Pharmacology - Gastro Flashcards
A group of organs that process food and liquids
GI System
Break down of large food molecules to smaller ones
digestion
Uptake of essential nutrients into the bloodstrem
absorption
The time it takes for material to pass from the mouth to the anus
GI transmit time or bowel transmit time
What is contained in gastric juices?
enzymes and hydrochloric acid
What is the most common cause of gastritis?
Alcohol
What stimulates acid secretion?
Caffeine
What can decrease sphincter pressure, resulting in reflux?
Nicotine
What contain special ions that react with hydrogen ions in the stomach and neutralize acid?
Antacids
Calcium and aluminum containing antacids cause _________
constipation
Magnesium containing antacids cause ________
diarrhea
What are the two forms of IBD?
- Ulcerative Colitis
- Crohn’s Disease
_________affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum, causing it to look scraped; characterized by bloody mucus leading to watery diarrhea containing blood, mucus, and pus.
Ulcerative Colitis
It causes inflammation of your digestive tract, which can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition
Crohn’s Disease
A drug that prevents or controls nausea and vomiting
Antiemetic
a local excavation in the gastric mucosa
Gastric Ulcer
a condition marked by engorgement of the vascular cushions situated within the anal sphincter muscles; result from pressure exerted on anal veins while straining to pass a stool
Hemorrhoids
a functional disorder in which the lower GI tract does not have appropriate tones or spasticity to regulate bowel activity
IBS (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
a disorder of the upper GI tract caused by the action of acid and pepsin’ includes mucosal injury, erythema, erosions, and frank ulceration
Peptic Disease
usually gastric, that occurs in a clinical setting; caused by a breakdown of natural mucosal resistance.
Stress Ulcer
the sensation of the room spinning when one gets up or changed position
Vertigo
What is CTZ?
Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone: is an area of the medulla oblongata that receives inputs from blood-borne drugs or hormones and communicates with other structures in the vomiting center to initiate vomiting.
What is morbid obesity?
Being more than 100lb. over his/her ideal body weight
What is BMI?
Body Mass Index – It is the value derived from the height and weight of a person.
What is the most important dose for H2 Receptor Antagonists?
bedtime dose
What are some H2 Receptor Blockers?
Cimetidine, Famotidine, Ranitidine
What is a coating agent?
Sucralfate
What is a Prostaglandin E Analog?
Misoprostol
What is misoprostol used for?
NSAID induced gastric ulcers
a local excavation in the gastric mucosa
Gastric Ulcer
______is a pepcid lesion situated in the duodenum
Duodenal Ulcer
_________ is caused by the breakdown of natural mucosal resistance
Stress Ulcers
___________ are used for both induction and maintenance of remission in patients with crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
Aminosalicylates
What are some Aminosalicylated?
sulfasalazine and mesalamine
Gallstones are pebble-like structures that obstruct the ________
cystic duct
What drug is a immunosupressant?
azathioprine (Imuran)
What is a gallstone dissolution agent?
ursodiol
________are classified as antidiarrheals
Adsorbents
What drugs can cause diarrhea?
ACE Inhibitors, H2 Receptor Antagonists, NSAIDS, PPI, Antibiotics, and Digoxin
What drug is an adsorbent?
Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate)
What should not be taken with Pepto-Bismol?
Anticoagulants, Methotrexate, and Tetracycline
What are some Antimotility Drugs?
Lotomil (difenoxylate-atropine), Imodium (loperamide)
Antimotility drugs for diarrhea work by slowing ________
parastalsis
What is a protozoan?
Single-cell animal or parasite
What medication can we take to treat infectious diarrhea?
Zaxine (rifaximin) - Indicated to treat Travellers Diarrhea
What is a bulk forming laxative?
It works best to prevent constipation, not treat it. It draws water and electrolytes into the GI system
What are some bulk forming laxatives?
Metamucil (psyllium) and Benefiber (wheat dextrin)
What are some surfactant laxatives?
Docusate and Senokot - S
What are some osmotic laxatives?
Fleet (glycerin), Milk of Magnesis (magnesium hydroxide)
What are some stimulant laxatives?
Dulcolax (bisacodyl) and Sennakot
What are some antiflatulents?
Gas Aid, Dioval, Gas-x (simethicone)
What are some bowel evacuants?
Peg 3350 (polyethylene glycol 3350) and Colyte, Lactulose
________ is a substance that acts as a detergent, helping fatty and watery components of the intestinal contents to mix, thus making the stool soft and mushy
Surfactant Laxatives
_______ are organic substances that draw water into the colon and thereby stimulate evacuation of the lower bowel
Osmotic Laxative
________ is a inorganic salt that draws water into the intestinal lumen and increases intraluminal pressure
Saline Laxative
_________ work by stimulating parasympathetic neurons that control bowel muscles, thereby enhancing peristalsis and GI motility.
Stimulant Laxative
What is flatulence?
Stomach or intestinal gas
________ is when the colon acts as if it is divided into small parts that move independently of each other rather than contributing to an integrated overall motion
Colonic segmentaion
______occurs when an outpocketing from the bowel wall forms and/or becomes inflamed
Diverticular Disease
Straining to pass small, firm stools can cause _______
Hiatal Hernia (chronic constipation)
What are some symptoms of IBS?
Gas, abdominal distension, increased colonic mucus, pain, and irregular bowel habits
________ and ________ are antiemetics that share a similar chemical structure. They are used to treat mild motion sickness
Antihistamine and Anticholinergics
How to antihistamine and anticholinergics work?
By blocking histamine and acetycholine, two neurotransmitter in the CTS vomiting center.
What are some side efferts of Antihistamine and Anticholinergics?
drowsiness, dry mouth, and urinary retension
What are some Antihistamine and Anticholinergics?
Gravol (dimenhydrinate) and Benadryl (diphenhydramine)
What are some Serotonin Receptor Antagonists?
Zofran (ondansetron)
________are potent antiemetics used to prevent and treat severe nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy medications and treatmets.
Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
What are some drugs used for Hepatitis?
Entecavir (baraclude) - chronic hepatitis B
Tenofovir
_______ as be used to treat nausea
shiatsu acupressure
_______are gram-positive bacteria that are normal flora of the human GI tract
Lactobacilli
What drug should women not take, because it can abort a pregnancy?
misoprostol
List a few different Antacids
Gaviscon Extra Strength
Tums
Milk of Magnesia
Pepcid Complete
What increases colon content and propulsive motility?
Dietary Fiber
____________is often associated with low-fiber diets
Chronic constipation
Patients taking opiods should take a ____________ laxative
stimulant
The ________, when stimulated, may cause vomiting
CTZ
Some antiemetics bind to _________ to prevent nausea
Serotonin (5-HT) Receptors
How is hepatitis C transmitted?
Through blood and bodily fluids
Vaccines have been developed to prevent which hepatitis’?
Hepatitis A & B but NOT C
________ and __________ are used to treat ulcerative colitis
mesalazine and sulfasalazine
__________ is used to treat GI diseases as well as other autoimmune diseases
azathioprine (Imuran)
________ is an irritation and superficial erosion of the stomach lining
gastritis
