Cardiovascular Pressure and Volume Assessment

Question 1

what is the equation for mean arterial pressure?

Answer 1

1/3(systolic-diastolic) + diastolic

Question 2

what are the major mechanisms that can lead to low cardiac output?

Answer 2

inadequate circulating blood volume
poor cardiac pump function
inadequate vascular tone

Question 3

what are the systolic and diastolic pressures in a dog’s aorta?

Answer 3

systolic: 120-160 mmHg
diastolic: 80-120 mmHg

Question 4

what is the mean pressure in a dog’s left atrium?

Answer 4

4-12 mmHg

Question 5

what is normal central venous pressure?

Answer 5

0-5 mmHg
0-7cm of H2O

Question 6

what is oliguria?

Answer 6

<0.5-1 ml/kg/hr

Question 7

what makes up most of the colloid osmotic pressure?

Answer 7

albumin

Question 8

what is pulmonary capillary wedge pressure a reflection of?

Answer 8

left atrial pressure

Question 9

what can you measure with the swan-ganz pulmonary artery catheter?

Answer 9

right atrial pressure
pulmonary artery pressure
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure
cardiac output
blood temperature

Question 10

what is arterial oxygen content?

Answer 10

how much oxygen is carried in some volume of blood

Question 11

what is the equation for pulse pressure?

Answer 11

systolic - diastolic
usually 40 mmHg

Question 12

what is the blood volume of a dog and cat?

Answer 12

dog: 70-90 ml/kg
cat: 45-65 ml/kg

Question 13

what percentage of body weight is blood volume?

Answer 13

6-8%

Question 14

what can cause inadequate vascular tone (which causes low cardiac output)?

Answer 14

sepsis
anesthesia
drugs

Question 15

what is the resting cardiac output in a dog?

Answer 15

122-208 ml/kg/min

Question 16

what is the resting cardiac output in a cat?

Answer 16

120 ml/kg/min

Question 17

what is the resting cardiac output in a horse?

Answer 17

75-210 ml/kg/min

Question 18

how can you measure cardiac output?

Answer 18

thermodilution
fick equation
lithium (indicator dilution method)
doppler (echo)
CT or MRI

Question 19

what is the systolic and diastolic pressure in the right ventricle?

Answer 19

systolic: 20-28 mmHg
diastolic: 0-5 mmHg

Question 20

what is the systolic and diastolic pressure in the pulmonary artery?

Answer 20

systolic: 20-28 mmHg
diastolic: 8-15 mmHg

Question 21

what does a central venous pressure of 8-10 cm H2O indicate?

Answer 21

reduced right ventricle compliance or fluid overload

Question 22

what should BUN and creatinine be considered with when paying attention to it to assess fluid balance?

Answer 22

urine output

Question 23

how many insensible fluid losses are there?

Answer 23

4.5 ml/kg/day

Question 24

is pulmonary edema likely with hypoalbuminemia?

Answer 24

no

Question 25

at what level is edema likely with hypoalbuminemia?

Answer 25

albumin <1.6 gm/dl

Question 26

what is normal pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in a dog or cat?

Answer 26

<12 mmHg
3-9 mmHg

Question 27

what level of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure is consistent with left sided CHF?

Answer 27

> 15-18 mmHg
pulmonary edema usually >25 mmHg

Question 28

what is typical canine arterial oxygen content?

Answer 28

17-21 ml O2/dL

Question 29

what is oxygen delivery?

Answer 29

the amount of oxygen carried by the bloodstream to the tissues each minute