Path XV Flashcards
Sympathetic opthalmia
non infectious grnaulomatous inflammation of uvea of both eyes
what can cause sympathetic opthalmia
trauma to one eye causing Ag to be visible to immune system and have delayed HS reaction in other eye as well
activates 2 weeks - many years post injury
risk factors for mortality with uveal melanoma
larger tumor size, anterior eye location, extraocular extension
mets in uveal melanoma
2-4 years from time of Dx
usually liver
Tx uveal melanoma
globe conserving:
bradytherapy
charge particle therapy
enucleation: large tumor or orbital or optic nerve involvement
zonular fibers extend from
pars plicata to lens
what keeps lens from falling back into posterior eye
lens
where do cataracts form
in corneal stroma and bowmans layer
Sx cataracts
diminished acuity
glare
myopic shift
monocular diplopia
open angle glaucoma
aqueous humor has access to trabecular meshwork
increase IOP from increased R to aqueous outflow in open angle
most common glaucoma
open angle
mutations assoc with open angle
myocilin MYOC
optineurin OPTN
angle closure glaucoma
peripheral zone iris adheres to trabecular meshwork and impedes the outflow of aqueous humor from eye
cupping in eye
increased IOP
what are the tumors of glial cells
astrocytomas:
glioblastoma multiforme
oligodendroglioma
ependymoma- choroic plexus plexus papilla
types of neuronal tumors
ganglioglioma
gangliocytoma
central neurocytoma
what are the embryonal tumors of neuroglial cells
medulloblastoma
what is difference of intra axial or extra axial tumor in brain
intra means in neuro tissue
extra axial means extrinsic to brain
what are extra axial tumors in head
meningioma and schwannoma
are astrocytomas intra axial or extra
intra
terms associated with malignant tumors
cellular atypia, loss of differentiation
common genetic mutation in low grade astrocytoma
tp53
isocitrate dehydrogenase mutation
which astrocytoma does not have the tp53 mutation
pilocytic astrocytoma
what mutations are associated with anaplastic astrocytoma-glioblastoma
EGFR amplification PTEN alteration (chromosome 10q loss)
what mutations are associated with oligodendroglioma
1p and 19q codeletion
what mutation associated with medulloblastoma
isochromosome 17q
mutation with atypical teratoid-rhabdoid tumor
loss 22q
mutation meningioma
loss 22q
mutaiton in schwannomas
loss of 22q, mutations of NF2 gene
gene and locus for Li Fraumeni
TP53/17p
astrocytoma
breast carcinoma, bone and soft tissue sarcoma
familial syndromes with increased risk CNS tumors
NF1 NF2 VHL, li fraumeni
TS, Gorlin
CNS tumor in NF1 patients
b/l optic nerve astrocytomas
plexiform neurofibromas
malignant peripheral nerve tumors
17q mutation
neurofibromin
autodominant
non CNS affects of NF1 patients
cafe au lait
dysplasia of sphenoid wing
skeletal abnormalities
fibromuscular dysplasia of aa
infections that can cause intracranial mass lesion
cerebral abscess
toxoplasmosis
TB
hemorrhages in CNS
hematoma
hemorrhagic mets
astrocytic tumors
pilocytic
diffuse
other
what grade is pilocytic astrocytoma
Grade I
what grade is diffuse astrocytoma
grades II III IV
worst type of astrocytoma
glioblastoma
why are medulloblastomas common in children
high maturation in cerebellum periventricular cells (small blue cells)
meningiomas can induce what
herniation like syndromes
meningiomas arise from what
meningoepithelial cells of arachnoid
mutation meningioma
22q
merlin protein loss of function
NF2 patients have increased risk for what CNS tumor post radiation
meningioma
meningioma in skull
mets?
no grows into skull
not mets
tumor cells in whorls with hyalinized and calcified centers called psammoma bodies
meningiomas
most common group of primary brain tumors
gliomas:
astrocytoma
oligodendrogliomas
ependymomas
gliomas arrive from what
stem cell progenitors
2 major categories of astrocytic tumors
infiltrating
more localized: pilocytic
what are the infiltrating astrocytomas
diffuse
anaplastic
glioblastoma
