Pharmacology - Cancer Flashcards
When normal cellular growth control mechanisms are disturbed, the result is the uncontrolled overgrowth of normal tissue and the growth of tumors and/or onset of _________
Cancer
What is another name for cancer?
neoplastic disease
What is a benign tumor?
Stays in one place in the body and is not life threatening (non-cancerous)
What is a malignant tumor?
Can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body (cancerous)
A _________ _________is not restricted to one area but is scattered throughout the whole body (i.e. Leukemia)
diffuse tumor
Cancer is categorized based on the functions and/or locations of the cells from which the tumor originates:
Carcinoma Sarcoma Leukemia Lymphoma Myeloma Central Nervous System Cancers
_______ is skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs
carcinoma
______ is bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue
sarcoma
White blood cells and their precursor cells such as the bone marrow cells, causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood
Leukemia
cells of the immune system that affects lymphatic system
lymphoma
B-cells that produce antibodies – spreads through the lymphatic system
Myeloma
The goal of most chemotherapy regimes is to put the cancer into __________
remission
________drugs not only kill rapidly dividing cells, but also normal cells
antineoplastic drugs
_________ create irreversible cross –links in DNA interfering with the replication process.
Alkylating Agents
What class of drugs may be useful in the treatment of smaller or slow growing tumors?
Alkylating Agents
_________Interfere with the metabolism of cancer cells
Antimetabolites
____________inhibit cell division by interfering with mitosis or DNA replication
antibiotics
_________damage DNA of cells similar to radiation damage.
Nitrogen mustards
________cause DNA damage in replicating cells
Topoisomerase I inhibitors
________inhibit cellular growth and decrease proliferation of cells
Tyrokinase inhibitors
What are some side effects of chemotherapy?
nausea, vomiting, GI upset, hair loss, pain, bone marrow suppression etc
What are the ABC’s of cancer?
Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color that is not uniform, Diameter greater than 6 mm, Evolving size, shape or color
What are some antimetalobite drugs for cancer
- Methotrexate
- Hydroxyurea
- Pemetrexed
What type of cancer are aromatase inhibitors used to treat?
breast cancer
What anticoagulant should not be taken with tamoxifen?
Warfarin
Can cancer be caused by a virus?
YES
________is a procedure to remove a piece of tissue or a sample of cells from your body so that it can be analyzed in a laboratory.
Biopsy
________ is a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.
Carcinogen
________tumors are cancerous. The cells can grow and spread to other parts of the body
Malignant
_______ is a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer.
Neoplasm
________ is a pathogenic agent’s spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host’s body
Metastasis
______ are genes that promote cancer formation
Oncogenes
_______ ________ _______ turn off or down-regulate the proliferation of cancer cells. They inhibit inappropriate cell growth
Tumor Suppressor Genes
_______ is the number of cancer cells or the size of the tumor tissue
Tumor burden
What is another word for the surgical removal of cancel tissue?
resected
Used after surgery to “clean-up” areas of residual tumor is called __________
Adjuvant radiation therapy/chemo
________ is a type of cancer treatment that stimulates the immune system to stop or slow the growth of cancer cells
Immunotherapy
______ is an aggressive type of kidney cancer
carcinoma
_______ is a fatal type of skin cancer
Melanoma
__________ is given in an attempt to shrink the tumor so that it can be safely and completely removed with surgery
neoadjuvant chemotherapy
______ work by binding to and damaging DNA during the cell division process, ultimately preventing cell replication
Alkylating Agents
______ works in the synthesis phase of the cell cycle
antimetabolites
What are some Cytotoxic drugs?
alkylating agent, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, Antimicrotubule agents
What prevents promotion of blood vessels that allow for tumor growth and invasion of surrounding tissue?
Angiogenesis Inhibitors
What are some angiogenesis inhibitors?
bevacizumab
lenalidomide
tholidomide
What target a specific marker or receptor on the surface of tumor cells, leading to destruction of those cells?
Monoclonal Antibodies
What prevent transmission of intracellular signals that stimulate cell proliferation?
Signal Transduction Inhibitors
______is programmed cell death
apoptosis
_____is an amino acid that is needed for leukemia cells to proliferate
asparagine
_____is an alkylating agent that is used to treat many diseases including lung, ovarian, and bone cancers
cisplatin
_____ is an antimetabolite drug used to treat lung and pancreatic cancers
gemcitabine
______ is a condition in which GI motility is severely reduced
Ileus
Chemotherapy drugs that work by inserting themselves into stands of DNA
Intercalating Agents
_______ is damage to the nerves that effect hearing
ototoxicity
__________ is an antimetalobite drug that is critical to treatment of certain types of lung cancer
pemetrexed
_____ is an antimicrotubule drug that are derived from the bark and needles of yew trees
taxanes
______ are drugs that can cause extravasation injury
vesicants
______ are part of the cell that maintains shake and structure
microtubules
