Pharmacology - Urinary Flashcards
The kidneys are __________organs
retroperitoneal
What is another name for the bladder muscle?
detrusor muscle
large volumes of fluid can be collected without high-pressure damage to the renal system occurring….how much volume?
700-1000ml
What is the kidneys pale outer region?
cortex
What is the kidneys dark inner region?
medulla
________is divided into 8-18 conical regions, called the renal pyramids
medulla
The cortex and the medulla are made up of ________
nephrons
_________are the functional units of the kidney
nephrons
_________are responsible for forming urine
nephrons
__________is the unit of the kidney responsible for ultrafiltration of the blood and reabsorption or excretion of products in the subsequent filtrate.
nephron
What is the filtering unit of a nephron?
glomerulus
_________is responsible for concentration and dilution of urine
Loop of Henle
__________is responsible, along with the collecting duct that it joins, for absorbing water back into the body
distal convoluted tubule
_____% of the water is normally reabsorbed, leaving highly concentrated urine to flow into the collecting duct and then into the renal pelvis
99%
_______of the body fluid is intracellular.
2/3
________is fluid within the cells of the body
Intracellular
The movement of fluid from one compartment to another is regulated by:
Blood pressure
Osmotic concentration.
How much fluid is excreted by the kidneys per day?
1500ml
Where is fluid also lost?
through the skin and lungs
digestive tract
_______occurs when fluid output is greater than fluid intake
dehydration
Fluid intake is regulated by the______
hypothalamus
_________raises the osmotic pressure of the blood, where there is less fluid, the solute concentration of the blood is greater
dehydration
The increased osmotic pressure triggers the _______ center in the hypothalamus
thirst
_______ are small charged molecules essential for homeostasis that play an important role in body chemistry
electrolytes
________are inorganic salts, acids, and bases that form ions in solution
electrolytes
_________ions are needed to transmit impulses in the nerve and muscle tissue
sodium
________ions are need for nervous and muscle tissue function
potassium
________ions are also needed in maintaining fluid volume within cells
potassium
_______also help regulate acid-base levels (pH).
potassium
Fluid low =
electrolytes high
Fluid high =
electrolytes low
______ions are mainly found extracellular
sodium
_______ions are mainly intracellular
potassium
_______ions are found extracellularly and they help regulate differences in osmotic pressure between fluid compartments, they are also important in pH balance.
chloride
_______ions are found mainly intracellular and in bone. They are important in production of bones and teeth and play a role in muscle contraction and neural transmission
magnesium
potassium levels too low
Hypokalemia
low levels of sodium
Hyponatremia
low levels of chloride
Hypochloremia
low levels of calcium
Hypocalcemia
_______is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissue
edema
The most potent diuretics are the ________
loop diuretics
Where do loop diuretics works?
Loop of Henle
_______increase elimination of water, sodium and selected electrolytes (K+, Cl-, HCO3-) to reduce the symptoms of edema
diuretics
Patients on these diuretics, therefore, are commonly advised to take _______
Potassium supplements
What are the 4 stages of renal disease?
- Loss of Renal Reserve
- Renal Insufficiency
- Chronic Renal Insufficiency
- ESRD – End stage Renal Disease
_______Relax prostate and bladder smooth muscle which reduces urethral resistance and improves urine flow
Alpha Blockers
_________Reduce the growth and size of the prostate
5-alpha reductase inhibitors
By age 65, approximately ______% to ______% of men have ED
15% - 20%
What are some treatments for ED?
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Prostaglandins
What do phosphodiesterase inhibitors interact with?
nitrates, grapefruit, macrolide antibiotics, SSRI
________is a disease associated with deposits of urate crystals in the joints that produces inflammation and is caused by hyperuricemia
gout
_______is a build up of urate in the blood
hyperuricemia
The most common type of UTI is a bladder infection which is also often called _______ (lower UTI)
cystitis
Another kind of UTI is a kidney infection, known as _________, and is much more serious. (upper UTI)
pyelonephritis
What is nocturia?
Need to urinate during the night.
_______ is discomfort or pain at the urethral meatus or a burning sensation throughout the urethra with micturition (dysuria).
Urethritis
Pain in the midline suprapubic region is called______
cystits
What is Pyuria/Hematuria?
Pus or blood in urine
What is Pyrexia?
Mild fever
_____% of Women get UTI’s
40%
______% of men get UTI’s
10%
What is BUN?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
When kidney function is impaired ______, _______, and ________ increases
urea, nitrogen, and creatinine
What is SCr?
serum creatinine
What is the typical normal rage for serum creatinine?
0.5-1.5mg/dL
What does CrCl stand for?
creatinine clearance
What does GFR stand for?
glomerular filtration rate
What does CKD stand for?
Chronic Kidney Disease
_______is a condition characterized by a deficiency in red blood cells
anemia
_______ is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells
erythropoietin
_______is an artificial method of filtering blood and correcting the electrolyte imbalances caused by kidney failure
dialysis
_______is accomplished by diverting blood flow through a machine that mechanically filters the blood and returns it back into the body
hemodialysis
________is accomplished by putting dialysate (a special fluid that draws toxins from the body into itself) into the abdominal cavity and leaving it there for a certain period of time
peritoneal dialysis
What are reticulocytes?
immature red blood cells
What is priapism?
prolonged and painful erection
What is gynecomastia?
breast enlargement in men or boys
What medications can cause gynecomastia?
5-alpha reductase inhibitors (avodart, finasteride)
_______ work by inhibiting reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and water in the ascending loop of henle
loop diuretics
_______ work in the nephrons by increasing excretion of bacarbonate ions.
carbonic abhydrase inhibitors
_______work by blocking the exchange of potassium for sodium and takes place in the distal tubule
Potassium sparing diuretics
______work by blocking molecular pump that pulls sodium and chloride back into the blood from the distal tubule
thiazide diuretic
What is prostatitis?
inflammation of the prostate
What is tinnitus?
ringing of the ears
