Infection Flashcards
What are microorganisms
Small living forms. Ex: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses
Are microorganisms nonpathogenic
Usally they are fine and beneficial
What are pathogens
Disease- causing microbes
What is normal flora
Mixed microorganisms that resisde in the body
What is infections
Organism is able to reproduce in or on body’s tissues
What is sporadic
In a single individual
What is an endemic
Transmission withing a small population
What is an epidemic
Higher transmission to new geographical areas
What is a pandemic
Transmission in most continents
How does most tranmissions happen
Person to person
What is a reservoir
Source, person who is infected or is sumptomative
What is a carrier
May never develope but still have disease or has subclinical signs of the disease
What is an agent
The microbe causing the infection
What is the reservoir
Evciromental, animal, person contaminated
What is the portal of exit
Agent leaves the reservoir
What is the mode of transmission
The method where an a gent reaches a new susceptible host
What are some examples of mode of transmission
Air, water, contact, food
What is the portal of entry
It accesses a new host
What will susceptibility depend on
Health status, immunity, age, nutrition
What is the chain of infection
Agent- reservoir- portal of exit- mode of transmission- portal of entry- susceptible host
What is direct contact
No intermediary object, touching infected area, sex, contact with infected bodily secretions
What is indirect contact
There is an intermediated object with as contaminated food
What is a formite
An inanimate object
What is droplet transmission
Secretions
What is aerosol transmission
small particles form the respiratory tract that stays in the air and can TRAVEL further
What is vector-borne transmission
Insect or animal
What are nosocomial infection
Occur in health care facilities
How many pts acquire nosocomial infections
10-15%
Why do people get nosocomical infections in hospitals
Many MICROBES, UNDIAGNOSED, SHARED, WEAKEN immune systems from TREATMENT
Do health care workers and fomites act as reservoirs
YES
What are some factors that decrease host resistance
AGE, PREGNANCY, GENES, IMMUNOdeficiency, MALNUTRITION, CHRONIC disease, STRESS, INFLAMMATION, TRAUMA, impaired INFLAMMATORY responses
What is pathogenicity
Capability of a microbe to cause disease
What is cirulence
How likely are you to get infected, degree of pathogenicity
What are some issues affecting infection an d transmission
New diseases, superingections
What are some newly emerging diseases
Different STRAINS, COVID varients
What are superinfections
Mulitdrug-resistant forms of existing disease
What are some examples of superinfection
TB, MRSA
How can you control transmission and infection
Standard precautions and PPE
What are some ways to break the cycle of infection
ISOLATE the reservoir, restrict ACCESS to contaminates, reduce CONTACT, block PORTALS and MODES of transmission, SHOTS, NUTRITION, access to health CARE
What are some additional techniques ot reduce transmission
Clean areas, sterilization, disinfectants, antiseptivs
What are disinfectants
Used on OBJECTS
What are antiseptics
Used on LIVING tissues
What is the incubation perios
Time between ENTRY of organism in to the body and APPERANCE of symptoms
Does incubation period times cary
Yes
What is the prodromal period
Nonspecific symptoms
What are some symtoms of the prodromal period
Fatigue, loss of appetite, headache
What is the acute period
The infectious disease develops FULLY
How can you sterilize equipment
Chemicals and heat, must be CLEAN beforehand
What are the local signs of inflammation
Pain, swelling, redness, warmth
What does purulent exudate mean
Bacterial
What does serous, clear exudate mean
Viral
What are some systemic signs of inflammation
Fever, fatigue, headache, nausea
What are some methods of diagnosing infections
Cultures, staining, blood tests
What is culture and staining techniques
Gram stains, drug sensitivity tests
What are the different blood tests you can do for infections
CBC w/ diff, C-reactive protain, ESR
What can leukocytosis mean
Bacterial
What can leukopenia mean
Viral infection
What does CBC w/ diff blood test look at
The number of different WBCs
What does C-reactive protain and ESR look at
They are inflammation markers
What type of infections are common infections
Bacteria
What are bacteria classified as
Prokaryotes
Describe the structure of bacteria
no nucleus, doesn’t need living tissue to survive, complex cell wall
What bacteria is rod-shaped
Bacilli
What bacteria is spiral
spirochetes
What bacteria is spherical
Cocci
What is useful in selevting appropriate antimicrobial therapy
Knowing if the bacteria is gram positive/negative
What does bacteria create
Toxins
What are exotoxins
Gram-POSITIVE, secreted by ORGANISMS
What are endotoxins
Gram-NEGATIVE, released at DEATH
What can enzymes from bacteria do
Damage tissues and promote spread of infection
What are spores
Dormant-latent form of bacterium, survive for a LONG time, RESISTANT to heat and disinfectants
What must you do to get rid of spores
Wash hands
What are viruses
intercellular parasites, protein COATED, can MUTATE
What happens with the fact that viruses are protein COVERED
Hard ot kill
What happens in an active viral infection
ATTATCHES to host, virus DNA enters cell, takes CONTROL, creates new bad PROTEINS, CREATE new virus cells
What are fungi
In ENVIROMENT, yeast or mold, few are BAD, infection on SKIN or MUCOUS
What is tinea pedis
Athlete’s foot
What is candida
thrush, yeast infection, OPPORTUNISTIC
What is pneumocystis jiovecii
Pneumonia, HIV
What is a protozoa
lack cell wall, MALARIA
What are helminths
Flatworms, roundworms
Are helminths microorhanisms
helminths
What are the life stages of helminths
ovum, larva, adult
What is pinworms
From fecal matter, common in children
What is hookworm
Fecal matter
What is tapeworm
Undercooked pork
What is ascaris
Giant roundworm from contaminated soil
What are prions
Protein-like agents that change th shpe of proteins within host cells
What can prions cause
Degenerative disease of the NERVOUS sytem
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Human prion disease
What are some disnostic tests that can be done for infections
Antigen identification, antibody titer
What does an antibody titer look at
If you have had previous exposure
What are the guidelines for drug therapy
As DIRECTED, COMPLETELY used, Don not USE other drugs prescribed for other people, may need MULTIDRUG therapy
What is an antibiotic
Derived from ORGANISMS, can be made SYNTHETICALLY
What is an antimicrobial
Could be bacterial, viral, or fungal
What is a bactericidal
Drug DESTOROYS bacteria
What is a bacteriostatic
INHIBIT reproduction of bacteria
What is a broad spectrum antimicrobial
Affective against BOTH gram positive/negative orgnaism
What is a narrow spectrum antimicrobial
Effective against EITHER gram postivie/negative organisms
What does penicillin do
Bacteria cell wall synthesis
What does polymyxin do
Increase bacterial cell permeability
What does tetracycline do
Protein synthesis
What do sulfonamides do
Essential metabolites
What does ciproloxacin do
nucleic acids
What are the actions of antivitals
Blocking entry, or inhibiting gene EXPRESSION, of ASSEMBLY of the virus
Are there any good cures for viral infections
No
How are most antifungal agents administered
Topically
What is the theatment for antiprotozoal agents
Different treatment for different stages of the cycle
