33
Q

_______ions are mainly intracellular

A

potassium

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34
Q

_______ions are found extracellularly and they help regulate differences in osmotic pressure between fluid compartments, they are also important in pH balance.

A

chloride

35
Q

_______ions are found mainly intracellular and in bone. They are important in production of bones and teeth and play a role in muscle contraction and neural transmission

A

magnesium

36
Q

potassium levels too low

A

Hypokalemia

37
Q

low levels of sodium

A

Hyponatremia

38
Q

low levels of chloride

A

Hypochloremia

39
Q

low levels of calcium

A

Hypocalcemia

40
Q

_______is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue

A

edema

41
Q

The most potent diuretics are the ________

A

loop diuretics

42
Q

Where do loop diuretics works?

A

Loop of Henle

43
Q

_______increase elimination of water, sodium and selected electrolytes (K+, Cl-, HCO3-) to reduce the symptoms of edema

A

diuretics

44
Q

Patients on these diuretics, therefore, are commonly advised to take _______

A

Potassium supplements

45
Q

What are the 4 stages of renal disease?

A
  1. Loss of Renal Reserve
  2. Renal Insufficiency
  3. Chronic Renal Insufficiency
  4. ESRD – End stage Renal Disease
46
Q

_______Relax prostate and bladder smooth muscle which reduces urethral resistance and improves urine flow

A

Alpha Blockers

47
Q

_________Reduce the growth and size of the prostate

A

5-alpha reductase inhibitors

48
Q

By age 65, approximately ______% to ______% of men have ED

A

15% - 20%

49
Q

What are some treatments for ED?

A

Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

Prostaglandins

50
Q

What do phosphodiesterase inhibitors interact with?

A

nitrates, grapefruit, macrolide antibiotics, SSRI

51
Q

________is a disease associated with deposits of urate crystals in the joints that produces inflammation and is caused by hyperuricemia

A

gout

52
Q

_______is a build up of urate in the blood

A

hyperuricemia

53
Q

The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection which is also often called _______ (lower UTI)

A

cystitis

54
Q

Another kind of UTI is a kidney infection, known as _________, and is much more serious. (upper UTI)

A

pyelonephritis

55
Q

What is nocturia?

A

Need to urinate during the night.

56
Q

_______ is discomfort or pain at the urethral meatus or a burning sensation throughout the urethra with micturition (dysuria).

A

Urethritis

57
Q

Pain in the midline suprapubic region is called______

A

cystits

58
Q

What is Pyuria/Hematuria?

A

Pus or blood in urine

59
Q

What is Pyrexia?

A

Mild fever

60
Q

_____% of Women get UTI’s

A

40%

61
Q

______% of men get UTI’s

A

10%

62
Q

What is BUN?

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

63
Q

When kidney function is impaired ______, _______, and ________ increases

A

urea, nitrogen, and creatinine

64
Q

What is SCr?

A

serum creatinine

65
Q

What is the typical normal rage for serum creatinine?

A

0.5-1.5mg/dL

66
Q

What does CrCl stand for?

A

creatinine clearance

67
Q

What does GFR stand for?

A

glomerular filtration rate

68
Q

What does CKD stand for?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease

69
Q

_______is a condition characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells

A

anemia

70
Q

_______ is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells

A

erythropoietin

71
Q

_______is an artificial method of filtering blood and correcting the electrolyte imbalances caused by kidney failure

A

dialysis

72
Q

_______is accomplished by diverting blood flow through a machine that mechanically filters the blood and returns it back into the body

A

hemodialysis

73
Q

________is accomplished by putting dialysate (a special fluid that draws toxins from the body into itself) into the abdominal cavity and leaving it there for a certain period of time

A

peritoneal dialysis

74
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

immature red blood cells

75
Q

What is priapism?

A

prolonged and painful erection

76
Q

What is gynecomastia?

A

breast enlargement in men or boys

77
Q

What medications can cause gynecomastia?

A

5-alpha reductase inhibitors (avodart, finasteride)

78
Q

_______ work by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water in the ascending loop of henle

A

loop diuretics

79
Q

_______ work in the nephrons by increasing excretion of bacarbonate ions.

A

carbonic abhydrase inhibitors

80
Q

_______work by blocking the exchange of potassium for sodium and takes place in the distal tubule

A

Potassium sparing diuretics

81
Q

______work by blocking molecular pump that pulls sodium and chloride back into the blood from the distal tubule

A

thiazide diuretic

82
Q

What is prostatitis?

A

inflammation of the prostate

83
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

ringing of the ears

Pharmacy INTRO (34 decks)

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