Pharmacology - Antimicrobial Therapy II & III - Jeffrey Steele Flashcards
What cephalosporins cover Pseudomonas?
Cefepime
Ceftazidine
Use: Ceftaroline (5th gen)
MSSA, MRSA
E. faecalis
S. pneumoniae
Complicated SSTI
Approved for CAP
Class: Avibactam
Novel beta-lactamase inhibitor
Use: Ceftolazone/Tazobactam
Pseudomonas and non-beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae;
Complicated UTI;
Complicated intra-abdominal infection
Class: Imipenem-cilastatin; Meropenem; Ertapenem; Doripenem
Carbapenems
What carbapenem is not recommended for use against Pseudomonas?
Ertapenem
What carbapenem is recommended for use against E. faecalis?
Imipenem
Use: Carbapenems
cUTI; cIAI; CAP; Bone and SSTI; Bacterial meningitis, post-surgical (Miripenem) meningitis
What class of antibiotics is most likely to cause seizures (1%)?
Carbapenems
Often in patients with renal dysfunction, when drug is used in high doses
What Carbapenem is most effective against Pseudomonas?
Doripenem
Class: Aztreonam
Monobactam
Spectrum: Aztreonam
Gram negs only - Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas
Class: Vancomycin
Glycopeptide
MOA: Vancomycin
Inhibits late stages of cell wall synthesis
– Binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of the nascent peptidoglycan pentapeptide
– Inhibits transglycosylase preventing elongation of peptidoglycan and cross-linking
Spectrum: Vancomycin
MRSA MSSA (less effective than beta-lactam) Coag-neg staph ie Staph epidermidis; Strep; Enterococci; Bacillus spp; Corynebacterium spp; – Peptostreptococcus – Actinomyces – Propionibacterium – Clostridium
Does Vancomycin have gram neg activity?
No
If MRSA is suspected, such as in a purulent cellulitis, what drug is recommended?
Vancomycin
Uses: Vancomycin
– SSTI, Especially when MRSA is suspected (purulent cellulitis)
• Bacteremia & Endocarditis
– Caused by Enterococcus, MRSA, coagulase-negative Staph
• Meningitis & Ventriculitis
– Community-acquired (for cephalosporin-resistant S. pneumoniae) – Hospital-acquired (for skin flora, MRSA)
• Pneumonia
– HAP, HCAP
• Bone & Joint Infection
• Neutropenic Fever
• Surgical prophylaxis
• C. difficile colitis (ORAL FORM ONLY)
Side effects: Vancomycin
• Nephrotoxicity – Concomitant nephrotoxins, e.g aminoglycosides, amphotericin • Infusion reactions – Redman syndrome • Secondary to histamine release • Maculopapular rash – SJS, TEN • Drug fever • Phlebitis • Neutropenia • Thrombocytopenia
Only use PO Vancomycin for:
C. Diff colitis, because it’s a big molecule –> poorly absorbed
MOA: Daptomycin
Insertion into the gram-positive cell membrane causing depolarization and ultimate cell death
• Disclaimer: unique MOA. Not a cell-wall active agent
Spectrum: Daptomycin
MSSA, MRSA, VISA
Strep
Enterococci including VRE
Has activity against gram pos anaerobes
Does Daptomycin have gram neg activity?
NO
Why is Daptomycin not effective for use in pneumonia?
Pulmonary surfactant inactivates the drug
Use: Daptomycin
SSTI
Staph aureus bacteremia and endocarditis;
Osteoarticular infection;
Enterococcal infections
Side effects: Daptomycin
Paresthesia
Peripheral neuropathy;
Eosinophilic pneumonia;
CPK elevation and possible skeletal muscle damage
Class: Gentamicin (IV)
Aminoglycosides
Class: Tobamycin (IV/inh)
Aminoglycosides
Class: Amikacin (IV/inh)
Aminoglycosides
Class: Streptomycin (IM)
Aminoglycosides
MOA: Aminoglycosides
Bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and interfere with an initiation complex between mRNA (messenger RNA) and the 30S subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis
Spectrum: Aminoglycosides
Gram-negative
– Enterobacteriaceae & Pseudomonas
• Gram-positive
– Synergy with cell wall active agent against Enterococcus. CANNOTGIVEAS MONOTHERAPY
What aminoglycoside is recommended for use against mycobacteria and Nocardia?
Amikacin
Do aminoglycosides have activity against anaerobes?
No
Side effects: Gentamicin, Amikacin
Nephrotixicity;
Ototoxicity - risk increased with loop diuretics;
Neuromuscular damage
Class: Minocycline (IV/PO)
Tetracycline
MOA: Tetracyclines
Passive diffusion through porins in gram- negative organism;
Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit preventing protein synthesis
What drug class is recommended for atypical organisms such as Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Tetracyclines
What drug class is recommended for spirochetes such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Leptospira, and Treponema pallidum?
Tetracyclines
What drug class is recommended for the rickettsiae?
Tetracyclines
Spectrum: Tetracyclines
Atypical Organisms – Chlamydia pneumoniae – Mycoplasma pneumoniae • Spirochetes – Borrelia burgdorferi – Leptospira – Treponema pallidum • Rickettsiae • Gram positive – S. pneumoniae (although resistance may be an issue) – CA-MRSA • Gram negative – H. influenzae – Neiserria spp. • Rapidly growing Mycobacteria
Uses: Tetracyclines
Tick-borne illness (DOC) – Lyme disease – Ehrlichiosis – Anaplasmosis • CAP – Patients with low risk of S. pneumoniae resistance • SSTI caused by CA-MRSA • Combination therapy for H. pylori • Prophylaxis – Exposure to anthrax, tularemia, plague, Q fever, brucellosis