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Pathopharm > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

What are microorganisms

A

Small living forms. Ex: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses

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2
Q

Are microorganisms nonpathogenic

A

Usally they are fine and beneficial

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3
Q

What are pathogens

A

Disease- causing microbes

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4
Q

What is normal flora

A

Mixed microorganisms that resisde in the body

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5
Q

What is infections

A

Organism is able to reproduce in or on body’s tissues

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6
Q

What is sporadic

A

In a single individual

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7
Q

What is an endemic

A

Transmission withing a small population

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8
Q

What is an epidemic

A

Higher transmission to new geographical areas

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9
Q

What is a pandemic

A

Transmission in most continents

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10
Q

How does most tranmissions happen

A

Person to person

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11
Q

What is a reservoir

A

Source, person who is infected or is sumptomative

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12
Q

What is a carrier

A

May never develope but still have disease or has subclinical signs of the disease

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13
Q

What is an agent

A

The microbe causing the infection

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14
Q

What is the reservoir

A

Evciromental, animal, person contaminated

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15
Q

What is the portal of exit

A

Agent leaves the reservoir

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16
Q

What is the mode of transmission

A

The method where an a gent reaches a new susceptible host

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17
Q

What are some examples of mode of transmission

A

Air, water, contact, food

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18
Q

What is the portal of entry

A

It accesses a new host

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19
Q

What will susceptibility depend on

A

Health status, immunity, age, nutrition

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20
Q

What is the chain of infection

A

Agent- reservoir- portal of exit- mode of transmission- portal of entry- susceptible host

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21
Q

What is direct contact

A

No intermediary object, touching infected area, sex, contact with infected bodily secretions

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22
Q

What is indirect contact

A

There is an intermediated object with as contaminated food

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23
Q

What is a formite

A

An inanimate object

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24
Q

What is droplet transmission

A

Secretions

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25
Q

What is aerosol transmission

A

small particles form the respiratory tract that stays in the air and can TRAVEL further

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26
Q

What is vector-borne transmission

A

Insect or animal

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27
Q

What are nosocomial infection

A

Occur in health care facilities

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28
Q

How many pts acquire nosocomial infections

A

10-15%

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29
Q

Why do people get nosocomical infections in hospitals

A

Many MICROBES, UNDIAGNOSED, SHARED, WEAKEN immune systems from TREATMENT

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30
Q

Do health care workers and fomites act as reservoirs

A

YES

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31
Q

What are some factors that decrease host resistance

A

AGE, PREGNANCY, GENES, IMMUNOdeficiency, MALNUTRITION, CHRONIC disease, STRESS, INFLAMMATION, TRAUMA, impaired INFLAMMATORY responses

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32
Q

What is pathogenicity

A

Capability of a microbe to cause disease

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33
Q

What is cirulence

A

How likely are you to get infected, degree of pathogenicity

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34
Q

What are some issues affecting infection an d transmission

A

New diseases, superingections

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35
Q

What are some newly emerging diseases

A

Different STRAINS, COVID varients

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36
Q

What are superinfections

A

Mulitdrug-resistant forms of existing disease

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37
Q

What are some examples of superinfection

A

TB, MRSA

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38
Q

How can you control transmission and infection

A

Standard precautions and PPE

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39
Q

What are some ways to break the cycle of infection

A

ISOLATE the reservoir, restrict ACCESS to contaminates, reduce CONTACT, block PORTALS and MODES of transmission, SHOTS, NUTRITION, access to health CARE

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40
Q

What are some additional techniques ot reduce transmission

A

Clean areas, sterilization, disinfectants, antiseptivs

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41
Q

What are disinfectants

A

Used on OBJECTS

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42
Q

What are antiseptics

A

Used on LIVING tissues

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43
Q

What is the incubation perios

A

Time between ENTRY of organism in to the body and APPERANCE of symptoms

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44
Q

Does incubation period times cary

A

Yes

45
Q

What is the prodromal period

A

Nonspecific symptoms

46
Q

What are some symtoms of the prodromal period

A

Fatigue, loss of appetite, headache

47
Q

What is the acute period

A

The infectious disease develops FULLY

48
Q

How can you sterilize equipment

A

Chemicals and heat, must be CLEAN beforehand

49
Q

What are the local signs of inflammation

A

Pain, swelling, redness, warmth

50
Q

What does purulent exudate mean

A

Bacterial

51
Q

What does serous, clear exudate mean

A

Viral

52
Q

What are some systemic signs of inflammation

A

Fever, fatigue, headache, nausea

53
Q

What are some methods of diagnosing infections

A

Cultures, staining, blood tests

54
Q

What is culture and staining techniques

A

Gram stains, drug sensitivity tests

55
Q

What are the different blood tests you can do for infections

A

CBC w/ diff, C-reactive protain, ESR

56
Q

What can leukocytosis mean

A

Bacterial

57
Q

What can leukopenia mean

A

Viral infection

58
Q

What does CBC w/ diff blood test look at

A

The number of different WBCs

59
Q

What does C-reactive protain and ESR look at

A

They are inflammation markers

60
Q

What type of infections are common infections

A

Bacteria

61
Q

What are bacteria classified as

A

Prokaryotes

62
Q

Describe the structure of bacteria

A

no nucleus, doesn’t need living tissue to survive, complex cell wall

63
Q

What bacteria is rod-shaped

A

Bacilli

64
Q

What bacteria is spiral

A

spirochetes

65
Q

What bacteria is spherical

A

Cocci

66
Q

What is useful in selevting appropriate antimicrobial therapy

A

Knowing if the bacteria is gram positive/negative

67
Q

What does bacteria create

A

Toxins

68
Q

What are exotoxins

A

Gram-POSITIVE, secreted by ORGANISMS

69
Q

What are endotoxins

A

Gram-NEGATIVE, released at DEATH

70
Q

What can enzymes from bacteria do

A

Damage tissues and promote spread of infection

71
Q

What are spores

A

Dormant-latent form of bacterium, survive for a LONG time, RESISTANT to heat and disinfectants

72
Q

What must you do to get rid of spores

A

Wash hands

73
Q

What are viruses

A

intercellular parasites, protein COATED, can MUTATE

74
Q

What happens with the fact that viruses are protein COVERED

A

Hard ot kill

75
Q

What happens in an active viral infection

A

ATTATCHES to host, virus DNA enters cell, takes CONTROL, creates new bad PROTEINS, CREATE new virus cells

76
Q

What are fungi

A

In ENVIROMENT, yeast or mold, few are BAD, infection on SKIN or MUCOUS

77
Q

What is tinea pedis

A

Athlete’s foot

78
Q

What is candida

A

thrush, yeast infection, OPPORTUNISTIC

79
Q

What is pneumocystis jiovecii

A

Pneumonia, HIV

80
Q

What is a protozoa

A

lack cell wall, MALARIA

81
Q

What are helminths

A

Flatworms, roundworms

82
Q

Are helminths microorhanisms

A

helminths

83
Q

What are the life stages of helminths

A

ovum, larva, adult

84
Q

What is pinworms

A

From fecal matter, common in children

85
Q

What is hookworm

A

Fecal matter

86
Q

What is tapeworm

A

Undercooked pork

87
Q

What is ascaris

A

Giant roundworm from contaminated soil

88
Q

What are prions

A

Protein-like agents that change th shpe of proteins within host cells

89
Q

What can prions cause

A

Degenerative disease of the NERVOUS sytem

90
Q

What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

Human prion disease

91
Q

What are some disnostic tests that can be done for infections

A

Antigen identification, antibody titer

92
Q

What does an antibody titer look at

A

If you have had previous exposure

93
Q

What are the guidelines for drug therapy

A

As DIRECTED, COMPLETELY used, Don not USE other drugs prescribed for other people, may need MULTIDRUG therapy

94
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

Derived from ORGANISMS, can be made SYNTHETICALLY

95
Q

What is an antimicrobial

A

Could be bacterial, viral, or fungal

96
Q

What is a bactericidal

A

Drug DESTOROYS bacteria

97
Q

What is a bacteriostatic

A

INHIBIT reproduction of bacteria

98
Q

What is a broad spectrum antimicrobial

A

Affective against BOTH gram positive/negative orgnaism

99
Q

What is a narrow spectrum antimicrobial

A

Effective against EITHER gram postivie/negative organisms

100
Q

What does penicillin do

A

Bacteria cell wall synthesis

101
Q

What does polymyxin do

A

Increase bacterial cell permeability

102
Q

What does tetracycline do

A

Protein synthesis

103
Q

What do sulfonamides do

A

Essential metabolites

104
Q

What does ciproloxacin do

A

nucleic acids

105
Q

What are the actions of antivitals

A

Blocking entry, or inhibiting gene EXPRESSION, of ASSEMBLY of the virus

106
Q

Are there any good cures for viral infections

A

No

107
Q

How are most antifungal agents administered

A

Topically

108
Q

What is the theatment for antiprotozoal agents

A

Different treatment for different stages of the cycle

Pathopharm (19 decks)

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