Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards
1
Q
Is the range that cells function within limited?
A
Yes
2
Q
What does electrolyte concentration impact?
A
The elevtrical activity of both NERVE and MUSCLE cells
3
Q
What is understanding the pathology of a disease
A
Understanding what is happening at the CELLULAR level
4
Q
What is the most important electrolyte
A
Potassium
5
Q
What is most important when it comes the body fluid and elevtrolytes
A
BALANCE
6
Q
What does it mean if you have dry mucouses and feel dizzy
A
Dehydration
7
Q
What should equal fluid gain
A
fluid loss
8
Q
Why is it important to drink more water when you have a fever
A
Increased metabolic rate, mouth breathing
9
Q
What type of fluid loss is difficult to measure
A
Insensible
10
Q
What are some examples of insensible fluid loss
A
SKIN, LUNGS
11
Q
What is insensible fluid loss effected by
A
Humidity and respiratory rate
12
Q
What type of fluid loss is easy to measure
A
Sensible
13
Q
What are some examples of sensible fluid loss
A
Urine, feces, wound drainage
14
Q
Where is 2/3 of the total body water
A
Intracellular fluid
15
Q
Where is 1/3 of the total body water
A
Extracellular fluid
16
Q
What is the interstitial fluid
A
Between the cells and outside blood vessels
17
Q
What is intravascular fluid
A
Inside blood vessels
18
Q
What is blood plasma
A
Intravacular fluid
19
Q
Where are lymph and transcellular fluids
A
Fluids around joints and organs
20
Q
What are sweat and urine
A
Lymph and transcellular fluids
21
Q
What are the three type of passive transposrt
A
DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, FILTRATION
22
Q
What is diffusion
A
Movement of SOLUTES from HIGH concentration to LOW conentration
23
Q
What are some examples of solutes
A
Salt or sugar
24
Q
What is osmosis
A
Movement of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of LOWER PARTICLE concentration to an area of HIGHER PARTICLE concentration
25
What is Filtration
Movement of WATER and SOULUTES in a solution from an area of HIGHER hydrostatic PRESSURE to LOWER hydrostatic PRESSURE
26
What type of transport uses energy
Active transport
27
What does active transport do
Uses energy to facilitate movement of PARTICLES across the cell membrane
28
What is osmolality
How SALTY we are (electrolytes)
29
What determines fluid osmolality
Concentration of dissolved particles
30
What is the normal osmolality range
275-295 mosm/kg
31
Where is sodium most abundant
ECF
32
Where is potassium most abundant
ICF
33
What particle determines the movement of water into/out of cells
Na
34
What are osmotic forces
The PRESSURE created when teo SOLUTIONS are different CONCENTRATATIONS and are SEPARTED by a selectively permeable mebrane
35
What is edema
FLUID EXCESS, in the INRERSTITIAL compartments
36
?How does edema manafest
Swelling and enlargement of tissues
37
Where does most edema happen
Butt, ankles, feet
38
What are some negativies related to edema
Can COMPRESS on vessels
39
What should you use to find the pulse if a pt has really bad edema
Pedopler
40
What are the four causes of edema
INCREASED CAPILLARY hydrostatice PRESSURE, LOSS of plasma PREOTEINS, OBSTRUCTION of LYMPATIC circulation, INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
41
Can water leave capillaries easily
Yes
42
What does increased capillary hydrostatic epressure do to BP
Increases BP
43
What does increased hydrostatic pressure do
PREVENTS fluid return at the VENOUS end or FORCES excessive amounts of fluids OUT into the TISSUES
44
What are some causes of increased hydrostatic pressure
prolonges sitting/standing, kidney disease and pregnacy (excess volume)
45
Why does prologed sitting/ standing cause increase hydrostatic pressure
Gravity and pressure
46
What is oncotic/ osmotic pressure
The difference of PROTEIN consentration between the capillaries and the surrounding tissue
47
What is the main protein that maintains osmotic pressure
Albumin
48
What are the three plasma proteins
Albumin, globulin, ribrinogen
49
What does globulin do
IMMUNE functioning
50
What does fibrinogent do
Blooc CLOTTING
51
Why does obsturction of lymphatic circulation cause edema
The extra fluid pools and is not picked up
52
What can cause obstruction of lymphatic circulation
Tumors, lumph node removal
53
Is swelling hard to get rid of
Yes
54
What can cause localized edema
inflammation or infection
55
Why does increased cappillary premeability cause edema
Increased PERMEABILITY, fluid movement into IS area, IS osmotic pressure
56
What would a burn or tramua cause
increased capillary permeability
57
What causes pitting edema
Excessive IS fluid
58
What are some functional impairments of edema
Joint issues (painful, tight, can't fully move), heart and LUNG impairment (fluid build up)
59
Why does edema cause pain and burning sensations
Pressure on nerves
60
What are some other things edema can cause
SKIN breakdown, ULCERS, SEEPING, pressure INFECTIONS
61
What causes dehydration
Inadequate INTAKE or excessive LOSS
62
How can you measure dehydration
Change is body weight (kidneys and cardiac), fluid OUTPUT
63
Are there different types of dehydration
Yes
64
What does it mean if you have isotonic dehydration
proportionate loss of water and electrolypes, VOLUME
65
What does it mean if you have hypotonic dehydration
Loss of more electrolytes, LESS salty
66
What does it mean if you have hypertonic dehydration
Loss of more water, MORE salty
67
How can an HG cause dehydration
When you take fluids out, DOCUMENT
68
What are the causes of dehydration
VOMITING, DIARRHEA, lots of SWEATING, DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, reduced INTAKE
69
What are the signs of dehydration
DRY mucous membranes, decreased SKIN turgor, decreased ELECTROLYTES, CONFUSION
70
What is the thirst center in the brain
Hypothalamus
71
Increased osmolality (saltiness) stimulates what
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which increases THIRST
72
Where are some colume sensitive recptors located in the body
Atria's, thoracic vessels
73
What do volume deficits simulate
Velmune sensitive receptors and barorecptors
74
Where are the baroreceptors
Aorta, pulmonary arteries, carotid sinus
75
Where is thirst controled
Hypothalamus
76
What are the two hormones that effect body fluid
ADH, and aldosterone
77
Where is ADH made
Made in the hypothalamus realeased by the pituitary gland
78
What does ADH do
Acts on kidneys to increase reabsorption of water
79
Does an increase in ADH increase urine output
No
80
Where does aldosterone come from
Adrenal cortex
81
What does aldosterone do
Increases blood volume
82
How does aldosterone work
Increases sodium reabsorption
83
Does water follow salts
Yes
84
What is water balance regulated by
ADH
85
What is sodium balance regulated by
Aldosterone
86
Is sodium a positive or negative ion
Positive
87
What are the roles of sodium
NEUROMUSCULAR irritability, ACID BASE balance, cellular REACTIONS, NERVE functions
88
How does Na cross the cell membrane
Active transport, sodium-potassium pump, increase levels in ECF
89
What are the forms of sodium
Sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate
90
Where do we get sodium
Food and drinks
91
What is the normal levels of sodium
135-145 mEq/L
92
What can happen if you have too little sodium in your body
Seizures
93
What is hyponatremia
Too little salt in the blood
94
What are the causes of hyponatremia
Excessive SWEATING, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, DIURETICS, low salt DIETS, HORMONAL imbalancse, RENAL failure, excess WATER intake
95
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia
FATIGUE, mescle CRAMPS, TUMMY ache, decreased OSMOTIC pressure in ECF, HYPOVOLEMIA, decrease BP, BRAI?N swelling, CONFUSION, SEIZURES
96
What are the causes of hypernatremia
Excess sodium INTAKE, loss of WATER faster than salt
97
What are the bodies reactions to hypernatremia
WEAKNESS, DRY mucous membranes, EDEMA, increased THIRST and BP
98
What is the primary ECF anion
Chloride
99
What are the normal levels of chloride
98-106 mmol/L
100
What does chloride passively move with
Sodium
101
What does chloride provide related to ectrotivity
Neutrality
102
What does chloride assist in
Acid-base balance
103
What does calcium do
Structural strenght for BONES, maintains NERVE membrane, needed for METABOLIC processes and ENZYME reactions, blood CLOTTING
104
Where do you get calcium
Ingesting food
105
Where and how is calcium stored
Vitammin D promotes calcium absorption from INTENSION then stored in BONES
106
How is calcium excreted
Urine and feces
107
What controlls calcium
the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
108
What is most important for calcium
Muscle contraction, the HEART
109
What is the normal range for patassium
3.5-5 meq-liter
110
What does potassium do
Assists in METABOLIC proxess of the cell
111
What is potassium influenced by
Acid base balance
112
What can happen with abnormal potassium levels
Change cardiac conduction
113
What are the causes of hypokalemia
Excessive LOSS, certain DIURETIC drugs, excessive ALDOSTERONE or GLUCOCORITICOIDS, INSULIN, GI loss
114
What are the causes of hyperkalemia
RENAL failure, deficit of ALDOSTERONE, use of potassium sparing DIURETICS, CRUSH injuries, BURNS, MESUCLE injury, ACIDOSIS
115
Your pt has nostipation, cramps, hypotension, and alkalosis are they hypo or hyperkalmic
Hypo
116
Your pt has arrhythmias, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and acidosis, are they hypo or hyperkalemic
Hyper
117
What are the treatment options for hyperkalemia
Calcium salt, insulin w/ glucose, sodium bicarbonate infusion, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate)
118
What does calcium salt infusions do
Offsets the effect of increased K on the heart
119
What does insulin with flucose do
Increases K uptake by the celss, decreasing levels in ECF
120
How quickly does insulin work to treat hyperkalemia
15 mins
121
What does sodium bicarbonate do
Move ph to alkalosis, increases cellular uptake of K
122
What does sodium polystryrene sulfonate (kayexalate) do
Increases fecal K excretion, Poop
123
What is isotonic contraction
Total body water change is proportional to electrolyte change
124
What is isotonic volume deplation (FVD)
Losing too much porportional fluid
125
What can cause FVD
Bleeding, excessive sweating
126
What is isotonic volume excess (FVE)
Too much porpotional fluid
127
What can cause FVE
Excessive IV fluids
128
What is the term if you have equal saltiness
Isotonic
129
Your pt has weight loss, dry skin, low urine output, and low BP what type of isotonic contraction do they have
Isotonic dehydration
130
Your pt has weight gain, JVD, and edema what type of isotonic contraction do they have
Isotonic fluid excess
131
What is hypertonic contraction
Too salty
132
What can cause hypertonic contraction
Hypernatremia or water deficit
133
What is hypotonic contraction
Less salty
134
What can cause hypotonic contraction
Hyponatremia or water excess
135
What can cause hypernatremia
Not usally diet, too much IV fluids
136
What can cause a water deficit
too little water intake, fever, loss of water
137
How do you treat hypertonic contraction
With hypotonic fluids
138
How do you treat hypotonic contraction
With hypertonic fluids
139
What causes hyponatremia
water moves into the cell, vomiting, hyperglycemia
140
What causes water excess
water intoxication, renal failure, congestive heart failure, inappropriate ADH
141
What is the objective of fluid therapy
Maintenance of fluid balance, electrolyte replacement
