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Cardiovascular Pathophysiology > ECG Part I > Flashcards

ECG Part I Flashcards

1
Q

what is phase 0 of the cardiac action potential?

A

upstroke

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2
Q

what is phase 1 of the cardiac action potential?

A

early fast repolarization

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3
Q

what is phase 2 of the cardiac action potential?

A

the plateau

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4
Q

what are the outward potassium currents for repolarization?

A

Ito1
ikr
iks

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5
Q

what normally controls the heart rate?

A

sinus node

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6
Q

what is automaticity a property of?

A

spontaneous depolarization

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7
Q

altered slope to phase 4 changes ___________________

A

heart rate

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8
Q

which myocardial tissues have automaticity?

A

sinoatrial node
internodal pathways
atrioventricular junctional tissue
purkinje fibers in the ventricle

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9
Q

what are some cardiac structures that do not possess excitability?

A

pericardium
cardiac valves

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10
Q

what is the absolute refractory period?

A

no stimulus can cause depolarization of the cell

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11
Q

what species have type A ventricular activation?

A

dog
cat
man

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12
Q

what leads to rapid ventricular activation in type B species?

A

extensive purkinje fiber network

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13
Q

what is escape depolarization?

A

comes after a pause

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14
Q

what is ectopic?

A

impulse originates from focus other than SA node

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15
Q

what is a conduction block?

A

a pathologic delay or interruption of conduction

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16
Q

what is atrioventricular dissociation?

A

independent depolarization of the atrial and ventricles

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17
Q

what is paroxysmal tachycardia?

A

sudden onset and abrupt end
“burst” of tachycardia

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18
Q

what is fibrillation?

A

totally chaotic activation of atria or ventricles

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19
Q

what can you measure on a dog and cat electrocardiogram?

A

P wave height
P wave duration
PR interval
R wave height
QRS duration
QT interval

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20
Q

what is the ECG “standard calibration”?

A

1 cm/mV

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21
Q

at 25mm/sec, how long does one little box represent?

A

0.04 sec

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22
Q

what are the normal heart rate values for dogs?

A

60-160 beats/min for adults
up to 180 beats/min for toy breeds
up to 220 beats/min for puppies

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23
Q

what is normal P wave duration for dogs in lead II?

A

<= 0.04 sec

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24
Q

what is normal P wave height for dogs in lead II?

A

<= 0.4 mV

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25
Q

what is the range of normal cat heart rate (in the hospital)?

A

160-240 beats/min

26
Q

what are the normal cat rhythms on an ECG?

A

normal sinus rhythm
sinus tachycardia

27
Q

what is the normal P-R interval in a cat on an ECG?

A

0.05 to 0.09 seconds

28
Q

what is a hummingbird heart rate while perching?

A

500 bpm

29
Q

what is method 1 to obtain heart rate using an ECG?

A

50 mm/sec or 25 mm/sec
count number of QRS in 3 seconds
multiply by 20

30
Q

the first negative wave is a ______ wave

A

Q

31
Q

which wave is always positive?

A

R wave

32
Q

what are the limb leads?

A

I
II
III
aVF
aVR

33
Q

in whom do we use the base-apex lead system?

A

horses and ruminants

34
Q

how many leads in chest leads may be used?

A

4-6

35
Q

why are base-apex leads used in horses and ruminants?

A

extensive purkinje sustem
burst activation of ventricle
cannot use ECG to identify cardiac enlargement

36
Q

what is ECG used mostly for in horses and ruminants?

A

rate and heart rhythm

37
Q

does cardiac hyperplasia occur in the adult?

A

no

38
Q

what can cause cellular hypertrophy?

A

physiologic: exercise, anemia
pathologic: systemic hypertension, mitral valve reegurgitation

39
Q

what is hypertrophy triggered by?

A

load on myocytes
autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine factors

40
Q

what are some inadequate responses with cardiac hypertrophy?

A

cell overload
myocyte failure/death
CHF

41
Q

what is a concentric hypertrophy pattern caused by?

A

pressure overload: systemic hypertension, aortic stenosis

42
Q

what can cardiac hypertrophy be stimulated by?

A

increasing wall stress
catecholamines
angiotensin II
aldosterone
hypoxia or ischemia
cytokines, or other signaling factors

43
Q

does cardiac hypertrophy trigger ECG changes?

A

it can

44
Q

what is phase 3 of the cardiac action potential?

A

repolarization to diastolic potential

45
Q

what is phase 4 of the cardiac action potential?

A

resting membrane potential

46
Q

does atropine speed or slow the heart rate?

A

speeds

47
Q

what does altered slope to phase 4 do?

A

changes heart rate

48
Q

what is the supernormal period?

A

less than normal stimulus might cause depolarization

49
Q

there are ________ of the 1mm boxes in 1 second at 50mm/sec

A

50

50
Q

what is a normal P-R interval for a dog?

A

0.06-0.13sec

51
Q

what is a normal QRS duration for most dogs?

A

<=0.05 seconds
0.06 seconds giant breeds

52
Q

what is a normal R wave height for dogs?

A

<=2.5 mV
<3.0 mV giant breeds

53
Q

what is a normal P-R interval for a cat?

A

0.05-0.09 seconds

54
Q

what is a normal QRS duration for a cat?

A

<=0.04 seconds

55
Q

what is a normal R wave height for a cat?

A

<=0.9 to 1.0 mV

56
Q

what is the second method to obtain heart rate?

A

count number of boxes between R waves, divide into 3000 for 50mm/sec or 1500 for 25mm/sec

57
Q

what is an advantage of chest leads?

A

search for P waves when not evident in frontal plane leads

58
Q

does cardiac hyperplasia occur in the adult?

A

no

59
Q

when is cardiac hypertrophy an adequate response?

A

compensated hypertrophy

60
Q

what causes eccentric hypertrophy?

A

volume overload: mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal defect, anemia

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology (35 decks)

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