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Cardiovascular Pathophysiology > Pericardial Disease > Flashcards

Pericardial Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two big categories of pericardial disease?

A

pericardial effusion
constrictive pericarditis

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2
Q

what makes up the pericardium?

A

thin, serous visceral pericardium: epicardium
thicker, serofibrinous sac: parietal pericardium
thin, translucent fibroserous membrane

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3
Q

what are some congenital pericardial diseases?

A

peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia
pericardial defects of absence
pericardial cyst

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4
Q

what is cardiac tamponade?

A

pericardial fluid of sufficient volume to impair diastolic filling

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5
Q

what are the etiologies of canine pericardial effusion?

A

neoplasia
idiopathic effusion
pericardiac hemorrhage
uremic pericarditis
infectious pericarditis
pericardial transudate

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6
Q

what are the etiologies of pericardial effusion in cattle?

A

traumatic reticulitis and pericarditis
lymphosarcoma

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7
Q

what can be seen on electrocardiography with pericardial effusion?

A

sinus tachycardia
electrical arrhythmias
low-voltage QRS complexes
ST segment elevation
ventricular premature depolarizations common

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8
Q

how often is a single tap with idiopathic pericardial effusion curative?

A

30-50%

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9
Q

what is constrictive pericarditis?

A

severe thickening of pericardium

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10
Q

what can cause constrictive pericarditis?

A

infection
foreign body
idiopathic

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11
Q

what can cause pericardial effusion?

A

neoplasia
infection
hemorrhage
idiopathic

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12
Q

what can be herniated into a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia?

A

liver
stomach
omentum
small intestines
spleen
rarely colon

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13
Q

what can peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia be associated with?

A

sternal deformities or pectus excavatum
ductal plate malformations

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14
Q

what neoplasms can cause canine pericardial effusion?

A

hemangiosarcoma right atrium
heart base tumor
mesothelioma
metastatic neoplasia
lymphosarcoma

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15
Q

what are the etiologies of pericardial effusion in cats?

A

CHF
FIP
lymphosarcoma, metastatic neoplasia
bacterial infection
uremia
hemorrhage

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16
Q

what can be seen with echocardiography in traumatic reticulopericarditis in cattle?

A

pericardial effusion with gas bubbles

17
Q

where might you see a heart mass with pericardial effusion?

A

right atrial appendage
junction of right atrium and right ventricle
heart base

18
Q

what might be seen on CBC with pericardial effusion?

A

anemia
thrombocytopenia
RBC changes

19
Q

where do you tap for pericardiocentesis?

A

5-6th intercostal space, costochondral junction

20
Q

when is the fluid hemorrhagic with pericardial effusion?

A

hemangiosarcoma
idiopathic
mesothelioma
heart base tumor

21
Q

how can you treat idiopathic pericardial effusion?

A

single tap maybe curative
corticosteroids
NSAID
peericardiectomy

22
Q

what is constrictive pericarditis like?

A

severe thickening of pericardium
abrupt end to diastolic filling: knock

23
Q

what incompletely develops for a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia?

A

diaphragm
caudal pleuropericardial membrane

24
Q

what can be found on physical exam with a peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia?

A

muffled heart sounds
absent or displaced cardiac sounds
absent or displaced apex beat
tachypnea
relative absence of abdominal organs on palpation

25
Q

what can lead to pericardial hemorrhage?

A

vitamin K antagonist
left atrial tear

26
Q

what can cause pericardial effusion in horses?

A

bacterial infection: extension of pleuritis

27
Q

what can cause pericardial effusion in swine?

A

african swine fever

28
Q

what can radiographs show with traumatic reticulopericarditis in cattle?

A

metallic foreign body
fluid line

29
Q

which dogs are predisposed to pericardial effusion?

A

medium to large
german shepherd dogs, golden retrievers, labrador retrievers, rottweilers
brachycephalics
middle age or older

30
Q

what can be seen on radiographs with pericardial effusion?

A

generalized cardiomegaly, globoid
sharp edges to cardiac silhouette
enlarged caudal vena cava
variable pulmonary vessels
some pleural effusion common
search for metastatic disease

31
Q

what can you see with the chambers on echo with pericardial effusion?

A

right atrium +/- right ventricle collapse in diastole
small left ventricle

32
Q

is NT-proBNP usually elevated in pericardial disease?

A

no

33
Q

what is surgery like with constrictive pericarditis?

A

difficult but curative
more complications than with pericardial effusion alone

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology (35 decks)

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