Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards
Is the range that cells function within limited?
Yes
What does electrolyte concentration impact?
The elevtrical activity of both NERVE and MUSCLE cells
What is understanding the pathology of a disease
Understanding what is happening at the CELLULAR level
What is the most important electrolyte
Potassium
What is most important when it comes the body fluid and elevtrolytes
BALANCE
What does it mean if you have dry mucouses and feel dizzy
Dehydration
What should equal fluid gain
fluid loss
Why is it important to drink more water when you have a fever
Increased metabolic rate, mouth breathing
What type of fluid loss is difficult to measure
Insensible
What are some examples of insensible fluid loss
SKIN, LUNGS
What is insensible fluid loss effected by
Humidity and respiratory rate
What type of fluid loss is easy to measure
Sensible
What are some examples of sensible fluid loss
Urine, feces, wound drainage
Where is 2/3 of the total body water
Intracellular fluid
Where is 1/3 of the total body water
Extracellular fluid
What is the interstitial fluid
Between the cells and outside blood vessels
What is intravascular fluid
Inside blood vessels
What is blood plasma
Intravacular fluid
Where are lymph and transcellular fluids
Fluids around joints and organs
What are sweat and urine
Lymph and transcellular fluids
What are the three type of passive transposrt
DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, FILTRATION
What is diffusion
Movement of SOLUTES from HIGH concentration to LOW conentration
What are some examples of solutes
Salt or sugar
What is osmosis
Movement of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of LOWER PARTICLE concentration to an area of HIGHER PARTICLE concentration
What is Filtration
Movement of WATER and SOULUTES in a solution from an area of HIGHER hydrostatic PRESSURE to LOWER hydrostatic PRESSURE
What type of transport uses energy
Active transport
What does active transport do
Uses energy to facilitate movement of PARTICLES across the cell membrane
What is osmolality
How SALTY we are (electrolytes)
What determines fluid osmolality
Concentration of dissolved particles
What is the normal osmolality range
275-295 mosm/kg
Where is sodium most abundant
ECF
Where is potassium most abundant
ICF
What particle determines the movement of water into/out of cells
Na
What are osmotic forces
The PRESSURE created when teo SOLUTIONS are different CONCENTRATATIONS and are SEPARTED by a selectively permeable mebrane
What is edema
FLUID EXCESS, in the INRERSTITIAL compartments
?How does edema manafest
Swelling and enlargement of tissues
Where does most edema happen
Butt, ankles, feet
What are some negativies related to edema
Can COMPRESS on vessels
What should you use to find the pulse if a pt has really bad edema
Pedopler
What are the four causes of edema
INCREASED CAPILLARY hydrostatice PRESSURE, LOSS of plasma PREOTEINS, OBSTRUCTION of LYMPATIC circulation, INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
Can water leave capillaries easily
Yes
What does increased capillary hydrostatic epressure do to BP
Increases BP
What does increased hydrostatic pressure do
PREVENTS fluid return at the VENOUS end or FORCES excessive amounts of fluids OUT into the TISSUES
What are some causes of increased hydrostatic pressure
prolonges sitting/standing, kidney disease and pregnacy (excess volume)
Why does prologed sitting/ standing cause increase hydrostatic pressure
Gravity and pressure
What is oncotic/ osmotic pressure
The difference of PROTEIN consentration between the capillaries and the surrounding tissue
What is the main protein that maintains osmotic pressure
Albumin
What are the three plasma proteins
Albumin, globulin, ribrinogen
What does globulin do
IMMUNE functioning
What does fibrinogent do
Blooc CLOTTING
Why does obsturction of lymphatic circulation cause edema
The extra fluid pools and is not picked up
What can cause obstruction of lymphatic circulation
Tumors, lumph node removal
Is swelling hard to get rid of
Yes
What can cause localized edema
inflammation or infection
Why does increased cappillary premeability cause edema
Increased PERMEABILITY, fluid movement into IS area, IS osmotic pressure
What would a burn or tramua cause
increased capillary permeability
What causes pitting edema
Excessive IS fluid
What are some functional impairments of edema
Joint issues (painful, tight, can’t fully move), heart and LUNG impairment (fluid build up)
Why does edema cause pain and burning sensations
Pressure on nerves
What are some other things edema can cause
SKIN breakdown, ULCERS, SEEPING, pressure INFECTIONS
What causes dehydration
Inadequate INTAKE or excessive LOSS
How can you measure dehydration
Change is body weight (kidneys and cardiac), fluid OUTPUT
Are there different types of dehydration
Yes
What does it mean if you have isotonic dehydration
proportionate loss of water and electrolypes, VOLUME
What does it mean if you have hypotonic dehydration
Loss of more electrolytes, LESS salty
What does it mean if you have hypertonic dehydration
Loss of more water, MORE salty
How can an HG cause dehydration
When you take fluids out, DOCUMENT
What are the causes of dehydration
VOMITING, DIARRHEA, lots of SWEATING, DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, reduced INTAKE
What are the signs of dehydration
DRY mucous membranes, decreased SKIN turgor, decreased ELECTROLYTES, CONFUSION
What is the thirst center in the brain
Hypothalamus
Increased osmolality (saltiness) stimulates what
Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which increases THIRST
Where are some colume sensitive recptors located in the body
Atria’s, thoracic vessels
What do volume deficits simulate
Velmune sensitive receptors and barorecptors
Where are the baroreceptors
Aorta, pulmonary arteries, carotid sinus
Where is thirst controled
Hypothalamus
What are the two hormones that effect body fluid
ADH, and aldosterone
Where is ADH made
Made in the hypothalamus realeased by the pituitary gland
What does ADH do
Acts on kidneys to increase reabsorption of water
Does an increase in ADH increase urine output
No
Where does aldosterone come from
Adrenal cortex
What does aldosterone do
Increases blood volume
How does aldosterone work
Increases sodium reabsorption
Does water follow salts
Yes
What is water balance regulated by
ADH
What is sodium balance regulated by
Aldosterone
Is sodium a positive or negative ion
Positive
What are the roles of sodium
NEUROMUSCULAR irritability, ACID BASE balance, cellular REACTIONS, NERVE functions
How does Na cross the cell membrane
Active transport, sodium-potassium pump, increase levels in ECF
What are the forms of sodium
Sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate
Where do we get sodium
Food and drinks
What is the normal levels of sodium
135-145 mEq/L
What can happen if you have too little sodium in your body
Seizures
What is hyponatremia
Too little salt in the blood
What are the causes of hyponatremia
Excessive SWEATING, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, DIURETICS, low salt DIETS, HORMONAL imbalancse, RENAL failure, excess WATER intake
What are the symptoms of hyponatremia
FATIGUE, mescle CRAMPS, TUMMY ache, decreased OSMOTIC pressure in ECF, HYPOVOLEMIA, decrease BP, BRAI?N swelling, CONFUSION, SEIZURES
What are the causes of hypernatremia
Excess sodium INTAKE, loss of WATER faster than salt
What are the bodies reactions to hypernatremia
WEAKNESS, DRY mucous membranes, EDEMA, increased THIRST and BP
What is the primary ECF anion
Chloride
What are the normal levels of chloride
98-106 mmol/L
What does chloride passively move with
Sodium
What does chloride provide related to ectrotivity
Neutrality
What does chloride assist in
Acid-base balance
What does calcium do
Structural strenght for BONES, maintains NERVE membrane, needed for METABOLIC processes and ENZYME reactions, blood CLOTTING
Where do you get calcium
Ingesting food
Where and how is calcium stored
Vitammin D promotes calcium absorption from INTENSION then stored in BONES
How is calcium excreted
Urine and feces
What controlls calcium
the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin
What is most important for calcium
Muscle contraction, the HEART
What is the normal range for patassium
3.5-5 meq-liter
What does potassium do
Assists in METABOLIC proxess of the cell
What is potassium influenced by
Acid base balance
What can happen with abnormal potassium levels
Change cardiac conduction
What are the causes of hypokalemia
Excessive LOSS, certain DIURETIC drugs, excessive ALDOSTERONE or GLUCOCORITICOIDS, INSULIN, GI loss
What are the causes of hyperkalemia
RENAL failure, deficit of ALDOSTERONE, use of potassium sparing DIURETICS, CRUSH injuries, BURNS, MESUCLE injury, ACIDOSIS
Your pt has nostipation, cramps, hypotension, and alkalosis are they hypo or hyperkalmic
Hypo
Your pt has arrhythmias, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and acidosis, are they hypo or hyperkalemic
Hyper
What are the treatment options for hyperkalemia
Calcium salt, insulin w/ glucose, sodium bicarbonate infusion, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate)
What does calcium salt infusions do
Offsets the effect of increased K on the heart
What does insulin with flucose do
Increases K uptake by the celss, decreasing levels in ECF
How quickly does insulin work to treat hyperkalemia
15 mins
What does sodium bicarbonate do
Move ph to alkalosis, increases cellular uptake of K
What does sodium polystryrene sulfonate (kayexalate) do
Increases fecal K excretion, Poop
What is isotonic contraction
Total body water change is proportional to electrolyte change
What is isotonic volume deplation (FVD)
Losing too much porportional fluid
What can cause FVD
Bleeding, excessive sweating
What is isotonic volume excess (FVE)
Too much porpotional fluid
What can cause FVE
Excessive IV fluids
What is the term if you have equal saltiness
Isotonic
Your pt has weight loss, dry skin, low urine output, and low BP what type of isotonic contraction do they have
Isotonic dehydration
Your pt has weight gain, JVD, and edema what type of isotonic contraction do they have
Isotonic fluid excess
What is hypertonic contraction
Too salty
What can cause hypertonic contraction
Hypernatremia or water deficit
What is hypotonic contraction
Less salty
What can cause hypotonic contraction
Hyponatremia or water excess
What can cause hypernatremia
Not usally diet, too much IV fluids
What can cause a water deficit
too little water intake, fever, loss of water
How do you treat hypertonic contraction
With hypotonic fluids
How do you treat hypotonic contraction
With hypertonic fluids
What causes hyponatremia
water moves into the cell, vomiting, hyperglycemia
What causes water excess
water intoxication, renal failure, congestive heart failure, inappropriate ADH
What is the objective of fluid therapy
Maintenance of fluid balance, electrolyte replacement
