Pharmacology - Endocrine Flashcards
___________encompasses the production and secretion of hormones from the glands.
endocrine system
_________regulate metabolism, growth and sexual development
hormones
Pineal gland
Sleep cycle
Pituitary gland
master gland
Thyroid gland
metabolism
Parathyroid gland
calcium levels
Thymus
immune function
Adrenal gland
stress levels
Pancreas
(largest gland) – production and secretion of different types of hormones and digestive juices.
There are two types of hormones within the endocrine system:
one composed of protein
the other composed of steroid.
Hormones perform many functions throughout the body , including
Maintain homeostasis (by feedback systems)
Prepare body for emergency situation.
Participate in body’s development.
Reproductive system
The Hypothalamus produces which hormones?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Somatostatin (SS; also GHIH, growth factor-inhibiting hormone) Dopamine (DA)
Anterior pituitarylobe (adenohypophysis) produces which hormones?
Growth hormone(GH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, a gonadotropin)
Luteinizing hormone (LH, a gonadotropin)
Posterior pituitarylobe (neurohypophysis) produces which hormones?
Oxytocin (ocytocin) Arginine vasopressin (AVP; also ADH, antidiuretic hormone)
The Thyroid gland produces which hormones?
Triiodothyronine (T3), the potent form of thyroid hormone
Thyroxine (T4), a less active form of thyroid hormone
Calcitonin
The Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produce:
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Adrenal cortex produces which hormones?
Glucocorticoids (chiefly cortisol)
Mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone)
Androgens (including DHEA and testosterone)
Adrenal medulla produces which hormones?
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
_________is necessary for the production of T3 and T4 hormones
iodine
What is the other name for hypothyroidism?
myxedema
__________is a result of hypothyroidism at birth, often caused by a lack of iodine in the mothers diet
Creitinism
Symptoms of hypothyroidism:
Weight gain (as a result of a slower metabolism) Fatigue Increased sensitivity to hot and cold Paleness Depression Puffy face
What is the other name for hyperthyroidism?
thyrotoxicosis
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism is ___________
Graves disease
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism:
Weight loss (often accompanied by a ravenous appetite) Fatigue • Weakness Hyperactivity • Irritability Apathy • Depression Polyuria • Sweating
Treatment of hyperthyroidism:
Drug treatments
Radioactive iodine treatment
Surgery (thyroidectomy)
What are some drug treatments for hyperthyroidism?
Propylthyracil
Tapazole
What are the side effects of Propylthyracil and
Tapazole?
Altered taste
Alopecia (hair loss)
Bone marrow suppression (fever, sore throat and malaise)
_________maintain the carbohydrate reserves in the body, as well as to suppress the inflammatory response of tissues.
Glucocorticoids (adrenal cortex)
___________- help to regulate the electrolyte balance in the body by controlling the reabsorption of sodium and secretion of potassium by the kidneys.
Mineralocorticoids (adrenal cortex)
_____________are secreted in small amounts. While slight in their effects, this source of sex hormones becomes important as a woman reaches menopause.
Sex hormones (adrenal cortex)
_________causes the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose and release it back into the blood stream for use by the cells for energy.
glucagon
__________ is also used to lower the level of sugar in the blood by increasing the rate at which the liver converts glucose into glycogen for storage in fatty tissues.
Insulin
_________ _________may have many causes, including testosterone deficiency, alcoholism, cigarette smoking, psychological factors and medications
male impotence
Drugs that can cause impotence:
Alcohol Amphetamines Antihypertensives Corticosteroids Estrogens H2 blockers Haloperidol Lithium opiates Some antidepressants
___________undergoes extensive first pass metabolism in the GI tract and liver after oral administration, so alternates methods of delivery have been established
testosterone
Types of oral contraceptive:
____________ is a fixed dose of estrogen and progestin throughout cycle
Monophasic
Types of oral contraceptive:
________ is a fixed estrogen dose, less progestin in first half of cycle and increased during second half
Biphasic
Types of oral contraceptive:
__________estrogen dose is same or varies, progestin varies throughout cycle
Triphasic
Some of the main drug classes oral contraceptives interact with include:
Antibiotics Anticonvulsants Antifungals Benzodiazepines Bronchodilator
__________are based on detecting the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
pregnancy tests
__________can increase risk of MI, CVA and blood clots
Hormone Replacement Therapy
Natural Products for Menopause:
Red Clover Black Cohosh Dong Quai Evening Primrose Soy
Drugs that stimulate contraction of uterine smooth muscle at term are called _______
oxytocics
__________plays a large role in keeping bones strong and healthy in females, therefore women are more prone to develop osteoporosis after menopause
estrogens
Among the drugs used to treat osteoporosis are:
Bisphosphonates
Calcium and vitamin D supplements
Estrogen (for prevention during menopause)
What are some Glucocorticoids?
Betamethasone
Hydrocortisone
Triamcinolone & triamcinolone acetate
Dexamethasone
Methylprednisolone & methylprednisolone acetate
Budesonide
Prednisolone
What are some Mineralcorticoids?
Florinef – fludocortisone
Where do most mineralcorticoids have to be stored?
In the fridge
Tissues effected by hormones are called?
target tissue
Thyroid products should not be taken at the same time as ______
bile acid sequestrants
_______ _______ effect may be enhanced by thyroid products
warfarin anticoagulant
________is a condition in which fat collects behind the eye balls
exophthalmos
______ ______ is a life threatening condition in which the body has to much excess thyroid
thyroid storm
______is dark skin patches on the face caused by hormone replacement therapy
melasma
Heavy menstrual bleeding is usually caused by to little _______
progesterone
_______ is a drug used to slow down labor
tocolytic agents
_______ is a cell that reabsorbs bone
osteoclasts
______ is a cell that forms bone
osteoblasts
Who is more at risk for osteoporosis?
Females
White or asian race
history of smoking
What is a BMD
Bone mineral density
________inhibit osteoclasts from removing calcium from bone tissue
bisphosphonates
What is gluconeogenesis?
conversion of fatty acids and protein to glucose
_________ is a life threatening deficiency of glucorticoids and mineralcorticoids
Addison’s Disease
________ is caused by an overproduction of cortisol
Cushing’s Disease
