Pharm NT I

Question 1

what are the classes of NT

Answer 1

amino acids
small molecule
peptides
endocannabinoids

Question 2

what are the excitatory aa NT

Answer 2

glutamate and aspartate

Question 3

what are the inhibitory aa NT

Answer 3

GABA and Glycine

Question 4

What are the small molecule transmitters

Answer 4

Ach
Monoamines
histamine

Question 5

what are the monoamines

Answer 5

catecholamines: dopamine and norepi
and serotonin (5-HT)

Question 6

what are the peptide NT

Answer 6

opiods
tachykinins
others

Question 7

what are the opioid NT

Answer 7

enkephalins
endorphins
dynorphins

Question 8

what are the tachykinins

Answer 8

substance P

Question 9

Where are small moleules NT made

Answer 9

in the nerve terminals then loaded into vesicles ATP dependent

Question 10

where are peptides made

Answer 10

cell body and packaged there

Question 11

depolarization to the presynaptic nerve acticates what

Answer 11

vCaCh causing fusion vesicles and release

Question 12

drugs that act in CNS modify what

Answer 12

the chemical synaptic transmission

Question 13

presynaptic sites of drug action include what

Answer 13

NT synthesis, storage, metabolism and release

Question 14

what is the primary postsynaptic site of drug action

Answer 14

NT receptor

Question 15

what are the 3 criteria for classical NT

Answer 15

localization
release
synaptic mimicry

Question 16

what is an exception to the synaptic mimicry rule

Answer 16

sometime more than one substance transmits information so no single agonist or antagonis can mimic stimulation

Question 17

what messengers are not synthesized or stored in presynatpic terminal

Answer 17

endocannabinoids

Question 18

what ion channels modulate neuronal firing rate

Answer 18

Ca and K

Question 19

What are ionotropic R

Answer 19

ligand gated ion channels

causes conformational change that opens channel or closes it

Question 20

what causes EPSP

Answer 20

influx Na or Ca

Question 21

what causes IPSP

Answer 21

efflux of K or influx Cl

Question 22

what NT activate ionotropic R

Answer 22

glutamate
GABA
Ach
Glycine
Serotonin

Question 23

how to metabotropic R work

Answer 23

GPCR that indirectly modulate ion channels

Question 24

major functional effects GPCRs

Answer 24

signal amplification

Question 25

What are the second messengers in GPCRs

Answer 25

adenylate cyclase and cAMP DAG IP3 ion Ca K Na or Cl

Question 26

what NT activate metabotropic R

Answer 26

``` glutamate GABA Ach dopamine Norepi Serotonin Histamine Neuropeptides Endocannabinoids ```

Question 27

does glutamate cross bbb

Answer 27

no | but it is made in brain from glucose

Question 28

what inactivates glutamate

Answer 28

taken up by glial cells and converted to glutamine then transported to glutamatergic nerve cells and converted back to glutamate

Question 29

What R does glutamate activate

Answer 29

ionotropic | non-NMDA and NMDA

Question 30

what R mediate most EPSP in prain

Answer 30

the AMPA or non NMDA GluR1 2,3,4 ligand gated Na K Ch glutamate!!!

Question 31

overstimulation NMDA R in brain cause what

Answer 31

Ca influx triggering cell death | especially in ischemia and hypoxia

Question 32

what ion blocks NMDA channels until depolarized

Answer 32

Mg

Question 33

what is PCP

Answer 33

phencyclidine "angel dust" ketamine

Question 34

how does PCP work

Answer 34

noncompetetice antagonist at NMDA R | high does cause dissociative anesthesia

Question 35

R subtypes for the NMDA R

Answer 35

NR1, 2A,2B,2C,2D

Question 36

what metabotropic R does glutamate activate on postsynapse

Answer 36

decrease K conductance increasing IP3 and DAG

Question 37

effects of glutamate on presynaptic GPCR

Answer 37

dec Ca (inhibitiory) dec cAMP

Question 38

what can cause the aura of migraine headaches

Answer 38

excessive glutamate release

Question 39

why is NMDA R antagonist memantine used to Tx severe dementia in alzheimers

Answer 39

glutamade R mediated excitotoxicity may contribute to pathogenesis of the disease

Question 40

synthesis of GABA

Answer 40

locally from glucose, pyruvate, sometimes other aa

Question 41

inactivation GABA

Answer 41

rapid reuptake from plasma membrane transporters | also taken up by glial cells

Question 42

GABAa activates what R

Answer 42

ionotropic | ligand Cl Ch (hyperpolarization IPSP)

Question 43

GABAb

Answer 43

metabotropic post synaptic (inc K) presynaptic (dec Ca inhibitory)

Question 44

what balances excitatory activity of glutamate

Answer 44

GABA inhibition

Question 45

GABA dysfunction leads to

Answer 45

hyperexcited states

Question 46

where do benzodiazepines and barbituates work

Answer 46

GABAa | so enhance inhibitory effects of GABA

Question 47

what are the benzodiazepines

Answer 47

alpazolam diazepam midazolam clonazepam

Question 48

benzodiazepines are used to Tx

Answer 48

anxiety disorder, panic, sedation and sleep disorders

Question 49

what is phenobarbital

Answer 49

barbituate

Question 50

what is phenobarbital used for

Answer 50

sedative hypnotics and antiepileptics