Pharmacokinetics Flashcards

1
Q

What the body does to the drug

A

pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

How drug concentrations are affected by dosage and time

A

Pharmacokinetics

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3
Q

4 stages of pharmacokinetics:

A
  1. Absorption from site of administration
  2. Distribution within the body
  3. metabolism
  4. excretion
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4
Q

why is it important to understand the difference between routes and formulations for drug administration?

A

Because they can affect how quickly and how much drug enters the systemic circulation

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5
Q

Intensity of a response is directly related to?

A

its concentration at the site of action

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6
Q

Enteral administration

A

entry of a drug through the GI tract

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7
Q

Which route of administration has the greatest variability in absorption?

A

PO

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8
Q

Why is the first pass effect important?

A

it determines if the drug should be given PO or not. Some drugs would have no affect PO because the liver is a major site of metabolism

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9
Q

Does rectal administration have first pass effect?

A

no, fewer rectal veins enter the liver

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10
Q

SL administration has no first pass effect because?

A

there is direct entry into the systemic circulation

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11
Q

SC, IM, and IV administration have similar profiles to?

A

SL administration

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12
Q

Parenteral Administration

A

anywhere other than the GI tract

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13
Q

Absorption through the skin

A

transdermal

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14
Q

Transdermal absorption is not suitable for?

A

fat-insoluble drugs

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15
Q

a new graduate nurse preparing to administer medications knows that which of the following is required for a drug to move through the body?

A

The ability to cross membranes

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16
Q

The nurse is preparing to give a medication for pain. The label states that the drug is “lipid soluble.” How soon should the nurse expect to observe the effects of the drug?

A

Rapidly, because cell membranes are composed of lipids making lipid soluble drugs pass through them more easily

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17
Q

The nurse should provide which teaching point when administering an enteric-coated oral tablet to a patient?

A

“Swallow the hole tablet after double checking the dose”

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18
Q

For which reason should the nurse follow safe medication administration for intravenous (IV) medications?

A

IV administration is irreversible

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19
Q

The nurse is preparing to administer an intravenous (IV) medication. What is the minimum injection time to reduce the risk of harm to the patient?

A

60 seconds, because all the blood in the body is circulated about once every minute. This allows the drug to be diluted in the largest volume of blood possible.

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20
Q

The nurse should instruct a patient complaining of pain to do what to reduce fluctuations in drug levels?

A

Take pain medication around the clock at specified intervals and doses

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21
Q

SC injection

A

drug is administered under skin, passes barrier for direct entry

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22
Q

In which route of administration is absorption by passed?

A

IV administration by passes absorption because the drug is injected in the vein and therefore does not need to be absorbed into the blood.

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23
Q

Absorption

A

the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the blood.

24
Q

rate of absorption equals?

A

how soon effects will begin

25
amount of absorption equals?
how intense effects will be
26
increased blood flow to the area of administration equals?
increased absorption
27
Increased surface area equals?
increased rate of absorption
28
delayed gastric emptying will cause?
decreased absorption
29
increased contact time equals?
increased absorption
30
liquid drugs equal?
faster absorption
31
the proportion of the drug that passes into systemic circulation after administration, taking into account both absorption and administration
bioavailibility
32
Distribution
movement of the drug throughout the body
33
How long does it take for the drug to be circulated around the body once in the circulation?
about 1 minute
34
3 factors that determine drug distribution?
1. blood flow to the tissues 2. exiting the vascular system 3. entering cells of organs
35
Fast distribution occurs in the?
heart, liver and kidneys
36
slow distribution occurs in the?
muscle, skin and fat because less blood flow
37
the second, slower phase of distribution depends on?
where the drug "likes" to be
38
the drugs exiting the vascular system depends on?
plasma protein binding
39
Metabolism
Modification of drugs by enzymes
40
Which family of enzymes are drugs metabolized by?
the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes
41
Most metabolism occurs in the?
liver
42
active drug accumulation leads to
increased adverse effects and toxicity
43
Excretion
removal of drugs from the body
44
most drug excretion occurs through the?
kidney
45
excretion depends on?
plasma protein binding and drug solubility
46
lipid soluble drugs are ______ in the tubule
reabsorbed. Water soluble drugs remain in the urine to be excreted
47
decreased passive reabsorption equals?
increased excretion
48
some drugs are excreted in an unaltered form (no metabolism/change), what is an example of this?
penicillin
49
Therapeutic range
when a drug can safely be used. Above minimum effective concentration and below toxic concentration.
50
steady state
when amount of drug administered equals amount of drug eliminated between each dose. Maximum therapeutic benefits.
51
The time is takes for a drug to reach a steady state depends on its?
half-life
52
the time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%
Half-life
53
a measure of the rate at which drugs leave the body
half-life
54
half-life determines?
how often a drug needs to be given
55
increased half-life means that a drug?
will leave the body slower, resulting in more time between doses
56
if you want drug to reach a steady state quickly, you must give a?
loading dose (large first dose)
57
for a specified dosage, it will always take about ____ half lives to reach plaeau
4