Fluids

Question 1

colloid osmotic pressure is due to?

Answer 1

plasma proteins

Question 2

Hydrostatic pressure can also be referred to as?

Answer 2

blood pressure

Question 3

Crystalloids supply?

Answer 3

water and electrolytes

Question 4

Crystalloids are plasma volume…?

Answer 4

expanders due to sodium concentration

Question 5

do crystalloids contain proteins/large molecules?

Answer 5

no, but colloids do.

Question 6

what is the concentration of NS?

Answer 6

0.9% sodium chloride

Question 7

What type of solution is D5W?

Answer 7

it is a hypotonic solution but it is isotonic while still in the bag

Question 8

what type of solution is lactated ringers?

Answer 8

isotonic

Question 9

what is the concentration of half normal saline?

Answer 9

0.45% sodium chloride

Question 10

What is the concentration of hypertonic saline?

Answer 10

3% sodium chloride

Question 11

crystalloids are used to treat?

Answer 11

dehydration. used as replacement/maintenance fluids

Question 12

what is the only fluid used with administration of blood cell products?

Answer 12

0.9% NS because it is a isotonic solution

Question 13

How do colloids work?

Answer 13

they move fluid from interstitial compartment into plasma compartment because there would be more plasma proteins in the vascular system. Therefore they increase plasma colloid osmotic pressure

Question 14

when are colloids used?

Answer 14

in hypovolemic shock to restore BP

Question 15

Adverse effects of colloids?

Answer 15

may cause altered coagulation which may result in bleeding. They also have no oxygen carrying capacity

Question 16

what is the most expensive and least available fluid?

Answer 16

blood products

Question 17

how to blood products work?

Answer 17

they increase COP and PV by pulling fluid from interstitial space and into vessel. Therefore they are plasma expanders

Question 18

What is fresh frozen plasma used for?

Answer 18

to increase clotting factor levels in clients with demonstrated deficiency such as a coagulation disorder.

Question 19

Indications os using packed RBCs suspended in saline or whole blood?

Answer 19

To increase oxygen carrying capacity as in anemia, substantial Hb deficits or a blood loss greater than 25% of total blood volume

Question 20

How should you administer colloids?

Answer 20

slowly

Question 21

what should the nurse monitor for when giving volume expanders?

Answer 21

monitor for fluid overload and heart failure. Seen by high blood pressures and bounding pulses.

Question 22

Normal ECF volume of potassium?

Answer 22

3.5-5mmol/L

Question 23

hypokalemia

Answer 23

deficiency of potassium (less than 3.5mmol/L)

Question 24

Causes of hypokalemia?

Answer 24

loop and thiazide diuretics, vomitting and diarrhea

Question 25

Patient awareness of hypokalemia?

Answer 25

- muscle weakness and/or lethargy - cardiac dysthymias (irregular pulse) - paralytic ileus (decrease in bowel motility)

Question 26

what is important about IV potassium?

Answer 26

Nurses must use extreme caution and infuse very slowly

Question 27

Hyperkalemia

Answer 27

excessive serum potassium level (more than 5 mol/L)

Question 28

Causes of hyperkalemia?

Answer 28

There are many causes, one of which is potassium sparing diuretics

Question 29

Most concerning symptom of hyperkalemia?

Answer 29

cardiac rhythm irregularities leading to possible ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest

Question 30

rates of potassium infusion should not exceed

Answer 30

10 mmol/hr

Question 31

NEVER give potassium as an?

Answer 31

IV bolus or undiluted

Question 32

Oral forms of potassium must be?

Answer 32

diluted in water or juice to minimize GI distress or irritation

Question 33

Normal ECF concentration of sodium?

Answer 33

135-145 mmol/L

Question 34

What is sodium responsible for?

Answer 34

- control of water distribution - fluid and electrolyte balance - osmotic pressure of bodily fluids - participates in acid base balance

Question 35

Hyponatremia

Answer 35

sodium loss of deficiency where serum levels are less than 135 mmol/L

Question 36

Symptoms of hyponatremia

Answer 36

lethargy, stomach cramps, hypotension, vomiting, diarrhea, and seizures

Question 37

Causes of hyponatremia?

Answer 37

same and hypokalemia and also excessive sweating

Question 38

Hypernatremia

Answer 38

sodium excess. Serum levels more than 145 mmol/L

Question 39

Symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 39

edema and hypertension, red flushed skin, dry sticky mucous membranes, increased thirst, elevated temperature and decreased urine output.

Question 40

Causes of hypernatremia?

Answer 40

kidney malfunction

Question 41

Treatment for mild sodium depletion?

Answer 41

oral sodium chloride and/or fluid restriction

Question 42

treatment for severe sodium depletion?

Answer 42

IV NS solution or lactated ringers solution

Question 43

advantages of crystalloids?

Answer 43

few side effects, low cost and wide availability

Question 44

disadvantages of crystalloids?

Answer 44

short duration of action and may cause edema

Question 45

advantages of colloids?

Answer 45

longer duration of action and less fluid required to correct hypovolemia

Question 46

disadvantages of colloids?

Answer 46

Higher cost, may cause fluid overload, may interfere with clotting, and risk of anaphylactic reactions