Congenital Part II

Question 1

what clinical signs are associated with subaortic stenosis?

Answer 1

most asymptomatic with murmur
syncope
bacterial endocarditis
left sided CHF
sudden death is common

Question 2

what is seen in a physical examination with subaortic stenosis?

Answer 2

loud, harsh ejection quality systolic murmur
loud at right base
weak arterial pulses
prominent left apical impulse

Question 3

what can be seen in thoracic radiographs with subaortic stenosis?

Answer 3

concentric left ventricular hypertrophy maybe
prominent aorta cranial to the heart

Question 4

what are the options for subaortic stenosis management?

Answer 4

balloon valvuloplasty
surgical removal of thee subvalvular fibrous ring
atenolol

Question 5

what is a ventricular septal defect?

Answer 5

defect in interventricular septum
communication between the right and left ventricle

Question 6

what does a ventricular septal defect result in?

Answer 6

left atrial and ventricular enlargement
variable right heart enlargement
pulmonary overcirculation

Question 7

what are thoracic radiographs like with ventricular septal defect?

Answer 7

depend on size of defect
left heart or generalized enlargement
pulmonary overcirculation
cHF may be present

Question 8

what are the options for therapy for ventricular septal defects?

Answer 8

medical therapy
pulmonary artery banding
surgical repair

Question 9

what is an ostium primum defect?

Answer 9

atrial septal defect low in atrial septum

Question 10

what does an atrial septal defect lead to?

Answer 10

pulmonary overcirculation
right heart enlargement

Question 11

are atrial septal defects usually seen with other cardiac defects or alone?

Answer 11

usually with other cardiac defects

Question 12

what is a bubble study?

Answer 12

saline injected into peripheral vein
bubbles show up in right atrium, right ventricle, and pulmonary artery

Question 13

what breeds are predisposed to subaortic stenosis?

Answer 13

newfoundland
german shepherds
boxers
golden retrievers
bloodhound
german shorthaired pointers

Question 14

what do boxers often have with their aortic roots?

Answer 14

smaller than predicted for body weight

Question 15

what can be seen on ECG with aortic stenosis?

Answer 15

maybe normal
left ventricle enlargement pattern or left axis shift
ST segment depression

Question 16

what is moderate subaortic stenosis according to the doppler gradient?

Answer 16

40-80 mmHg

Question 17

what is ballon valvuloplasty like in treating subaortic stenosis?

Answer 17

inconsistent pressure reduction
balloon alone may not alter disease

Question 18

where in the interventricular septum is a ventricular septal defect usually?

Answer 18

often high in interventricular septum

Question 19

what is the most common defect in horses, ruminants, and maybe cats?

Answer 19

ventricular septal defect

Question 20

what dog breeds are predisposed to ventricular septal defect?

Answer 20

english bulldog
keeshond
maltese

Question 21

what can be found on auscultation/exam with ventricular septal defect?

Answer 21

harsh systolic murmur
loudest at right sternal border
maybe second murmur: pulmonic stenosis
arterial pulses often normal

Question 22

what is the surgical repair like with ventricular septal defect?

Answer 22

cardiopulmonary bypass required
patch over VSD
uncertain operative mortality

Question 23

what is an ostium secundum defect like?

Answer 23

location of septum secundum
middle (high) in atrial septum

Question 24

what dog breeds are predisposed to atrial septal defects?

Answer 24

samoyed
doberman
standard poodle
old english sheepdog

Question 25

who can have atrial septal defect?

Answer 25

dogs
cats
ruminants

Question 26

what can be heard on auscultation with an atrial septal defect?

Answer 26

fixed splitting second heart sound
relative tricuspid stenosis
relative pulmonic stenosis
no murmur