Infection Flashcards
1
Q
What are microorganisms
A
Small living forms. Ex: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses
2
Q
Are microorganisms nonpathogenic
A
Usally they are fine and beneficial
3
Q
What are pathogens
A
Disease- causing microbes
4
Q
What is normal flora
A
Mixed microorganisms that resisde in the body
5
Q
What is infections
A
Organism is able to reproduce in or on body’s tissues
6
Q
What is sporadic
A
In a single individual
7
Q
What is an endemic
A
Transmission withing a small population
8
Q
What is an epidemic
A
Higher transmission to new geographical areas
9
Q
What is a pandemic
A
Transmission in most continents
10
Q
How does most tranmissions happen
A
Person to person
11
Q
What is a reservoir
A
Source, person who is infected or is sumptomative
12
Q
What is a carrier
A
May never develope but still have disease or has subclinical signs of the disease
13
Q
What is an agent
A
The microbe causing the infection
14
Q
What is the reservoir
A
Evciromental, animal, person contaminated
15
Q
What is the portal of exit
A
Agent leaves the reservoir
16
Q
What is the mode of transmission
A
The method where an a gent reaches a new susceptible host
17
Q
What are some examples of mode of transmission
A
Air, water, contact, food
18
Q
What is the portal of entry
A
It accesses a new host
19
Q
What will susceptibility depend on
A
Health status, immunity, age, nutrition
20
Q
What is the chain of infection
A
Agent- reservoir- portal of exit- mode of transmission- portal of entry- susceptible host
21
Q
What is direct contact
A
No intermediary object, touching infected area, sex, contact with infected bodily secretions
22
Q
What is indirect contact
A
There is an intermediated object with as contaminated food
23
Q
What is a formite
A
An inanimate object
24
Q
What is droplet transmission
A
Secretions
25
What is aerosol transmission
small particles form the respiratory tract that stays in the air and can TRAVEL further
26
What is vector-borne transmission
Insect or animal
27
What are nosocomial infection
Occur in health care facilities
28
How many pts acquire nosocomial infections
10-15%
29
Why do people get nosocomical infections in hospitals
Many MICROBES, UNDIAGNOSED, SHARED, WEAKEN immune systems from TREATMENT
30
Do health care workers and fomites act as reservoirs
YES
31
What are some factors that decrease host resistance
AGE, PREGNANCY, GENES, IMMUNOdeficiency, MALNUTRITION, CHRONIC disease, STRESS, INFLAMMATION, TRAUMA, impaired INFLAMMATORY responses
32
What is pathogenicity
Capability of a microbe to cause disease
33
What is cirulence
How likely are you to get infected, degree of pathogenicity
34
What are some issues affecting infection an d transmission
New diseases, superingections
35
What are some newly emerging diseases
Different STRAINS, COVID varients
36
What are superinfections
Mulitdrug-resistant forms of existing disease
37
What are some examples of superinfection
TB, MRSA
38
How can you control transmission and infection
Standard precautions and PPE
39
What are some ways to break the cycle of infection
ISOLATE the reservoir, restrict ACCESS to contaminates, reduce CONTACT, block PORTALS and MODES of transmission, SHOTS, NUTRITION, access to health CARE
40
What are some additional techniques ot reduce transmission
Clean areas, sterilization, disinfectants, antiseptivs
41
What are disinfectants
Used on OBJECTS
42
What are antiseptics
Used on LIVING tissues
43
What is the incubation perios
Time between ENTRY of organism in to the body and APPERANCE of symptoms
44
Does incubation period times cary
Yes
45
What is the prodromal period
Nonspecific symptoms
46
What are some symtoms of the prodromal period
Fatigue, loss of appetite, headache
47
What is the acute period
The infectious disease develops FULLY
48
How can you sterilize equipment
Chemicals and heat, must be CLEAN beforehand
49
What are the local signs of inflammation
Pain, swelling, redness, warmth
50
What does purulent exudate mean
Bacterial
51
What does serous, clear exudate mean
Viral
52
What are some systemic signs of inflammation
Fever, fatigue, headache, nausea
53
What are some methods of diagnosing infections
Cultures, staining, blood tests
54
What is culture and staining techniques
Gram stains, drug sensitivity tests
55
What are the different blood tests you can do for infections
CBC w/ diff, C-reactive protain, ESR
56
What can leukocytosis mean
Bacterial
57
What can leukopenia mean
Viral infection
58
What does CBC w/ diff blood test look at
The number of different WBCs
59
What does C-reactive protain and ESR look at
They are inflammation markers
60
What type of infections are common infections
Bacteria
61
What are bacteria classified as
Prokaryotes
62
Describe the structure of bacteria
no nucleus, doesn't need living tissue to survive, complex cell wall
63
What bacteria is rod-shaped
Bacilli
64
What bacteria is spiral
spirochetes
65
What bacteria is spherical
Cocci
66
What is useful in selevting appropriate antimicrobial therapy
Knowing if the bacteria is gram positive/negative
67
What does bacteria create
Toxins
68
What are exotoxins
Gram-POSITIVE, secreted by ORGANISMS
69
What are endotoxins
Gram-NEGATIVE, released at DEATH
70
What can enzymes from bacteria do
Damage tissues and promote spread of infection
71
What are spores
Dormant-latent form of bacterium, survive for a LONG time, RESISTANT to heat and disinfectants
72
What must you do to get rid of spores
Wash hands
73
What are viruses
intercellular parasites, protein COATED, can MUTATE
74
What happens with the fact that viruses are protein COVERED
Hard ot kill
75
What happens in an active viral infection
ATTATCHES to host, virus DNA enters cell, takes CONTROL, creates new bad PROTEINS, CREATE new virus cells
76
What are fungi
In ENVIROMENT, yeast or mold, few are BAD, infection on SKIN or MUCOUS
77
What is tinea pedis
Athlete's foot
78
What is candida
thrush, yeast infection, OPPORTUNISTIC
79
What is pneumocystis jiovecii
Pneumonia, HIV
80
What is a protozoa
lack cell wall, MALARIA
81
What are helminths
Flatworms, roundworms
82
Are helminths microorhanisms
helminths
83
What are the life stages of helminths
ovum, larva, adult
84
What is pinworms
From fecal matter, common in children
85
What is hookworm
Fecal matter
86
What is tapeworm
Undercooked pork
87
What is ascaris
Giant roundworm from contaminated soil
88
What are prions
Protein-like agents that change th shpe of proteins within host cells
89
What can prions cause
Degenerative disease of the NERVOUS sytem
90
What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Human prion disease
91
What are some disnostic tests that can be done for infections
Antigen identification, antibody titer
92
What does an antibody titer look at
If you have had previous exposure
93
What are the guidelines for drug therapy
As DIRECTED, COMPLETELY used, Don not USE other drugs prescribed for other people, may need MULTIDRUG therapy
94
What is an antibiotic
Derived from ORGANISMS, can be made SYNTHETICALLY
95
What is an antimicrobial
Could be bacterial, viral, or fungal
96
What is a bactericidal
Drug DESTOROYS bacteria
97
What is a bacteriostatic
INHIBIT reproduction of bacteria
98
What is a broad spectrum antimicrobial
Affective against BOTH gram positive/negative orgnaism
99
What is a narrow spectrum antimicrobial
Effective against EITHER gram postivie/negative organisms
100
What does penicillin do
Bacteria cell wall synthesis
101
What does polymyxin do
Increase bacterial cell permeability
102
What does tetracycline do
Protein synthesis
103
What do sulfonamides do
Essential metabolites
104
What does ciproloxacin do
nucleic acids
105
What are the actions of antivitals
Blocking entry, or inhibiting gene EXPRESSION, of ASSEMBLY of the virus
106
Are there any good cures for viral infections
No
107
How are most antifungal agents administered
Topically
108
What is the theatment for antiprotozoal agents
Different treatment for different stages of the cycle
