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Cardiovascular Pathophysiology > Biomarkers of Cardiac Disease > Flashcards

Biomarkers of Cardiac Disease Flashcards

1
Q

how can we measure NT-proBNP?

A

snap test: cats
quantitative send out
quantitative bench top

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2
Q

what is the active portion of BNP?

A

C-BNP

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3
Q

what is valsartan?

A

angiotensin receptor blocker

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4
Q

what is sacubitril?

A

neprilysin inhibitor

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5
Q

what does neprilysin do?

A

cleaves natriuretic peptides: degrades C-BNP
breaks down angiotensin II, endothelin

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6
Q

what is a biomarker an indicator of?

A

organ function or organ injury

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7
Q

how can a biomarker be useful?

A

diagnostic/prognostic information
specific to organ of interest
proportional to degree of injury/disease
information adds to other testing
logistical ease

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8
Q

what hormones are produced by myocardial tissue?

A

brain natriuretic peptide
atrial natriuretic peptide

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9
Q

where is atrial natriuretic peptide stored?

A

atrial myocyte granules

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10
Q

what do the natriuretic peptides do?

A

vasodilation
natriuresis
diuresis
aldosterone inhibition

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11
Q

what makes up the troponin complex?

A

troponin-T
troponin-C
troponin-I

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12
Q

what part of the troponin complex is specific to cardiomyocytes?

A

troponin-I

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13
Q

where do troponins come from?

A

cardiac muscle injury/necrosis

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14
Q

when should you measure troponins?

A

concern for myocardial injury
unexplained arrhythmia
pericardial effusion
concern for cardiotoxicity
screening for pre-clinical heart disease
prognostic?

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15
Q

what is galectin-3 associated with?

A

fibrosis

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16
Q

what are biomarkers indicators of?

A

organ function or organ injury

17
Q

how can a biomarker be useful?

A

diagnostic/prognostic information
specific to organ of interest
proportional to degree of injury/disease
information adds to other testing
logistical ease

18
Q

what alters production and release of natriuretic peptides?

A

myocardial stretch and strain

19
Q

what produces brain natriuretic peptide?

A

atria in health
ventricles in disease

20
Q

what is production of brain natriuretic peptide regulated by?

A

gene expression: minimal stored

21
Q

does atrial or brain natriuretic peptide have a conserved structure across species?

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

22
Q

what produces atrial natriuretic peptide?

A

atria primarily
some from ventricles in disease

23
Q

where is atrial natriuretic peptide stored?

A

atrial myocyte granules

24
Q

what do the natriuretic peptides do?

A

vasodilation
natriuresis
diuresis
aldosterone inhibition

25
Q

what are the steps to brain natriuretic peptide being synthesized and released?

A

pre-proBNP
proBNP
C-BNP and NT-proBNP

26
Q

what is C-BNP?

A

active portion
short half-life

27
Q

what is the cutoff for a worrisome NT-proBNP in a dog?

A

1800
above 900 is abnormal

28
Q

what is the cutoff for a worrisome NT-proBNP in a cat?

A

270
above 100 is abnormal

29
Q

what are the effects of angiotensin receptor blocker (valsartan) and neprilysin inhibitor (sacubitril)?

A

vasodilation, Na excretion
block negative effects of Angiotensin II

30
Q

how is measuring natriuretic peptides useful?

A

differentiating CHF from other causes for clinical signs
detection of pre-clinical cardiac disease
prognostic information

31
Q

aree troponins conserved across species?

A

highly

32
Q

what does galectin-3 mediate?

A

myocardial remodeling caused by aldosterone

33
Q

in whom is galectin-3 elevated?

A

dogs with mitral valve disease
cats with HCM

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology (35 decks)

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