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Year 2 neuro exam 1 > Path XIV > Flashcards

Path XIV Flashcards

1
Q

difference of anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and papilledema

A

anterior ischemic optic neuropathy has no venous stasis and no bulging
papilledema has compression optic nerve, venous stasis and decreased axoplasmic transport!

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2
Q

meibomian glands

A

create lipid layer of tear film

blockage lead to evaporative dry eye

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3
Q

stye or hordeolum

A

acute inflamation involving gland of zeis and or orifice of meibomian gland

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4
Q

common cause of stye eye

A

staph

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5
Q

chalazion

A

meibomian gland lipogranuloma
inflammatory reaciton to sebum in tissues
seconary to obstruction of gland
subacute chronic and painless nodule

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6
Q

type of cells in chalazion

A

epithelioid and giant cells surround lipid vacuoles

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7
Q

Tx chalazion

A

surgical therapy, antibiotics if secondarily infected

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8
Q

xanthelasma palpebratum

A 
soft flat or raised yellow papules or plaques
inner canthus
HLD and normolipidemic
lipid laden histiocytes in dermis 
cosmetic surgery
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9
Q

split nevus in eye

A

congenital nevus on upper lid and lower

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10
Q

nests of nevus cells

A 
interface of epidermis and dermis (junctional)
dermis and epidermis (compound)
only dermis (dermal)
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11
Q

most common eyelid malignancy

A

basal cell carcinoma

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12
Q

presentation BCC of eyelid

A

lower lid or medial canthus usually
nodular, cystic or diffuse
islands of basaloid cells with peripheral palisading and retraction artifact

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13
Q

possible characteristics of BCC of eyelid

A

ulceration or pigmentation

locally invasive

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14
Q

SCC eyelid characterizations

A

elderly fair skinned individuals
lower lid
shallow ulcer with whide elevated indurated border

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15
Q

risk mets SCC

A

potential for local or distant mets

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16
Q

histo SCC eyelid

A

polygonal cells with pink eosinophilic cytoplasm, nuclear atypia, infiltratin cords into dermis, dyskeratotic cells, keratin pearls

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17
Q

sebaceous carcinoma

A

elderly, F>M inc in asians

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18
Q

sebaceous carcinoma can mimic what

A

chalazion or chronic blepharoconjunctivitis

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19
Q

where do sebaceous carcinomas arise

A

upper lid, from meibomian, zeis or caruncle glands

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20
Q

histo sebaceous carcinoma

A

malignant cells with foamy lipid laden cytoplasm, necrosis, pagetoid invasion of skin

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21
Q

mets from sebaceous carcinoma of eyelid

A

direct extension and mets to lung liver brain and skull

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22
Q

What is pinguecula

A

aktinic keratosis of the external surface of the eye

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23
Q

signs pinguecula

A 
asymptomatic, small yellow submucosal nodule at limbus
usually adults
tropical places b/c inc sun exposure
does not invade cornea!!
no therapy needed!
24
Q

site of copper deposition in eye in wilsons

A

descemet membrane

25
Q

pterygium

A

submucosal growth of CT that migrates to cornea

from UV damage, dust or wind

26
Q

what must you do when investigating pterygium

A

rule out SCC with histo examination

27
Q

Tx pterygium

A

comsmetic removal or for irritation reasons

28
Q

where is conjunctival melanoma present

A

limbus

29
Q

causes of ulcerative keratitis

A

viral
bacterial
mycotic
parasitic

30
Q

most common cause central corneal ulcer

A

herpes simplex

31
Q

serpinginous dendritic ulcer in cornea, very painful

A

herpes, tx imediately

32
Q

bacterial causes of ulcerative keratitis

A

pseudomonas and staph

33
Q

mycotic ulcerative keratosis

A

aspergillosis, candida and fusarium

34
Q

parasitic ulcerative keratitis

A

micrsporidia

35
Q

amoebic keratitis

A

hot tubs, contact lenses and fresh water ponds

36
Q

presentation of acanthamoeba keratitis

A

irregular dendritiform epithelial keratitis, looks like herpes
will progress to ring ulcer or radial!!!

37
Q

Dx acanthamoeba keratitis

A

calcoflour white staining!!!

confirmed by culture in special medium

38
Q

double walled cyst in eye

A

amebic keratitis

39
Q

keratoconus

A

degenerative deformation of corneal curvature
causes irregular myopic astigmatism
usually bilateral
cornea buldges

40
Q

progressive visual distortion, light sensitigity

A

keratoconus

41
Q

major refractive surface of eye

A

cornea

42
Q

munsons sign

A

when patient looks down you can see eyes forming cone causing lower lid to bulge
+ in alports if lens
+ in keratoconus if cornea

43
Q

Tx keratoconus

A

penetrating keratoplasty =corneal transplant/graft

44
Q

loss of central vision

A

macular degeneration

45
Q

dry form macular degeneration

A

no neoangiogenesis

46
Q

wet form macular degeneration and Tx

A

presence of neoangiogenesis

give agents that inhibit vascularization VEGF antagonists injected to vitreous

47
Q

risk factor for wet type macular degeneration

A

cigarrette smoking

48
Q

dry macular degeneration

A

deposits in Brush membrane and atrophy of retinal pigmented epithelium
no Tx

49
Q

most common intraocular tumor in childhood

A

retinoblastoma <3 y.o Dx

50
Q

retinoblastomas assoc with

A

germ line mutations

51
Q

signs Sx retinoblastomas

A

leukocoria, strabismus, red painful eye and poor vision

52
Q

Ch with retinoblastoma gene

A

Chr 13

tumor suppressor gene

53
Q

hist retinoblastoma

A

small blue cells

rosettes with empty lumens called flexner wintersteiner rossettes

54
Q

Tx retinoblastoma

A

enucleaion, photocoagulative ablation and hyperthermia, cryotherapym chemoreduction therapy, external beam radiation, plaque radiotherapy

55
Q

prognosis retinoblastoma

A

overall survival 85%

most important risk factor is extraocular extension of tumor through ON or sclera

Year 2 neuro exam 1 (23 decks)

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