Pharm Ophthalmic I

Question 1

most common route administration ocular drugs

Answer 1

topical

Question 2

locations for local injections in eye

Answer 2

subconjunctiva;
retrobulbar
sub tenons
intracameral (ant chamber)
intravitreal

Question 3

what barriers keep eye separated from systemic access

Answer 3

blood-retina
blood-aqueous
blood-vitreous

Question 4

rate and extent of absorption for topical eye drugs

Answer 4

determined by time in the cul de sac and precorneal tear film
elimination by nasolacrimal drainage
drug binding to tear proteins
drug metabolis by tear and tissue protesins
diffusion across cornea and conjuctiva

Question 5

what is reason for systemic complications of topical drugs used chronically

Answer 5

absorption from nasal mucosa avoiding first pass metabolism in liver

Question 6

what are the desired routes for localized ocular effects

Answer 6

transcorneal and transconjunctiva/scleral absorption

Question 7

type of drug best suited for transcorneal absorption and why

Answer 7

hydrophilic and hydrophobic

trilamellar

Question 8

pro drug for epinephrine

Answer 8

dipivefrin hydrochloride

Question 9

pro drug for PG F2alpha

Answer 9

latanoprost

Question 10

what metabolizes the prod drugs given to eye

Answer 10

esterases

Question 11

topically applied ocular drugs are eliminated how after systemic absorption

Answer 11

liver and kidney

Question 12

what type of drug class can affect iris sphincter muscle that constricts pupils

Answer 12

PAN stimulation or inhibition

Question 13

what is miosis

mydriasis

Answer 13

miosis is small pupils

mydriasis is large pupils

Question 14

what type of drug class can affect the iris dilator muscle

Answer 14

sympathetic activaiton

Question 15

what type of drug class can affect ciliary muscle

Answer 15

SAN activation
PAN activation
PAN inhibition

Question 16

What is anisocoria

Answer 16

inequality of pupils

Question 17

Horners syndrome

Answer 17

injury to SAN
ptosis
miosis
anhydrosis

Question 18

third CN injury

Answer 18

ptosis

mydriasis!

Question 19

Adies pupil

Answer 19

injury to PAN tract
mydriasis
loss of DTR
excessive sweating

Question 20

adies pupil super sensitive to what drugs

Answer 20

muscarinic agonists like pilocarpine

Question 21

give alpha adrenergic agonist to normal eye

Answer 21

dilation! via dilator radial muscle and alpha 1 R

Question 22

five muscarinic agonist to normal eye

Answer 22

constriction! via circular sphincter m, M3 M2 R

Question 23

if give hydroxyamphetamine to someone with horners and eye dilates what does this mean

Answer 23

preganglionic horners because the pupil is still responsive to local release of NE
would be postganglionic if no dilation occured

Question 24

pilocarpine to adies pupil would cause

Answer 24

constriction

Question 25

if give opioid to nomral eye

Answer 25

pinpoint pupil | Mu R

Question 26

What type glaucoma causes progressive loss of retinal ganglion cell axons

Answer 26

open angle cause visua lfield loss

Question 27

second leading cause of blindness in US in african americans, 3rd in caucasians and leading in hispanics

Answer 27

glaucoma

Question 28

ocular hypertensives

Answer 28

can tolerate intraocular P >21mmHg

Question 29

normal or low tension glaucoma

Answer 29

normal IOP but still have nerve damage

Question 30

roles of ciliary body

Answer 30

secretion of aqeuous humor by epithelial bilayer | accommodation by ciliary muscle

Question 31

accommodation of eye can be blocked how

Answer 31

muscarininc cholinergic antagonists | cycloplegia

Question 32

what secretes aqueous humor

Answer 32

ciliary epithelial processes

Question 33

how does aqueous humor flow

Answer 33

post chamber through pupil into ant chamber

Question 34

how do we reduce aqueous humor

Answer 34

beta blockers and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

Question 35

how does aqueous humor leave eye

Answer 35

trabecular meshwork and canal of schlemm

Question 36

main target of cholinergic agonists in glaucoma therapy

Answer 36

canal of schlemm and trabelcular meshwork

Question 37

second pathway where aqueous humor flows out

Answer 37

uveosclera | through ciliary muscles into supreachoroidal space

Question 38

uveosclera route of aqueous flow is targeted how with drugs

Answer 38

protanoids like latanoprost

Question 39

area that determines the 2 forms of glaucoma

Answer 39

peripheral anterior chamber

Question 40

EM Tx for angle closure glaucoma

Answer 40

removal of part of iris

Question 41

drugs contraindicationed in closed angle glaucoma

Answer 41

antimuscarinics, antihistamines with antimuscarinic activity | alpha 1 agonists

Question 42

agents that reduce aqueous humor secretion

Answer 42

beta blockers carbonic anhydrase inhibitors alpha adrenergics (a2)

Question 43

agents that increase aqueous humor outflow

Answer 43

prostaglandin F2a analogs alpha adrenergics parasympathomimetics: muscarinic agonist and ACHEI

Question 44

what drug can be taken orally for open angle glaucoma

Answer 44

acetazolamide, dichlorphenamide and methazolamide | all CA Inhibitors

Question 45

preferred medication for glaucoma

Answer 45

PG F2a | latanoprost

Question 46

MOA PG F2a

Answer 46

increase outflow via uveoscleral pathway

Question 47

what beta blockers are used in galucoma

Answer 47

timolol, levobunolol, metipranolol and carteolol

Question 48

MOA beta blockers in glaucoma

Answer 48

target ciliary epithelium and blood vessels | dec aqeusou humor production reduce IOP

Question 49

adverse effects b blockers in glaucoma

Answer 49

heart and airway susceptible individuals | may interact with verapamil and increase risk heart block