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Year 2 neuro exam 1 > Path VIII > Flashcards

Path VIII Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal neuronal glial proliferation can lead to what malformation

A

microcephaly or megalocephaly

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2
Q

abnormal neuronal migration can lead to what

A

periventricular nodular heterotopia
lissencephaly/subcortical band heterotopia
cobblestone Cx/ congenital muscular dystrophy

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3
Q

abnormal cortical organization leads to

A

polymicrogyria

focal cortical dysplasia

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4
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome affects what layers

A

ventricular zone and bipolar zone

disrupt myelin and migration of neurons

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5
Q

5 outcomes in malformations of cortical development

A

1: fewer or more than normal neurons
2: neurons fo not migrate at all from ventricles or half way
3: some neurons reach Cx but man do not
4: neurons overshoot Cx and are in subarachnoid space
5: late stage migration and cx organization disrupted

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6
Q

fewer or excessive normal neurons leads to

A

micro or megalocephaly

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7
Q

if neurons do not migrate from ventricles what is it called

A

periventricular heterotopia

nodular– nodules protrude into ventricle

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8
Q

if neurons migrate half way from ventricles it is called

A

subcortical band heterotopia

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9
Q

if many neurons do not reach Cx

A

lissencephaly
pachygyria
cobble stone Cx

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10
Q

lissencephaly

A

smooth brain no gyri

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11
Q

neurons overshoot Cx and go to subarachnoid space

A

marginal leptomeningeal glioneuronal heterotopia

cobblestone Cx

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12
Q

if late stage migration and cortical organization is disrupted

A

polymicrogyria

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13
Q

normal adult brain weight

A

1200-1400 gm

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14
Q

classificaiton for microcephaly

A

3 standard deviations below mean head circumference or less than 42 cm at full growth

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15
Q

genetic abnormality in lissencephaly

A

LIS1 mutation

sometimes assoc with microtubule motor proteins or microtubule dynamics

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16
Q

neurlogic disability with polymicrogyria

A

seizures, sever pyschomotor retardation, spasticity

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17
Q

what can cause polymicrogyria

A

ischemia, twinning, infections

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18
Q

how many layers of grey matter in polymicrogyria

A

4 or less

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19
Q

What is Focal Cortical Dysplasia

A

sporadic developmental malformation of cerebral Cx causing intractable seizures and cognitive impairment

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20
Q

core pathology of focal cortical dysplasia

A

abnormal cortical cytoarchitecture from loss of normal layering

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21
Q

most frequent path in brain tissure removed in epilepsy surgery in children

A

focal cortical dysplasia

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22
Q

most frequent lesion in adults with FCD

A

hippocampal sclerosis

23
Q

areas affected by fetal alcohol synrome

A

corpus callosum
cerebral Cx
hippocampus and cerebellum

24
Q

clinical signs fetal alcohol syndrome

A 
loss of nasal bridge
epicanthal folds
minor ear abnormalities
indistinct philtrum
micrognathia
thin upper lip
plat midface and short nose
short palpebral fissures
25
Q

lab values for neural tube defect

A

inc AFP

normal b HCG, inhibin A and estriol

26
Q

lab values for trisomy 21

A

dec AFP
inc b HCG
inc inhibin A
dec estriol

27
Q

lab values for trisomy 18 (edwards)

A

dec AGP, b-HCG, inhibin A, estriol

28
Q

what is a deformation

A

extrinsic cause of congenital anomaliy, mechanical stress usually

29
Q

disruption

A

secondary breakdown of normal structure

e.g. oligohydramnios

30
Q

what is a sequence congenital abnomaly

A

multiple defects from single thing

like Potter sequence

31
Q

how does infection spread to subdural space

A

air sinuses or from middle ear

32
Q

do antibiotics help subdural infections

A

no because the space is traversed by bridging arteries with no vascular supply of its own

33
Q

Tx subdural abscess

A

evacuation and intravenous antibiotics

34
Q

risk factors for meningitis

A 
local infectino
recent brain surgery
recent head injury
spinal abnormalities
CSF shuntplacement
UTI, UT abnormalities
weakened immune system
35
Q

differentiate bacterial CSF with viral

A

purulen high pressure high protein low glucose and polynuclear cells = bacterial
aseptic normal pressure normal protein normal glucose and mononuclear cells = viral

36
Q

clinical picture acute bacterial meningitis

A

acute onset in hours

fever lethargy, HA altered mental status, signs of meningeal irritation like neck stiffness

37
Q

most common infection of CNS

A

acute leptomeningitis aka meningitis

38
Q

how can meningitis cause hydrocephalus

A

pus blocks 4th ventricle

39
Q

if see lymphocytes in virchow robbin space

A

viral meningitis

40
Q

neutrophils in virchow robbin space

A

bacterial meningitis

41
Q

clinical picture of acute aseptic viral meningitis

A

similar to bacterial with fever,lethargy, HA, altered mental status and signs of meningeal irritation

42
Q

best course of action for fever, lethargy, HA, altered mental status and signs of meningeal irritation

A

lumbar tap

43
Q

most common organism for aseptic meningitis

A

enterovirus

44
Q

subtype enterovirus for aseptic meningitis

A

B71

45
Q

what organisms cause bacterial meningitis

birth- 2 months

A

E coli
Group B strep
Listeria

46
Q

what organisms cause bacterial meningitis

2 mo- 5 yrs

A

strep pneumo
meningococcus
H flu

47
Q

what organisms cause bacterial meningitis

older child/adult

A

strep pneumo

N meningitis

48
Q

what organisms cause bacterial meningitis

elderly

A

Strep pneumo
E coli
Group B strep
Listeria

49
Q

organism that can cause epidemics of bacterial meningitis

A

N meningitis

50
Q

Tx for bacterial meningitis

A

ampicillin and ceftriaxone

51
Q

when do you not use ampicillin for meningitis 3 mo-7 yr

A

not ampicillin

only ceftriaxone

52
Q

veins in bacterial meningitis

A

cloudy from neutrophils and pus

thick vessels

53
Q

what type of inflammatory cell is found in acute pneumococcal meningitis

A

neutrophils

54
Q

gross picture of brain with bacterial meningitis

A

pus on top

Year 2 neuro exam 1 (23 decks)

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