Pathophysiology of Congestive Heart Failure Flashcards
what is the pressure in the right atrium?
0-5 mmHg
what ways can the heart fail?
muscle
valves
electrical
pericardium
outside forces
what are the consequences of the heart failing?
reduced heart efficiency
elevated filling pressures
congestive heart failure
+/- forward heart failure
what is congestive heart failure?
fluid where it should not be as a result of impaired heart function
where can fluid from congestive heart failure be?
pulmonary edema
effusions: pleural, pericardial, abdominal
peripheral edema (horses and people)
how can the heart respond to stress?
increase rate (if it can)
increase vigor of contraction (if it can)
get larger
natriuretic peptides
how can the heart get larger?
wall thickness
chamber dilation
how does a failing heart activate the sympathetic nervous system?
reduced cardiac output leads to hypotension which activates baroreceptors
what is the frank-starling mechanism a relationship between?
stroke volume and ventricular filling pressure
what does increased preload lead to?
increased cardiac output
what is preload?
end diastolic wall stress
what is cellular cardiac remodeling driven by?
types of stress
what does pressure overload lead to?
wall thickening: concentric hypertrophy
what can cause concentric hypertrophy?
outflow obstruction
systemic hypertension
pulmonary hypertension
what can cause eccentric hypertrophy?
leaky valves
left-to-right shunts
