Pericardial Disease Flashcards
what are the two big categories of pericardial disease?
pericardial effusion
constrictive pericarditis
what makes up the pericardium?
thin, serous visceral pericardium: epicardium
thicker, serofibrinous sac: parietal pericardium
thin, translucent fibroserous membrane
what are some congenital pericardial diseases?
peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
pericardial defects of absence
pericardial cyst
what is cardiac tamponade?
pericardial fluid of sufficient volume to impair diastolic filling
what are the etiologies of canine pericardial effusion?
neoplasia
idiopathic effusion
pericardiac hemorrhage
uremic pericarditis
infectious pericarditis
pericardial transudate
what are the etiologies of pericardial effusion in cattle?
traumatic reticulitis and pericarditis
lymphosarcoma
what can be seen on electrocardiography with pericardial effusion?
sinus tachycardia
electrical arrhythmias
low-voltage QRS complexes
ST segment elevation
ventricular premature depolarizations common
how often is a single tap with idiopathic pericardial effusion curative?
30-50%
what is constrictive pericarditis?
severe thickening of pericardium
what can cause constrictive pericarditis?
infection
foreign body
idiopathic
what can cause pericardial effusion?
neoplasia
infection
hemorrhage
idiopathic
what can be herniated into a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia?
liver
stomach
omentum
small intestines
spleen
rarely colon
what can peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia be associated with?
sternal deformities or pectus excavatum
ductal plate malformations
what neoplasms can cause canine pericardial effusion?
hemangiosarcoma right atrium
heart base tumor
mesothelioma
metastatic neoplasia
lymphosarcoma
what are the etiologies of pericardial effusion in cats?
CHF
FIP
lymphosarcoma, metastatic neoplasia
bacterial infection
uremia
hemorrhage
what can be seen with echocardiography in traumatic reticulopericarditis in cattle?
pericardial effusion with gas bubbles
where might you see a heart mass with pericardial effusion?
right atrial appendage
junction of right atrium and right ventricle
heart base
what might be seen on CBC with pericardial effusion?
anemia
thrombocytopenia
RBC changes
where do you tap for pericardiocentesis?
5-6th intercostal space, costochondral junction
when is the fluid hemorrhagic with pericardial effusion?
hemangiosarcoma
idiopathic
mesothelioma
heart base tumor
how can you treat idiopathic pericardial effusion?
single tap maybe curative
corticosteroids
NSAID
peericardiectomy
what is constrictive pericarditis like?
severe thickening of pericardium
abrupt end to diastolic filling: knock
what incompletely develops for a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia?
diaphragm
caudal pleuropericardial membrane
what can be found on physical exam with a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia?
muffled heart sounds
absent or displaced cardiac sounds
absent or displaced apex beat
tachypnea
relative absence of abdominal organs on palpation
what can lead to pericardial hemorrhage?
vitamin K antagonist
left atrial tear
what can cause pericardial effusion in horses?
bacterial infection: extension of pleuritis
what can cause pericardial effusion in swine?
african swine fever
what can radiographs show with traumatic reticulopericarditis in cattle?
metallic foreign body
fluid line
which dogs are predisposed to pericardial effusion?
medium to large
german shepherd dogs, golden retrievers, labrador retrievers, rottweilers
brachycephalics
middle age or older
what can be seen on radiographs with pericardial effusion?
generalized cardiomegaly, globoid
sharp edges to cardiac silhouette
enlarged caudal vena cava
variable pulmonary vessels
some pleural effusion common
search for metastatic disease
what can you see with the chambers on echo with pericardial effusion?
right atrium +/- right ventricle collapse in diastole
small left ventricle
is NT-proBNP usually elevated in pericardial disease?
no
what is surgery like with constrictive pericarditis?
difficult but curative
more complications than with pericardial effusion alone
