Analgesics Flashcards

1
Q

Nociception

A

detection of noxious stimuli or stimuli that are capable of damaging tissue

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2
Q

what is important to remember about pain?

A

it is a personal and individual experience

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3
Q

Selectively blocks the sensation of pain without blocking other symptoms or loss of consciousness

A

analgesic

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4
Q

blocks nerve conduction and all local sensations including pain

A

local anesthetic

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5
Q

causes loss of sensations and consciousness

A

general anesthetic

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6
Q

At which site of action do opioids have their greatest effect?

A

at the higher centres of the CNS

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7
Q

on which of the pain processes do opioids exert their effect?

A

on perception and modulation (transmission)

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8
Q

What receptors do opioids bind to?

A

opioid receptors

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9
Q

Opiate

A

any drug derived from opium (morphine, codeine)

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10
Q

all opioid analgesics are?

A

full agonists or partial agonists at mu and kappa receptors

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11
Q

examples of full agonist opioids?

A

morphine, codeine and fentanyl

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12
Q

Example of partial agonist opioid?

A

butprenorphine

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13
Q

where are mu receptors located?

A

in the brain (cortex, medulla, thalamus, limbic system, amygdala) and spinal cord

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14
Q

depression of the respiratory centre caused by opioids is due to which receptor?

A

mu

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15
Q

what is the prototype for opioid analgesics?

A

morphine sulphate

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16
Q

opioids are less effective in?

A

neuropathic pain

17
Q

which type of receptor does morphine sulphate act on?

A

primarily mu

18
Q

what is the half life of morphine sulphate?

A

2-4 hours

19
Q

what are the most common non-narcotic analgesic?

A

NSAIDs

20
Q

What are examples of adjuvants?

A

antidepressants, anti seizure drugs, glucocorticoids

21
Q

why is severe asthma or other respiratory deficiencies contraindicated in morphine use?

A

because morphine can suppress respirations

22
Q

what is the number one series adverse effect with morphine?

A

respiratory depression

23
Q

how long do nausea and vomiting last with morphine

A

usually only for 1-3 days

24
Q

does constipation associated with morphine use get a tolerance?

A

no

25
Q

what is a med interaction of morphine?

A

CNS depressants such as antipsychotics, sedatives and alcohol. They can cause cumulative effects

26
Q

what is an example of a moderate opioid analgesic?

A

codeine (3-methylmorphine)

27
Q

Codeine is never given to?

A

children because they have an unpredictable metabolism

28
Q

what is an example of an opioid antagonist?

A

naloxone

29
Q

what is naloxone used for?

A

complete or partial reversal of opioid induced respiratory depression (overdose)

30
Q

what is important to note about naloxone?

A

it has a shorter half life than morphine therefore the person could go back into respiratory depression. This means they may need more frequent dosing of naloxone

31
Q

which pharmacological effects show tolerance?

A

analgesia and euphoria

32
Q

state that develops in which an abstinence syndrome will occur if a drug is abruptly withdrawn

A

physical dependence

33
Q

is opioid withdrawal lethal?

A

no

34
Q

Oral forms of morphine should be?

A

taken with food to minimize GI upset

35
Q

what does the nurse do if the patient’s respiratory rate drops to less than 12 per minute?

A

withhold dose and contact physician

36
Q

respiratory depression may be manifested by?

A
  • less than 12 breaths per min
  • dyspnea
  • diminished breath sounds
  • shallow breathing
37
Q

how do you manage constipation associated with opioid use?

A

ensure adequate fibre and fluid intake