Common Drugs Flashcards
what is the mechanism of action of furosemide?
inhibit Na/K/2Cl cotransporters in thick ascending limb of loop of henle
what can excessive dosage of furosemide lead to?
azotemia
weakness
dehydration
lethargy
electrolyte depletion
hypotension
what are some ACE inhibitors?
enalapril
lisinopril
benazepril
what are the indications for ACE inhibitors?
CHF
systemic hypertension
protein losing nephropathy
what is the mechanism of action of ACE inhibitors?
inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme
what are some side effects of ACE inhibitors?
hypotension
azotemia (concurrent diuretic)
renal failure (rare)
gastrointestinal side effects
do ACE inhibitors cause a cough?
no- only in humans
what are the indications for spironolactone?
treatment of CHF
pre-CHF maybe
what is the mechanism of action of spironolactone?
aldosterone antagonist
what are the side effects of spironolactone?
gastrointestinal upset
hyperkalemia
azotemia
literature says well tolerated
what are the indications for pimobendan?
CHF in dogs
advanced heart disease before CHF
sometimes CHF in cats
what is the mechanism of action of pimobendan?
calcium sensitizer
PDE3 inhibitor
why do we want to use pimobendan in CHF?
it has been shown to improve outcome
what are the side effects of pimobendan?
uncommon
excitability
GI upset
arrhythmia theoretically
what are the types of antiarrhythmic medications?
class I
class II
class III
class IV
digoxin
what is another name for the class I antiarrhythmics?
sodium channel blockers
what are some sodium channel blockers/class I antiarrhythmics?
procainamide
quinidine
lidocaine
mexiletine
what are lidocaine and procainamide used primarily for?
ventricular arrhythmias
given IV in emergency
what drug is used for atrial fibrillation conversion in horses?
quinidine
what is the mechanism of action of sodium channel blockers/class I antiarrhythmics?
block fast sodium channels
found in cardiac myocytes, not nodal cells
what are the side effects of of sodium channel blockers/class I antiarrhythmics?
gastrointestinal upset
neurological
quinidine in horses: tachycardia, sweating, hives, colic
what is another name for the class II antiarrhythmics?
beta blockers
what are some class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?
propanolol
atenolol
carvedilol
metoprolol
esmolol
what are some indications for class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?
outflow tract obstruction
ventricular arrhythmia, sometimes supraventricular
are class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers used in CHF?
not in animals
yes in humans
what is the mechanism of action of class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?
block beta adrenergic receptors: block sympathetic stimulation
which class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers are beta1 specific?
atenolol
metoprolol
what are the side effects of class II antiarrhythmics/beta blockers?
bradycardia, AV block
hypotension
weakness, fatigue, dizziness
bronchospasm (beta2)
worsening CHF (negative inotrope)
what is another name for the class III antiarrhythmics?
potassium channel blockers
what are the drugs part of the class III antiarrhythmics/potassium channel blockers?
sotalol
amiodarone
what is the mechanism of action of class III antiarrhythmics/potassium channel blockers?
block potassium channels
prolong the action potential
what are some side effects of sotalol?
negative inotrope: could precipitate CHF
hypotension
what are some side effects of amiodarone?
hepatotoxicity
thyroid abnormalities
very long half life
what is another name for class IV antiarrhythmics?
calcium channel blockers
what are some class IV antiarrhythmics/calcium channel blockers?
diltiazem
amlodipine
what is the indication of diltiazem?
supraventricular arrhythmia
what is the mechanism of action of diltiazem?
calcium channel block slows SA and AV node conduction: slows heart rate
what is the mechanism of action of amlodipine?
selective for vascular calcium channels: vasodilation
what are the indications for digoxin?
supraventricular arrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, SVT)
refractory CHF
vasovagal syncope
what is the mechanism of action of digoxin?
vagomimetic
Na/K ATPase inhibitor
restores baroreceptor function
what are the side effects of digoxin?
narrow therapeutic window
gastrointestinal upset
any arrhythmia
depression, neurologic
what is the mechanism of action of sildenafil?
phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor
what is the end result of sildenafil?
pulmonary arterial vasodilation
what is an indication for amlodipine?
systemic hypertension
what does it mean that digoxin is a Na/K ATPase inhibitor?
increase in intracellular Na leads to Na/Ca exchanger which leads to more Ca into cell
enhanced myocardial contractility
what are the side effects of sildenafil?
weakness
hypotension
+/- skin flushing and GI upset
