Biomarkers of Cardiac Disease

Question 1

how can we measure NT-proBNP?

Answer 1

snap test: cats
quantitative send out
quantitative bench top

Question 2

what is the active portion of BNP?

Answer 2

C-BNP

Question 3

what is valsartan?

Answer 3

angiotensin receptor blocker

Question 4

what is sacubitril?

Answer 4

neprilysin inhibitor

Question 5

what does neprilysin do?

Answer 5

cleaves natriuretic peptides: degrades C-BNP
breaks down angiotensin II, endothelin

Question 6

what is a biomarker an indicator of?

Answer 6

organ function or organ injury

Question 7

how can a biomarker be useful?

Answer 7

diagnostic/prognostic information
specific to organ of interest
proportional to degree of injury/disease
information adds to other testing
logistical ease

Question 8

what hormones are produced by myocardial tissue?

Answer 8

brain natriuretic peptide
atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 9

where is atrial natriuretic peptide stored?

Answer 9

atrial myocyte granules

Question 10

what do the natriuretic peptides do?

Answer 10

vasodilation
natriuresis
diuresis
aldosterone inhibition

Question 11

what makes up the troponin complex?

Answer 11

troponin-T
troponin-C
troponin-I

Question 12

what part of the troponin complex is specific to cardiomyocytes?

Answer 12

troponin-I

Question 13

where do troponins come from?

Answer 13

cardiac muscle injury/necrosis

Question 14

when should you measure troponins?

Answer 14

concern for myocardial injury
unexplained arrhythmia
pericardial effusion
concern for cardiotoxicity
screening for pre-clinical heart disease
prognostic?

Question 15

what is galectin-3 associated with?

Answer 15

fibrosis

Question 16

what are biomarkers indicators of?

Answer 16

organ function or organ injury

Question 17

how can a biomarker be useful?

Answer 17

diagnostic/prognostic information
specific to organ of interest
proportional to degree of injury/disease
information adds to other testing
logistical ease

Question 18

what alters production and release of natriuretic peptides?

Answer 18

myocardial stretch and strain

Question 19

what produces brain natriuretic peptide?

Answer 19

atria in health
ventricles in disease

Question 20

what is production of brain natriuretic peptide regulated by?

Answer 20

gene expression: minimal stored

Question 21

does atrial or brain natriuretic peptide have a conserved structure across species?

Answer 21

atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 22

what produces atrial natriuretic peptide?

Answer 22

atria primarily
some from ventricles in disease

Question 23

where is atrial natriuretic peptide stored?

Answer 23

atrial myocyte granules

Question 24

what do the natriuretic peptides do?

Answer 24

vasodilation
natriuresis
diuresis
aldosterone inhibition

Question 25

what are the steps to brain natriuretic peptide being synthesized and released?

Answer 25

pre-proBNP proBNP C-BNP and NT-proBNP

Question 26

what is C-BNP?

Answer 26

active portion short half-life

Question 27

what is the cutoff for a worrisome NT-proBNP in a dog?

Answer 27

1800 above 900 is abnormal

Question 28

what is the cutoff for a worrisome NT-proBNP in a cat?

Answer 28

270 above 100 is abnormal

Question 29

what are the effects of angiotensin receptor blocker (valsartan) and neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril)?

Answer 29

vasodilation, Na excretion block negative effects of Angiotensin II

Question 30

how is measuring natriuretic peptides useful?

Answer 30

differentiating CHF from other causes for clinical signs detection of pre-clinical cardiac disease prognostic information

Question 31

aree troponins conserved across species?

Answer 31

highly

Question 32

what does galectin-3 mediate?

Answer 32

myocardial remodeling caused by aldosterone

Question 33

in whom is galectin-3 elevated?

Answer 33

dogs with mitral valve disease cats with HCM