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Pathopharm > Fluid and Electrolyte Balance > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Is the range that cells function within limited?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What does electrolyte concentration impact?

A

The elevtrical activity of both NERVE and MUSCLE cells

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3
Q

What is understanding the pathology of a disease

A

Understanding what is happening at the CELLULAR level

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4
Q

What is the most important electrolyte

A

Potassium

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5
Q

What is most important when it comes the body fluid and elevtrolytes

A

BALANCE

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6
Q

What does it mean if you have dry mucouses and feel dizzy

A

Dehydration

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7
Q

What should equal fluid gain

A

fluid loss

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8
Q

Why is it important to drink more water when you have a fever

A

Increased metabolic rate, mouth breathing

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9
Q

What type of fluid loss is difficult to measure

A

Insensible

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10
Q

What are some examples of insensible fluid loss

A

SKIN, LUNGS

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11
Q

What is insensible fluid loss effected by

A

Humidity and respiratory rate

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12
Q

What type of fluid loss is easy to measure

A

Sensible

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13
Q

What are some examples of sensible fluid loss

A

Urine, feces, wound drainage

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14
Q

Where is 2/3 of the total body water

A

Intracellular fluid

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15
Q

Where is 1/3 of the total body water

A

Extracellular fluid

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16
Q

What is the interstitial fluid

A

Between the cells and outside blood vessels

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17
Q

What is intravascular fluid

A

Inside blood vessels

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18
Q

What is blood plasma

A

Intravacular fluid

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19
Q

Where are lymph and transcellular fluids

A

Fluids around joints and organs

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20
Q

What are sweat and urine

A

Lymph and transcellular fluids

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21
Q

What are the three type of passive transposrt

A

DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, FILTRATION

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22
Q

What is diffusion

A

Movement of SOLUTES from HIGH concentration to LOW conentration

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23
Q

What are some examples of solutes

A

Salt or sugar

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24
Q

What is osmosis

A

Movement of WATER across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of LOWER PARTICLE concentration to an area of HIGHER PARTICLE concentration

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25
Q

What is Filtration

A

Movement of WATER and SOULUTES in a solution from an area of HIGHER hydrostatic PRESSURE to LOWER hydrostatic PRESSURE

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26
Q

What type of transport uses energy

A

Active transport

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27
Q

What does active transport do

A

Uses energy to facilitate movement of PARTICLES across the cell membrane

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28
Q

What is osmolality

A

How SALTY we are (electrolytes)

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29
Q

What determines fluid osmolality

A

Concentration of dissolved particles

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30
Q

What is the normal osmolality range

A

275-295 mosm/kg

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31
Q

Where is sodium most abundant

A

ECF

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32
Q

Where is potassium most abundant

A

ICF

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33
Q

What particle determines the movement of water into/out of cells

A

Na

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34
Q

What are osmotic forces

A

The PRESSURE created when teo SOLUTIONS are different CONCENTRATATIONS and are SEPARTED by a selectively permeable mebrane

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35
Q

What is edema

A

FLUID EXCESS, in the INRERSTITIAL compartments

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36
Q

?How does edema manafest

A

Swelling and enlargement of tissues

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37
Q

Where does most edema happen

A

Butt, ankles, feet

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38
Q

What are some negativies related to edema

A

Can COMPRESS on vessels

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39
Q

What should you use to find the pulse if a pt has really bad edema

A

Pedopler

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40
Q

What are the four causes of edema

A

INCREASED CAPILLARY hydrostatice PRESSURE, LOSS of plasma PREOTEINS, OBSTRUCTION of LYMPATIC circulation, INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY

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41
Q

Can water leave capillaries easily

A

Yes

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42
Q

What does increased capillary hydrostatic epressure do to BP

A

Increases BP

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43
Q

What does increased hydrostatic pressure do

A

PREVENTS fluid return at the VENOUS end or FORCES excessive amounts of fluids OUT into the TISSUES

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44
Q

What are some causes of increased hydrostatic pressure

A

prolonges sitting/standing, kidney disease and pregnacy (excess volume)

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45
Q

Why does prologed sitting/ standing cause increase hydrostatic pressure

A

Gravity and pressure

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46
Q

What is oncotic/ osmotic pressure

A

The difference of PROTEIN consentration between the capillaries and the surrounding tissue

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47
Q

What is the main protein that maintains osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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48
Q

What are the three plasma proteins

A

Albumin, globulin, ribrinogen

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49
Q

What does globulin do

A

IMMUNE functioning

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50
Q

What does fibrinogent do

A

Blooc CLOTTING

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51
Q

Why does obsturction of lymphatic circulation cause edema

A

The extra fluid pools and is not picked up

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52
Q

What can cause obstruction of lymphatic circulation

A

Tumors, lumph node removal

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53
Q

Is swelling hard to get rid of

A

Yes

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54
Q

What can cause localized edema

A

inflammation or infection

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55
Q

Why does increased cappillary premeability cause edema

A

Increased PERMEABILITY, fluid movement into IS area, IS osmotic pressure

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56
Q

What would a burn or tramua cause

A

increased capillary permeability

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57
Q

What causes pitting edema

A

Excessive IS fluid

58
Q

What are some functional impairments of edema

A

Joint issues (painful, tight, can’t fully move), heart and LUNG impairment (fluid build up)

59
Q

Why does edema cause pain and burning sensations

A

Pressure on nerves

60
Q

What are some other things edema can cause

A

SKIN breakdown, ULCERS, SEEPING, pressure INFECTIONS

61
Q

What causes dehydration

A

Inadequate INTAKE or excessive LOSS

62
Q

How can you measure dehydration

A

Change is body weight (kidneys and cardiac), fluid OUTPUT

63
Q

Are there different types of dehydration

A

Yes

64
Q

What does it mean if you have isotonic dehydration

A

proportionate loss of water and electrolypes, VOLUME

65
Q

What does it mean if you have hypotonic dehydration

A

Loss of more electrolytes, LESS salty

66
Q

What does it mean if you have hypertonic dehydration

A

Loss of more water, MORE salty

67
Q

How can an HG cause dehydration

A

When you take fluids out, DOCUMENT

68
Q

What are the causes of dehydration

A

VOMITING, DIARRHEA, lots of SWEATING, DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, reduced INTAKE

69
Q

What are the signs of dehydration

A

DRY mucous membranes, decreased SKIN turgor, decreased ELECTROLYTES, CONFUSION

70
Q

What is the thirst center in the brain

A

Hypothalamus

71
Q

Increased osmolality (saltiness) stimulates what

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus, which increases THIRST

72
Q

Where are some colume sensitive recptors located in the body

A

Atria’s, thoracic vessels

73
Q

What do volume deficits simulate

A

Velmune sensitive receptors and barorecptors

74
Q

Where are the baroreceptors

A

Aorta, pulmonary arteries, carotid sinus

75
Q

Where is thirst controled

A

Hypothalamus

76
Q

What are the two hormones that effect body fluid

A

ADH, and aldosterone

77
Q

Where is ADH made

A

Made in the hypothalamus realeased by the pituitary gland

78
Q

What does ADH do

A

Acts on kidneys to increase reabsorption of water

79
Q

Does an increase in ADH increase urine output

A

No

80
Q

Where does aldosterone come from

A

Adrenal cortex

81
Q

What does aldosterone do

A

Increases blood volume

82
Q

How does aldosterone work

A

Increases sodium reabsorption

83
Q

Does water follow salts

A

Yes

84
Q

What is water balance regulated by

A

ADH

85
Q

What is sodium balance regulated by

A

Aldosterone

86
Q

Is sodium a positive or negative ion

A

Positive

87
Q

What are the roles of sodium

A

NEUROMUSCULAR irritability, ACID BASE balance, cellular REACTIONS, NERVE functions

88
Q

How does Na cross the cell membrane

A

Active transport, sodium-potassium pump, increase levels in ECF

89
Q

What are the forms of sodium

A

Sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate

90
Q

Where do we get sodium

A

Food and drinks

91
Q

What is the normal levels of sodium

A

135-145 mEq/L

92
Q

What can happen if you have too little sodium in your body

A

Seizures

93
Q

What is hyponatremia

A

Too little salt in the blood

94
Q

What are the causes of hyponatremia

A

Excessive SWEATING, VOMITING, DIARRHEA, DIURETICS, low salt DIETS, HORMONAL imbalancse, RENAL failure, excess WATER intake

95
Q

What are the symptoms of hyponatremia

A

FATIGUE, mescle CRAMPS, TUMMY ache, decreased OSMOTIC pressure in ECF, HYPOVOLEMIA, decrease BP, BRAI?N swelling, CONFUSION, SEIZURES

96
Q

What are the causes of hypernatremia

A

Excess sodium INTAKE, loss of WATER faster than salt

97
Q

What are the bodies reactions to hypernatremia

A

WEAKNESS, DRY mucous membranes, EDEMA, increased THIRST and BP

98
Q

What is the primary ECF anion

A

Chloride

99
Q

What are the normal levels of chloride

A

98-106 mmol/L

100
Q

What does chloride passively move with

A

Sodium

101
Q

What does chloride provide related to ectrotivity

A

Neutrality

102
Q

What does chloride assist in

A

Acid-base balance

103
Q

What does calcium do

A

Structural strenght for BONES, maintains NERVE membrane, needed for METABOLIC processes and ENZYME reactions, blood CLOTTING

104
Q

Where do you get calcium

A

Ingesting food

105
Q

Where and how is calcium stored

A

Vitammin D promotes calcium absorption from INTENSION then stored in BONES

106
Q

How is calcium excreted

A

Urine and feces

107
Q

What controlls calcium

A

the parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin

108
Q

What is most important for calcium

A

Muscle contraction, the HEART

109
Q

What is the normal range for patassium

A

3.5-5 meq-liter

110
Q

What does potassium do

A

Assists in METABOLIC proxess of the cell

111
Q

What is potassium influenced by

A

Acid base balance

112
Q

What can happen with abnormal potassium levels

A

Change cardiac conduction

113
Q

What are the causes of hypokalemia

A

Excessive LOSS, certain DIURETIC drugs, excessive ALDOSTERONE or GLUCOCORITICOIDS, INSULIN, GI loss

114
Q

What are the causes of hyperkalemia

A

RENAL failure, deficit of ALDOSTERONE, use of potassium sparing DIURETICS, CRUSH injuries, BURNS, MESUCLE injury, ACIDOSIS

115
Q

Your pt has nostipation, cramps, hypotension, and alkalosis are they hypo or hyperkalmic

A

Hypo

116
Q

Your pt has arrhythmias, diarrhea, muscle weakness, and acidosis, are they hypo or hyperkalemic

A

Hyper

117
Q

What are the treatment options for hyperkalemia

A

Calcium salt, insulin w/ glucose, sodium bicarbonate infusion, sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate)

118
Q

What does calcium salt infusions do

A

Offsets the effect of increased K on the heart

119
Q

What does insulin with flucose do

A

Increases K uptake by the celss, decreasing levels in ECF

120
Q

How quickly does insulin work to treat hyperkalemia

A

15 mins

121
Q

What does sodium bicarbonate do

A

Move ph to alkalosis, increases cellular uptake of K

122
Q

What does sodium polystryrene sulfonate (kayexalate) do

A

Increases fecal K excretion, Poop

123
Q

What is isotonic contraction

A

Total body water change is proportional to electrolyte change

124
Q

What is isotonic volume deplation (FVD)

A

Losing too much porportional fluid

125
Q

What can cause FVD

A

Bleeding, excessive sweating

126
Q

What is isotonic volume excess (FVE)

A

Too much porpotional fluid

127
Q

What can cause FVE

A

Excessive IV fluids

128
Q

What is the term if you have equal saltiness

A

Isotonic

129
Q

Your pt has weight loss, dry skin, low urine output, and low BP what type of isotonic contraction do they have

A

Isotonic dehydration

130
Q

Your pt has weight gain, JVD, and edema what type of isotonic contraction do they have

A

Isotonic fluid excess

131
Q

What is hypertonic contraction

A

Too salty

132
Q

What can cause hypertonic contraction

A

Hypernatremia or water deficit

133
Q

What is hypotonic contraction

A

Less salty

134
Q

What can cause hypotonic contraction

A

Hyponatremia or water excess

135
Q

What can cause hypernatremia

A

Not usally diet, too much IV fluids

136
Q

What can cause a water deficit

A

too little water intake, fever, loss of water

137
Q

How do you treat hypertonic contraction

A

With hypotonic fluids

138
Q

How do you treat hypotonic contraction

A

With hypertonic fluids

139
Q

What causes hyponatremia

A

water moves into the cell, vomiting, hyperglycemia

140
Q

What causes water excess

A

water intoxication, renal failure, congestive heart failure, inappropriate ADH

141
Q

What is the objective of fluid therapy

A

Maintenance of fluid balance, electrolyte replacement

Pathopharm (8 decks)

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