Pharmacokinetic Flashcards
What are the rights to drug administration
PATIENT, DRUG, DOES, TIME, ROUTE, DOCUMENTATION, EDUCATION, REFUSE
If a patient refuses what must you document
That you educated them
What is pharmacokinetics
The impact of the body of the drugs
Where does most of the meatbolism occur in the body
The liver
Where does most of the exceretion occur
the kidney’s create urine
Is a lipid souluable or water soluable drug more likely to pass through a cell
The lipidsoluable
What is the most common mechanism of transport
Direct penetration
Which mechanism of transport is very small
passage through channels or pores
What mechanisms of transport uses a protein
Passage with aid of transport system
Why is direct penetration the most common mechanism of transport
most drugs are too bid, they lack a transport system, they must be lipid soluble
What is an example of drugs that can use channels and pores
potassium and sodium
Can water (a polarized molecule) penetrate cellular membranes
Nope
T/F cell membranes are polar
FALSE
Can ions penetrate cellular membranse
nope
Relating to pH what are most drugs
weak acids or weak bases
What is absorption
The movement of a drug from its site of administration into the BLOOD
If there is a blockage in the blood flow what will that effective
Absorption
What factors affect absorption
rate of dissolution, surface area, lipid solubility, pH
If your pill has extended release and you just ate what will that affect
rate of dissolution
What is the enteral route
via the GI tract
How long does the enteral route take
45-60 minutes
What is the parenteral route
injections
You just started an IV how long will it take to start
10-15 minutes
What are different types of injections
IV, SubQ, IM
What are two other routes
topical, or inhaller
What are some disadvantages to oral admnistration
variable ABSORPTION, inactivated by ACID, LIVER, pt. ADHERENCE, IRRITATION
What are the advantages to oral administration
safe, east, inexpensive
What is the isadvanges to parental administration
high COST, INCONVENIENT, IRREVERSIBILITY, OVERLOAD, INFACTION, EMNOLISM
What are the advantages to parental administration
RAPID onset, CONTOLL amount, pt who won’t take PILLS
What is distribution
Movement of drugs throughout the body
What transports drugs to tissues and organs
blood
What is the 1st pass effect
medications get inactivated by the liver
You have a pt come in with heart attack (MI), you give nitroglycerin, what should you keep in mind?
Nitroglycerin is affected by the 1st pass effect, you can do a sublingual chewable tab to by pass this effect
What is the difference between a typical cappilary bed and the BBB
Typical cappilary beds have large gaps for lipid soluble drugs while the BBB has tight junctions and transport systems (lipids can still move through
Can drug form reversible bonds with carious proteins
Yes They form reversible bonds
What is the most abundant protein
Albumin
If your pt. has high drug absorption how would you describe them
hypoablnuminemia
If no drug is working for your pt how would you describe them
Hyperalbuminemia
Why does albumin stay in the blood stream
It’s a large molecule
If a drug is bound to albumin will it be effective
No, because it will never make it out of the blood stream
Why is it important to adjust drug doses after looking at albumin levels
Because it dictates how effective a drug will be
What is metabolism
Bioransformation: chamical alteration of drug structure
Where does most metabolism take place
in the liver
What is biotransformation
body systems alter drug structure for use
What should you know about the 12 related enzyme families
They are genetic variations, 20-30% drug effectivness, could increase or decrease side effects
Is a 3 month olf’s liver fully developed
No, they don’t fully develope untill age 1
Why does nutritional status impact metabolizing enzymes
Protein is related to albumin
What happens between drugs when pts have a lot of drugs
They have to compete for pathways
What is excretion
The removal of drugs from the body
What accounts for the majority of drug excretion
the kidneys
What determines renal drug excretion
how well the kidneys are functioning
What is glomerular filtration
it moves drugs from blood to tubular urine; protein bound drugs remain in blood
Why does what remain in urine
because ions and polar compounds (water)
Which compounds undergo passive reabsorption in the kidneys
lipid soluble drugs
What should you understand about the glomerular filtration
in different aresa different things move in and out in different ways
What determines how well the kidneys are functioning
glomerular filtration
What are the three non-renal routes of drug excretion
breast milk, bile, and lungs
What is the minimum effective concentrations (MEC)
The plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur
If a drug does not reach the MEC will it work
No, it must be above to work
What is toxic concetration
plasma level where toxic effects begin
What is therapeutic range
The range between MEC and toxic concentration
What is a drugs half-life
The time required for the amount of drug in the body to decrease by 50%
Why is a drugs half-life importnat
drugs could build up if not excreted (look at urine), and you need to know when to give the drug at the right time
