Introduction

Question 1

what is the blood pressure in the right atrium?

Answer 1

5/0 mmHg

Question 2

what is the blood pressure in the right ventricle?

Answer 2

25/0 mmHg

Question 3

what is the blood pressure in the left atrium?

Answer 3

10/5 mmHg

Question 4

what is the blood pressure in the left ventricle?

Answer 4

120/5 mmHg

Question 5

what is the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery?

Answer 5

25/10 mmHg

Question 6

what is the blood pressure in the aortic arch?

Answer 6

120/80 mmHg

Question 7

what is cardiac output?

Answer 7

volume of blood pumped over some unit of time

Question 8

what units are usually assigned to cardiac output?

Answer 8

liters/minute

Question 9

what is the cardiac output formula?

Answer 9

cardiac output=heart rate x stroke volume
CO=HRxSV

Question 10

what is inotropy?

Answer 10

contractile state of the heart

Question 11

what is chronotropy?

Answer 11

speed of the heart

Question 12

what is dromotropy?

Answer 12

speed of conduction of an electrical impulse, especially through the AV node

Question 13

what is lusitropy?

Answer 13

property relating to the speed of myocardial relaxation

Question 14

what does higher sympathetic tone lead to?

Answer 14

faster heart rate
positive inotropy
positive chronotropy
increased vascular tone

Question 15

what does higher parasympathetic tone lead to?

Answer 15

slower heart rate
negative chronotrope
negative dromotrope

Question 16

what is the equation for resistance?

Answer 16

[mean] driving pressure/flow rate

Question 17

what is the equation for total peripheral resistance?

Answer 17

(mean aortic pressure - right atrial pressure)/cardiac output
TPR=(MAP-RAP)/CO

Question 18

what is the equation for ejection fraction?

Answer 18

EF=(end diastolic volume - end systolic volume)/end diastolic volume
EF=(EDV-ESV)/EDV

Question 19

what can ventricular systole be subdivided into?

Answer 19

electrical systole
mechanical systole

Question 20

what can ventricular diastole be subdivided into?

Answer 20

electrical diastole
mechanical diastole

Question 21

what is the law of laplace important for?

Answer 21

ventricular wall stress
trigger for hypertrophy

Question 22

what is afterload?

Answer 22

sum total of forces that must be overcome to eject blood

Question 23

central mechanisms maintain central pressure by controlling ___________________________ and ____________________________

Answer 23

total peripheral resistance (TPR)
cardiac output (CO)

Question 24

what does poiseuille’s equation determine?

Answer 24

resistance

Question 25

what is resistance primarily altered by?

Answer 25

arterial vascular radius
arterial vasoconstriction

Question 26

what is compliance?

Answer 26

volume of blood a vessel can hold at a given pressure

Question 27

what controls cardiac output?

Answer 27

compliance and vascular volume

Question 28

what is the equation for the law of laplace?

Answer 28

sigma (wall stress) = pressure x radius of chamber/2 x thickness of wall

Question 29

what is sometimes considered a surrogate to afterload?

Answer 29

blood pressure

Question 30

how do central mechanisms maintain central pressure?

Answer 30

controlling total peripheral resistance and cardiac output

Question 31

what is compliance?

Answer 31

volume a blood vessel can hold at a given time

Question 32

what does constriction of compliance vessels do?

Answer 32

decreases compliance of entire circulation
venous pressure increases

Question 33

what controls cardiac ouput?

Answer 33

compliance and vascular volume

Question 34

____________ determines flow distribution
____________ determines volume distribution

Answer 34

resistance
compliance