Pharmacology - Antimicrobial Therapy II & III - Jeffrey Steele Flashcards

1
Q

What cephalosporins cover Pseudomonas?

A

Cefepime

Ceftazidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Use: Ceftaroline (5th gen)

A

MSSA, MRSA
E. faecalis
S. pneumoniae

Complicated SSTI
Approved for CAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Class: Avibactam

A

Novel beta-lactamase inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Use: Ceftolazone/Tazobactam

A

Pseudomonas and non-beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae;
Complicated UTI;
Complicated intra-abdominal infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
Class:
Imipenem-cilastatin;
Meropenem;
Ertapenem;
Doripenem
A

Carbapenems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What carbapenem is not recommended for use against Pseudomonas?

A

Ertapenem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What carbapenem is recommended for use against E. faecalis?

A

Imipenem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Use: Carbapenems

A
cUTI;
cIAI;
CAP;
Bone and SSTI;
Bacterial meningitis, post-surgical (Miripenem) meningitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What class of antibiotics is most likely to cause seizures (1%)?

A

Carbapenems

Often in patients with renal dysfunction, when drug is used in high doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What Carbapenem is most effective against Pseudomonas?

A

Doripenem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Class: Aztreonam

A

Monobactam

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Spectrum: Aztreonam

A

Gram negs only - Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Class: Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MOA: Vancomycin

A

Inhibits late stages of cell wall synthesis
– Binds to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of the nascent peptidoglycan pentapeptide
– Inhibits transglycosylase preventing elongation of peptidoglycan and cross-linking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spectrum: Vancomycin

A
MRSA
MSSA (less effective than beta-lactam)
Coag-neg staph ie Staph epidermidis;
Strep;
Enterococci;
Bacillus spp; Corynebacterium spp;
–  Peptostreptococcus 
–  Actinomyces
–  Propionibacterium 
–  Clostridium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Does Vancomycin have gram neg activity?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

If MRSA is suspected, such as in a purulent cellulitis, what drug is recommended?

A

Vancomycin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Uses: Vancomycin

A

– SSTI, Especially when MRSA is suspected (purulent cellulitis)
• Bacteremia & Endocarditis
– Caused by Enterococcus, MRSA, coagulase-negative Staph
• Meningitis & Ventriculitis
– Community-acquired (for cephalosporin-resistant S. pneumoniae) – Hospital-acquired (for skin flora, MRSA)
• Pneumonia
– HAP, HCAP
• Bone & Joint Infection
• Neutropenic Fever
• Surgical prophylaxis
• C. difficile colitis (ORAL FORM ONLY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Side effects: Vancomycin

A
•  Nephrotoxicity
–  Concomitant nephrotoxins, e.g aminoglycosides, amphotericin
•  Infusion reactions
–  Redman syndrome
•  Secondary to histamine release
•  Maculopapular rash –  SJS, TEN
•  Drug fever
•  Phlebitis
•  Neutropenia
•  Thrombocytopenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Only use PO Vancomycin for:

A

C. Diff colitis, because it’s a big molecule –> poorly absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MOA: Daptomycin

A

Insertion into the gram-positive cell membrane causing depolarization and ultimate cell death

• Disclaimer: unique MOA. Not a cell-wall active agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Spectrum: Daptomycin

A

MSSA, MRSA, VISA
Strep
Enterococci including VRE
Has activity against gram pos anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does Daptomycin have gram neg activity?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is Daptomycin not effective for use in pneumonia?

A

Pulmonary surfactant inactivates the drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Use: Daptomycin

A

SSTI
Staph aureus bacteremia and endocarditis;
Osteoarticular infection;
Enterococcal infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Side effects: Daptomycin

A

Paresthesia
Peripheral neuropathy;
Eosinophilic pneumonia;
CPK elevation and possible skeletal muscle damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Class: Gentamicin (IV)

A

Aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Class: Tobamycin (IV/inh)

A

Aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Class: Amikacin (IV/inh)

A

Aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Class: Streptomycin (IM)

A

Aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

MOA: Aminoglycosides

A

Bind to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes and interfere with an initiation complex between mRNA (messenger RNA) and the 30S subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Spectrum: Aminoglycosides

A

Gram-negative
– Enterobacteriaceae & Pseudomonas
• Gram-positive
– Synergy with cell wall active agent against Enterococcus. CANNOTGIVEAS MONOTHERAPY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What aminoglycoside is recommended for use against mycobacteria and Nocardia?

A

Amikacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Do aminoglycosides have activity against anaerobes?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Side effects: Gentamicin, Amikacin

A

Nephrotixicity;
Ototoxicity - risk increased with loop diuretics;
Neuromuscular damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Class: Minocycline (IV/PO)

A

Tetracycline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

MOA: Tetracyclines

A

Passive diffusion through porins in gram- negative organism;

Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit preventing protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What drug class is recommended for atypical organisms such as Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

Tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What drug class is recommended for spirochetes such as Borrelia burgdorferi, Leptospira, and Treponema pallidum?

A

Tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What drug class is recommended for the rickettsiae?

A

Tetracyclines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Spectrum: Tetracyclines

A
Atypical Organisms
–  Chlamydia pneumoniae –  Mycoplasma pneumoniae
•  Spirochetes
–  Borrelia burgdorferi –  Leptospira
–  Treponema pallidum
•  Rickettsiae
•  Gram positive
–  S. pneumoniae (although resistance may be an issue) –  CA-MRSA
•  Gram negative –  H. influenzae
–  Neiserria spp.
•  Rapidly growing Mycobacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Uses: Tetracyclines

A
Tick-borne illness (DOC) 
–  Lyme disease
–  Ehrlichiosis
–  Anaplasmosis
•  CAP
–  Patients with low risk of S. pneumoniae resistance
•  SSTI caused by CA-MRSA
•  Combination therapy for H. pylori
•  Prophylaxis
–  Exposure to anthrax, tularemia, plague, Q fever, brucellosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Side Effects: Tetracyclines

A
Photosensitivity;
Hyperpigmentation
Blue discoloration of skin;
Nephrotoxocity;
Neurotoxicity with Minocycline;
Erosive esophagitis
44
Q

Why should tetracyclines not be given to children?

A

Discoloration of teeth AND inhibition of bone growth in infants (reversible)

45
Q

What kind of neurotoxicity occurs with tetracyclines?

A

Vertigo, Tinnitus;

Pseudotumor cerebri with prolonged use

46
Q

What kind of nephrotoxicity can occur with tetracycline use?

A

Expired tetracycline resulting in reversible Fanconi-like syndrome (doesn’t happen with current formulation)

47
Q

What drugs should be avoided when tetracyclines are administered?

A

Antacids
Sucralfate
Multivitamins
Iron

48
Q

Class: Tigecycline

A

Glycylcycline

49
Q

MOA: Tigecycline

A

9-glycl substitution enables tigecycline to overcome two major types of resistance
– Efflux pumps
– Ribosomal protection

50
Q

Spectrum: Tigecycline

A

Broad-spectrum;

gram-negative, gram-positives, anaerobes (includes MRSA, VRE & Acinetobacter)

51
Q

What 4 gram negative bugs canNOT be treated with Tigecycline?

A

– Pseudomonas
– Proteus
– Providencia
– Morganella

52
Q

Side effects: Tigecycline

A

• GI
– Significant nausea (~25%), vomiting (18%), diarrhea
• Transaminitis
• Increased mortality
– Black Box warning regarding
– Use in situations when alternative agents are not suitable

53
Q

Class: Azithromycin (IV/PO)

A

Macrolide

54
Q

Class: Clarithromycin (PO)

A

Macrolide

55
Q

Class: Erythromycin (IV/PO)

A

Macrolide

Not used much anymore

56
Q

Class: Macrolides

A

Reversible binding to 50S subunit of ribosome

57
Q

Spectrum: Macrolides

A
•  Gram-positive
–  S. pneumoniae (significant resistance)
–  Significant resistance in β-hemolytic strep
•  Gram-negative
–  H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis
•  Atypicals
–  Legionella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma
•  Anaerobes
–  Actinomyces
58
Q

Uses: Macrolides

A

• Uncomplicated upper & lower respiratory tract infections
– Usually in patients without prior antibiotics due to risk of resistant S. pneumoniae
• Mycobacterial infection – M. avium (seen in HIV crowd)
• H. pylori (clarithromycin>azithromycin) in combination with other agents

59
Q

Side effects: Macrolides

A
•  GI
–  Erythromycin>azithromycin,clarithromycin – Abdominal cramps, N/V, diarrhea
•  Thrombophlebitis (IV) –  Erythromycin
•  Cardiac
–  QT-prolongation
       •  Torsades de pointes
60
Q

Class: Clindamycin

A

Lincosamide

61
Q

MOA: Clindamycin

A

Binding to 50S ribosomal subunit preventing protein synthesis

62
Q

Are Clindamycin effective against gram neg bugs?

A

NO, Gram pos only

63
Q

Why is Clindamycin indicated for use in TSS Strep?

A

Mitigates toxin production

64
Q

Side effects: Clindamycin

A
  • Diarrhea (up to 20% of patients)

* Pseudomembranous colitis

65
Q

Class: Linezolid (IV/PO)

A

Oxazolidinones

66
Q

Class: Tedizolid (PO)

A

Oxazolidinones

67
Q

MOA: Oxazolidinones (Linezolid, Tedizolid)

A

Binds to 23 S ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit inhibiting protein synthesis

68
Q

Why should Linezolid be avoided in the treatment of Staph aureus bacteremia?

A

• Vancomycin or daptomycin are recommended as 1st- line therapy

69
Q

Use: Linezolid

A

– Enterococcal infection including bacteremia
– Nosocomial pneumonia caused by S. aureus
– CAP caused by S. aureus
– SSTI

70
Q

Use: Tedizolid

A

SSTI

71
Q

T/F: Linezolid has gram negative activity.

A
FALSE
Linezolid use is:
–  Staphylococci
•  S. aureus (MRSA, MSSA) 
•  Coagulase-negative
–  Enterococci including VRE
–  Streptococci
72
Q

Side effects: Linezolid

A
•  Hematologic toxicity
•  Reversible myelosuppression
–  Thrombocytopenia (most common)
–  Anemia
•  MitochondrialToxicity
–  Peripheral neuropathy, optic neuropathy –  Lactic acidosis
•  Serotonin Syndrome (SS)
–  Inhibition of MAO can result in SS when given with serotonergic agents
73
Q

Name the three nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors.

A

Fluoroquinolones;
Metronidazole;
Rifamycins

74
Q

Class:
– Rifampin
– Rifabutin
– Rifaximin

A

Rifamycin - Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

75
Q

Class:
– Ciprofloxacin
– Levofloxacin
– Moxifloxacin

A

Fluoroquinolones - Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors

76
Q

Class: Metronidazole

A

No technical class - Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

77
Q

MOA: Fluoroquinolones

A
  • Inhibit DNA gyrase

* Inhibit topoisomerase IV

78
Q

What are the ONLY oral antipseudomonal agents?

A

Fluoroquinolones
– Ciprofloxacin
– Levofloxacin
– Moxifloxacin

79
Q

Spectrum: Fluoroquinolones

A

– S. pneumoniae
• levofloxacin & moxifloxacin;
– Enterobacteriaceae
– H. influenzae
– P. aeruginosa: Ciprofloxacin & levofloxacin
– Atypicals (Legionella, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma);
• Mycobacterium

80
Q

Resistance in what bugs is an issue for Fluoroquinolone use?

A

Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae problematic

81
Q

What is the antibiotic of choice for anthrax?

A

Fluoroquinolones
– Ciprofloxacin
– Levofloxacin
– Moxifloxacin

82
Q

What is the recommended adjunctive therapy in MDR pulmonary TB?

A

Fluoroquinolones
– Ciprofloxacin
– Levofloxacin
– Moxifloxacin

83
Q

T/F: Fluoroquinolones are just as effective PO as IV.

A

True

Good drug for transitioning out of the hospital

84
Q

Avoid Ciprofloxacin in conjunction with what drugs?

A

Theophylline –> Seizure

Tizanidine –> Hypotension

85
Q

MOA: Metronidazole

A

Interacts with DNA to cause a loss of helical DNA structure and strand breakage resulting in inhibition of protein synthesis

86
Q

Spectrum: Metronidazole

A
•  Anaerobes 
–  B. fragilis
–  Clostridial species including difficile
•  Protozoa
–  Trichomonas
–  Giardia
–  Entamoeba histolytica
87
Q

Side effects: Metronidazole

A
  • Metallic taste
  • Minor GI disturbances
  • Peripheral neuropathy (with long-term use or very high doses)
  • Disulfiram reaction with alcohol
88
Q

Use: Metronidazole

A
  • C. difficile diarrhea
  • Intra-abdominal infections in combination with other agents
  • Surgical prophylaxis in colon surgery (with other agents)
  • Trichomoniasis
89
Q

MOA: Rifamycins

A

Bind to DNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibiting RNA synthesis

90
Q

T/F: Rifamycins such as Rifampin inhibit biofilms.

A

True

91
Q

Spectrum: Rifamycin

A
•  Gram-positive 
–  Staphylococci 
–  Streptococci 
–  C. difficile
–  Listeria
•  Gram-negative 
–  H. influenzae 
–  N. meningitidis 
–  H. pylori
•  Mycobacterium
92
Q

Use: Rifampin

A

– M. tuberculosis infection
– Other Mycobacterium infections
– Adjunctive treatment in prosthetic valve endocarditis (S. aureus) and for prosthetic joint infection
– Prophylaxis N. meningitidis

93
Q

Use: Rifaximin

A

– Hepatic encephalopathy
– Recurrent C. difficile
– Traveler’s diarrhea

94
Q

Side effects: Rifampin

A

– Rifampin-associated flulike syndrome • Onset is latent
– Thrombocytopenia, hemolysis
– Renal failure
– Transaminitis
• Increased incidence of hepatotoxicity when combined with INH
or pyrazinamide

95
Q

Rifampin interacts with what liver enzymes, lowering the concentration of other drugs?

A

3A4*
1A2
2C
2D6

96
Q

What are the main anti-TB drugs?

A
  • Isoniazid (INH)
  • Pyrazinamide
  • Ethambutol
97
Q

Side effects: Isoniazid

A
•  Hepatitis
–  10-20% of patients have asymptomatic minor transaminitis 
•  Neurotoxicity
–  Peripheral neuropathy
•  Pyridoxine can alleviate 
–  Memory loss, psychosis
•  Hypersensitivity reactions
98
Q

Class: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)

A

Bacterial anti-metabolites

99
Q

MOA: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

A

Sulfamethoxazole: Interferes with bacterial folic acid synthesis and growth via inhibition of dihydrofolic acid formation from paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA)

Trimethoprim: inhibits dihydrofolic acid reduction to tetrahydrofolate resulting in sequential inhibition of enzymes of the folic acid pathway

100
Q

What are the two drugs of choice for listeria?

A

Ampicillin;

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

101
Q

What is the drug of choice for Stenotrophomonas (hosp)?

A

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

102
Q

Is Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole effective against anaerobes?

A

NO

103
Q

Spectrum: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

A
•  Gram-Positive
–  CA-MRSA/MSSA
–  S. pneumoniae
•  Not ideal for β-hemolytic strep
–  Listeria
•  Gram-Negative
–  Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, etc.)-resistance varies
–  DOC-Stenotrophomonas
•  Toxoplasmosis, Nocardia, Pneumocystis
104
Q

Uses: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

A
  • Prophylaxis & treatment Pneumocystis jiroveccii pneumonia
  • Toxoplasmosis encephalitis
  • Urinary tract infection
  • Listeria meningitis
  • CA-MRSA
105
Q

Side effects: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

A

RASH - SJS, TEN possible also
more common in HIV patients;

• Hematologic
– Bone marrow suppression (usually at higher doses)
• Renal
– Pseudo-renal failure: TMP can inhibit creatinine secretion
– AIN from sulfamethoxazole
– Hyperkalemia-TMP essentially acts as a K+ sparing diuretic

106
Q

Avoid warfarin when administering what antibiotic?

A

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole

Warfarin (inhibition of CYP 2C9 by TMP/SMX) leading to increase in INR