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Cardiovascular Pathophysiology > Common Drugs > Flashcards

Common Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mechanism of action of furosemide?

A

inhibit Na/K/2Cl cotransporters in thick ascending limb of loop of henle

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2
Q

what can excessive dosage of furosemide lead to?

A

azotemia
weakness
dehydration
lethargy
electrolyte depletion
hypotension

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3
Q

what are some ACE inhibitors?

A

enalapril
lisinopril
benazepril

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4
Q

what are the indications for ACE inhibitors?

A

CHF
systemic hypertension
protein losing nephropathy

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5
Q

what is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?

A

inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme

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6
Q

what are some side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

hypotension
azotemia (concurrent diuretic)
renal failure (rare)
gastrointestinal side effects

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7
Q

do ACE inhibitors cause a cough?

A

no- only in humans

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8
Q

what are the indications for spironolactone?

A

treatment of CHF
pre-CHF maybe

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9
Q

what is the mechanism of action of spironolactone?

A

aldosterone antagonist

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10
Q

what are the side effects of spironolactone?

A

gastrointestinal upset
hyperkalemia
azotemia
literature says well tolerated

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11
Q

what are the indications for pimobendan?

A

CHF in dogs
advanced heart disease before CHF
sometimes CHF in cats

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12
Q

what is the mechanism of action of pimobendan?

A

calcium sensitizer
PDE3 inhibitor

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13
Q

why do we want to use pimobendan in CHF?

A

it has been shown to improve outcome

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14
Q

what are the side effects of pimobendan?

A

uncommon
excitability
GI upset
arrhythmia theoretically

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15
Q

what are the types of antiarrhythmic medications?

A

class I
class II
class III
class IV
digoxin

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16
Q

what is another name for the class I antiarrhythmics?

A

sodium channel blockers

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17
Q

what are some sodium channel blockers/class I antiarrhythmics?

A

procainamide
quinidine
lidocaine
mexiletine

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18
Q

what are lidocaine and procainamide used primarily for?

A

ventricular arrhythmias
given IV in emergency

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19
Q

what drug is used for atrial fibrillation conversion in horses?

A

quinidine

20
Q

what is the mechanism of action of sodium channel blockers/class I antiarrhythmics?

A

block fast sodium channels
found in cardiac myocytes, not nodal cells

21
Q

what are the side effects of of sodium channel blockers/class I antiarrhythmics?

A

gastrointestinal upset
neurological
quinidine in horses: tachycardia, sweating, hives, colic

22
Q

what is another name for the class II antiarrhythmics?

A

beta blockers

23
Q

what are some class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?

A

propanolol
atenolol
carvedilol
metoprolol
esmolol

24
Q

what are some indications for class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?

A

outflow tract obstruction
ventricular arrhythmia, sometimes supraventricular

25
Q

are class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers used in CHF?

A

not in animals
yes in humans

26
Q

what is the mechanism of action of class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?

A

block beta adrenergic receptors: block sympathetic stimulation

27
Q

which class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers are beta1 specific?

A

atenolol
metoprolol

28
Q

what are the side effects of class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?

A

bradycardia, AV block
hypotension
weakness, fatigue, dizziness
bronchospasm (beta2)
worsening CHF (negative inotrope)

29
Q

what is another name for the class III antiarrhythmics?

A

potassium channel blockers

30
Q

what are the drugs part of the class III antiarrhythmics/potassium channel blockers?

A

sotalol
amiodarone

31
Q

what is the mechanism of action of class III antiarrhythmics/potassium channel blockers?

A

block potassium channels
prolong the action potential

32
Q

what are some side effects of sotalol?

A

negative inotrope: could precipitate CHF
hypotension

33
Q

what are some side effects of amiodarone?

A

hepatotoxicity
thyroid abnormalities
very long half life

34
Q

what is another name for class IV antiarrhythmics?

A

calcium channel blockers

35
Q

what are some class IV antiarrhythmics/calcium channel blockers?

A

diltiazem
amlodipine

36
Q

what is the indication of diltiazem?

A

supraventricular arrhythmia

37
Q

what is the mechanism of action of diltiazem?

A

calcium channel block slows SA and AV node conduction: slows heart rate

38
Q

what is the mechanism of action of amlodipine?

A

selective for vascular calcium channels: vasodilation

39
Q

what are the indications for digoxin?

A

supraventricular arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, SVT)
refractory CHF
vasovagal syncope

40
Q

what is the mechanism of action of digoxin?

A

vagomimetic
Na/K ATPase inhibitor
restores baroreceptor function

41
Q

what are the side effects of digoxin?

A

narrow therapeutic window
gastrointestinal upset
any arrhythmia
depression, neurologic

42
Q

what is the mechanism of action of sildenafil?

A

phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor

43
Q

what is the end result of sildenafil?

A

pulmonary arterial vasodilation

44
Q

what is an indication for amlodipine?

A

systemic hypertension

45
Q

what does it mean that digoxin is a Na/K ATPase inhibitor?

A

increase in intracellular Na leads to Na/Ca exchanger which leads to more Ca into cell
enhanced myocardial contractility

46
Q

what are the side effects of sildenafil?

A

weakness
hypotension
+/- skin flushing and GI upset

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology (35 decks)

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