Pharmacology - Bacteria Flashcards
__________are a major class of natural and synthetic pharmaceutical agents that kill or inhibit the growth of infection causing microorganisms
antibiotics
________are single celled organisms found almost everywhere. They have a cell wall surrounding the cell which protects the organism from outside influences
bacteria
_______bacteria have a more substantial cell wall
gram positive
_______bacteria have a less substantial cell wall
gram negative
When is antibiotic treatment preferably started?
after a culture is taken
_________work by gaining access to the inside of the bacterial cell, where they interfere with bacterial life processes
antibiotics
Antibiotics work in 4 ways:
1) block protein formation
2) inhibit cell wall formation
3) interfere with DNA
4) prevent folic acid synthesis
_______ _________ _________cover both gram positive and gram negative organisms
Broad spectrum antibiotics
The physician does not know the causative agent and may not have time to culture for it and get a definite diagnosis until after the treatment has started. Thus, a doctor will choose an antibiotic based on the most likely bacteria that can cause the infection you have. What is this called?
empirical treatment
An __________is an invasion of the body by pathogens, resulting in tissue response to organism and toxins
infection
Antibiotics treat infections by acting as either a _________ or ________
bactericidal agent or bacteriostatic agent
________agent kills invading organisms immediately.
Bactericidal
_________agent inhibits the growth and multiplication of bacteria.
Bacteriostatic
An infection that results when an antibiotic selectively targets and kills a certain population of bacteria which can initiate an increase in growth of other potentially lethal strains in the flora.
What is this called?
A superinfection
What causes antibiotic resistance?
Treating viral infections with antibiotics
Giving antibiotics to food-producing animals
Spraying drugs on fruit-trees to treat or prevent disease
Inappropriate drug prescribed for infection
Compliance
Why do injectable antibiotics need to be mixed properly?
to avoid tissue or vein irritation
What are some side effects or risks with antibiotics?
- nausea and diarrhea due to elimination of natural bacterial flora
- Increased risk of yeast infections
- hypersensitivity reactions (rash, hives, wheezing or shortness of breath and eventually anaphylactic shock)
- Reduce effectiveness of oral contraceptives
- Increase INR in patients taking warfarin
_________are bacteriostatic and effective against a broad range of microorganisms because they block a specific step in the biosynthetic pathway of folic acid
Sulfonamides
Therapeutic Uses of Sulfonamides:
Urinary tract infections (UTI’s)
Otitis media (especially in kids)
Ulcerative colitis
Lower respiratory infections
Side effects of sulfonamides:
Nausea Rash, which is often a symptom of hypersensitivity Vomiting Blood complications Photosensitivity
What must patients do when taking sulfonamides in order to prevent kidney damage?
Drink lots of water to prevent crystallization of the drug in the kidneys
What are some auxiliary labels for sulfa drugs?
Drug should be taken with lots of water
May cause discoloration of urine (nitrofurantoin)
Avoid prolonged sun exposure
These antibiotics are highly effective with extremely low toxicity.
Beta lactam antibiotics
All members of this class have a beta lactam ring which is responsible for :
hypersensitivity reactions (rash, hives, wheezing, shortness of breath, and anaphylactic shock)
________antibiotics may also be referred to as penicillin type antibiotics.
Beta lactam
__________Most effective against growing and reproducing bacteria, generally gram positive aerobes and anaerobes
Beta lactam
Beta Lactam antibiotics are used to treat:
Abscesses Otitis media Pneumonia Respiratory infections Tooth and gum infections Venereal diseases (syphilis and gonorrhea) Endocarditis Meningitis
Beta lactam antibiotics side effects include:
Diarrhea
What antibiotic is recommended be taken on an empty stomach??
beta lactam antibiotics
_________have a mechanism of action similar to penicillin, but differ in their antibacterial spectrum
Cephalosporins
A person allergic to penicillin has a _____% chance of being allergic to cephalosporin’s
10%
Patients who experience an anaphylactic reaction to beta lactam antibiotics are not advised to take _________
cephalosporins
Cephalosporins are used to treat:
Oral infections (first and second gen) OB/GYN procedures Upper respiratory (oral second gen) Sinus infections (oral second gen) Urinary tract infections (parenteral third gen) Meningitis Intra-abdominal infections
First generation cephalosporins are used for community acquired infections specifically for ______ _______ organisms.
gram negative
___________ _________ cephalosporins have increased activity. They are used for otitis media in children as well as respiratory and urinary tract infections.
Second generation
______ _________cephalosporins are active against many gram negative organisms. They are used in severe infections.
Third generation
________ __________generation cephalosporins have a broad spectrum of activity. They can treat pneumonia, urinary tract infections and sepsis due to gram negative organisms
fourth and fifth
__________are produced by soil organisms. They are broad spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria by binding to ribosomes.
Tetracyclines
_________have the unique ability to enter mammalian cells to affect organisms growing within cells
Tetracyclines
Tetracyclines are used to treat:
Acne Chronic bronchitis Lyme disease Rickettsia infection Venereal disease (chlamydia)
Side effects of tetracycline include
Nausea Vomiting Photosensitivity Diarrhea Tooth discoloration
________Can enter developing bone, form complexes with calcium causing weakened bone structure
tetracycline
_________Is an exception and does not cause weakening of bone structure
doxycycline
__________should be avoided by pregnant women, nursing women and young children up to nine years old because of tooth discoloration and effects on bone growth.
tetracycline
___________can cause a fatal renal syndrome which is toxic when it is expired
tetracycline
___________are bacteriostatic agents used primarily to treat pulmonary infections. They inhibit protein synthesis by combining with ribosomes.
Macrolides
These drugs may cause diarrhea and affect liver enzymes (Cytochrome P450) causing many drug interactions.
Macrolides
Macrolides are used to treat:
Chlamydia Legionnaires’ disease H. Influenza M Pneumonia S. Pneumonia
The side effects of macrolides include:
Gastrointestinal upset Discolored urine (drug dependant) After taste
________ should be taken with food to avoid stomach upset
macrolides
__________have strong, rapid bactericidal action against gram negative and many gram positive bacteria. They antagonize the enzyme responsible for coiling and replicating DNA
Quinolones
Quinolones are used to treat:
Bone and joint infections Infectious diarrhea Ophthalmic infections Some STIs Upper respiratory infections UTIs
Quinolone side effects are:
Nausea and vomiting Joint swelling Dizziness Unpleasant taste Photosensitivity May cause CNS effects (insomnia or restlessness) Crystalluria
__________interact with ions (iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and aluminum)
The oral form is not recommended in pregnant woman or children
Quinolones
________ and _________should be given with caution in patients taking theophylline due to increased theophylline toxicity
Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin
_________are commonly used to treat serious infections. Their bactericidal action inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to ribosomal subunits.
Aminoglycosides
The major side effect of aminoglycosides are:
nephrotoxicity & ototoxicity
_________is a bactericidal drug that interferes with bacterial wall synthesis. It is especially useful in methicillin resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MSRA).
vancomycin
Vancomycin is used to treat :
Dialysis patients
Endocarditis
Staph infections
______ is ototoxic and nephrotoxic.
vancomycin
__________is a broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis. It is a lincosamide antibiotic.
clindamycin
It is active against gram positive and most anaerobic bacteria. It can be bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal depending on drug concentration, bacterial species and concentration of bacteria.
clindamycin
____________is an imidazole antibiotic. It interacts with DNA to cause a loss of structure and strand breakage and results in inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death.
Metronidazole
__________can cause an intolerance to alcohol due to a disulfiram reaction (abdominal cramps, vomiting, flushing, headache).
Metronidazole
Patients should avoid alcohol for up to 3 days after discontinuation of which drug?
Metronidazole
______ also help with help with inflammation and pain control.
Antibiotics
______ can cause red man syndrome when given by IV to fastly
vancomycin
What is a disulfiram reaction?
abdominal cramps, vomiting, flushing, headache due to mixing alcohol with certain drugs
________attaches to mucosal cells
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
How is gonorrhea usually treated?
penicillins
What is the primary stage of syphilis?
Small, hard-based sore (chancre) develops at site of infection
May be painless and patient may be unaware
Fluid in the sores is highly infectious
Bacteria enter the bloodstream and lymphatic system
What is the second stage syphilis?
Skin rashes, patchy hair loss, malaise, and mild fever
Symptoms subside after a few weeks and disease becomes latent
After 2 to 4 years of latency, disease is usually no longer infectious
________are small, usually painless, highly infectious ulcer; the primary lesion of syphilis
chancre
