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Year 2 neuro exam 1 > Path VI > Flashcards

Path VI Flashcards

1
Q

What are the prenatal ischemic lesions

A

poencephaly
shizencephaly
hydrancephaly

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2
Q

what is the difference of HIE in mature infants vs adults

A 
neonates have local energy crisis
excitotoxicity
lactic acidosis
free radicals
smaller brain, more H20
less antioxidant defense
decreased myelin
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3
Q

most characteristic lesion in neonatal HIE

A

watershed areas because the vasculature is immature

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4
Q

moderate ischemia neonate HIE will cause what

A

cortical damage between major arterial territories

like cortex that arches from frontal to occipital poles

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5
Q

severe ischemia in neonate HIE will cause what

A

damage to deep nuclei and brainstem

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6
Q

causes of HIE in neonate

A

abruptio ppalcenta
difficult delivery
meconium aspiration
infection

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7
Q

what type of brain tissue lost in neonate HIE

A

grey and white matter

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8
Q

b/l atrophy in area of MCA

cardiopulm arrest at 6 mo

A

HIE

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9
Q

many cysts in neonate brain

A

multicycstic encephalopathy from HIE and autolysis of brain tissue

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10
Q

Periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants

A

white matter lesions in frontal and occipital lobest

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11
Q

primary cause cerebral palsy

A

PVL

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12
Q

what area greatest affected by PVL

A

corpus callosum

deep white matter

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13
Q

why are periventricular areas susceptible to hypoxia

A

the vessels penetrate from exterior surface and dive into brain
so inside has less blood supply

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14
Q

where is germinal matrix relative to ventrical wall

A

closest layer, then white matter then grey

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15
Q

when can brain waves be measured

A

8weeks

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16
Q

noncustic white matter injury

A

areas of ischemia that become scars

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17
Q

as a child with PVL matures what are clinical signs

A

tight limb musculature
contracted legs
poor feeding and positioning problems

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18
Q

PVL blue color on H&E

A

calcifications of necrotic areas

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19
Q

periventricular loss of brain tissue

A

PVL

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20
Q

White matter injury common in mature infants with what

A

congenital heart disease
transposition of great vessels
hypoplastic left heart syndrome

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21
Q

what cause white matter injury prenatally

A

chronic hypoxia,

22
Q

germinal matrix hemorrhage common in what babies

A

premature with hyaline membrane disease and RDS

23
Q

majority cause of morbidity and mortality in newborn period

A

germinal matrix hemorrhage

24
Q

picture of babies head and almost all of it transilluminates

A

hydrancephaly

25
Q

what cause hydranencephaly

A

ischemic large vessel to brain

26
Q

kernicturus

A

unconj bilirubinemia that results from hemolytic disease, hereditary spherocytosis and other hemolytic disorders
inability liver to conjugate (crigler najjar)

27
Q

why is unconj bilirubin bad

A

can cross BBB and lipid soluble so penetrates neuronal and glial membraneas

28
Q

areas of brain that bilirubin stains

A

thalamus and basal ganglia

29
Q

most critical period for malformations and disruptions

A

3-8 week of gestation

30
Q

malformation

A

flawed development

31
Q

characteristics of malformation

A

midline or bilateral and symmetric
no gliosis
recurrence risk that can be calculated

32
Q

distruption

A

destruction of normal brain

33
Q

characteristics of disruption

A

focal and asymmetric
gliosis
do not recur unless exposure recurs

34
Q

when can inflammation and calcification happen with disruption

A

if event occurs after 1st trimester

35
Q

what is a key factor to how severe a malformation or disruption is

A

the time of exposure

earlier= worse

36
Q

CMV infection in first trimester causes what

A

microcephaly and polymicrogyria

37
Q

CMV infection in third trimester causes what

A

encephalitis

38
Q

Neural tube closure defects result in what

A

anencephaly
craniorachischisis
myelomeningocele

39
Q

what can cause NT closure defects

A 
folate
hyperglycemia
B12
zinc
maternal fever
40
Q

what are the types of axial mesodermal defects

A

closed defects– high in spinal cord

with herniation of neural tissue- encephalocele, meningocele

41
Q

what can cause axial mesodermal defects

A

ciliopathies

42
Q

what are the tail bud defects

A

spina bifida occulta
split cord (low)
hydromyelia

43
Q

where does the human embryo have Nt closure

A

midway

44
Q

what drugs are teratogenic folate antagonists

A

carbamazepine
fumonisin
trimethoprim

45
Q

what deficincies can be teratogenic

A

folate
inositol
vit B12
zinc

46
Q

maternal fever during what time period is teratogenic

A

3-4 weeks pregnancy

47
Q

one of most common neural tube defects

A

anencephaly

48
Q

biomarkers for anencephaly

A

inc AFP and ACHE in amniotic fluid and maternal blood

49
Q

how is anencephaly detected

A

US

50
Q

look for what other defect in anencephaly

A

spina bifida

51
Q

deficiency in anencephaly

A

folic acid

Year 2 neuro exam 1 (23 decks)

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