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Cardiovascular Pathophysiology > Large Animal Cardiology > Flashcards

Large Animal Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the range of normal heart rate in a horse?

A

23-48 bpm

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2
Q

what murmurs are common in horses?

A

soft (<=II/VI) systolic flow murmurs

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3
Q

how many heart sounds should you hear in horses?

A

two
three
four
all normal: not pathologic

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4
Q

how are cardiac murmurs described?

A

timing
intensity
point of maximum intensity
quality/pitch

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5
Q

what are some causes of diastolic murmurs?

A

aortic insufficiency: common
pulmonic insufficiency

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6
Q

what is accurately obtained with electrocardiography in large animals?

A

rate and rhythm only

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7
Q

what are the indications for an echocardiogram?

A

pre-purchase exam
evaluation of murmurs or arrhythmia
unexplained poor performance

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8
Q

in whom are radiographs most useful?

A

foals: both lateral and DV views can be taken

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9
Q

when is second degree AV block more concerning?

A

high grade or not responsive to exercise or anticholinergics

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10
Q

what is the most common cardiac rhythm disorder in the horse?

A

atrial fibrillation

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11
Q

what are the predisposing factors for atrial fibrillation?

A

concurrent high vagal tone and high sympathetic tone (cooling down post-race)
atrial enlargement
atrial stretch

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12
Q

which horses should you treat atrial fibrillation in?

A

performance horses with recent onset atrial fibrillation
no underlying cardiac disease

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13
Q

what can you use to treat ventricular tachycardia?

A

lidocaine
propanolol
sotalol or amiodarone
magnesium sulfate

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14
Q

what valve regurgitation is common in middle-aged or older horses?

A

mitral and aortic regurgitation

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15
Q

what is the range of normal heart rate for a horse?

A

23-48

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16
Q

where is the mitral valve on a horse?

A

level of elbow

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17
Q

where is the aortic valve on a horse?

A

craniodorsal of mitral

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18
Q

what are some causes of systolic ejection murmurs?

A

innocent
fever
anemia
VSD or ASD
aortic stenosis (rare)
pulmonic stenosis (rare)

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19
Q

what does it mean for something to be a category B activation pattern?

A

depolarization of ventricles in single burst
more diffuse penetration of purkinje fibers

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20
Q

when might you see a globoid heart in a horse?

A

pericardial effusion
pericarditis

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21
Q

when is cardiac troponin-I documented to be elevated in horses?

A

myocardial necrosis
ruptured aortic jet lesion
piroplasmosis
endurance exercise
sepsis

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22
Q

is ventricular tachycardia common in horses?

A

no

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23
Q

who is third degree AV block common in?

A

jerusalem donkeys
young animals: congenital

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24
Q

when is paroxysmal atrial fibrillation seen?

A

racehorses up to 24 hours post race

25
Q

is atrial fibrillation usually seen with other cardiac pathology?

A

not in large horses
more in ponies

26
Q

what can be the heart rate with ventricular arrhythmias?

A

can exceed 100

27
Q

what are some lidocaine side effects in horses?

A

neurologic side-effects: seizures, ataxia, CNS depression (also cats)
increased defibrillation threshold
suppression of escape rhythms

28
Q

what can be found of physical exam with aortic regurgitation?

A

variable intensity, cooing, descrendo holodiastolic murmur
hyperdynamic pulses

29
Q

what happens with aortic insufficiency with age?

A

acquired lesions increase with age

30
Q

is intensity of the murmur a good guide to the severity of aortic insufficiency?

A

no
arterial pulse quality better indicator

31
Q

what are some clinical signs of endocarditis?

A

new murmur
intermittent or persistent fever
tachycardia
tachypnea

32
Q

how can you diagnose endocarditis?

A

clinical signs
elevated WBC, fibrinogen, globulins, +/- troponin I
anemia of chronic disease
positive blood culture
echocardiography

33
Q

what is the prognosis of endocarditis?

A

poor to guarded for performance and long-term survival

34
Q

what is there often a history of with pericardial disease?

A

respiratory disease

35
Q

what are the etiologies of pericarditis?

A

idiopathic
infectious
neoplasia
aseptic

36
Q

what are some infectious causes of pericarditis?

A

bacterial
viral
eastern tent caterpillar (mare reproductive loss syndrome)

37
Q

what is the prognosis of pericarditis?

A

good if infectious and known pathogen

38
Q

how common is primary cardiomyopathy in large animals?

A

rare

39
Q

who is predisposed to ruptured sinus of valsalva?

A

breeding stallions

40
Q

who is predisposed to aorto-pulmonary fistula?

A

friesians

41
Q

who are congenital defects more common in?

A

arabs
standardbreds
welsh mountain ponies
some breeds of cattle

42
Q

what is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

ventricular septal defect

43
Q

where are ventricular septal defects usually located?

A

membranous portion of interventricular septum just beneath aortic valve

44
Q

where is the pulmonic PMI in a horse?

A

cranial, slightly lower than aortic

45
Q

how is the point of maximal intensity described?

A

left vs right
base vs apex

46
Q

what are some regurgitant causes of systolic murmurs?

A

mitral regurgitation
tricuspid regurgitation

47
Q

how do you place the base apex lead?

A

right leads right jugular furrow
left leads left apex

48
Q

what can you look for with radiographs for heart failure?

A

pleural effusion
pulmonary edema

49
Q

are isolated premature beats in horses treated?

A

no

50
Q

what type of atrial fibrillation is most common in horses?

A

persistent

51
Q

what does atrial fibrillation require to start and maintain it?

A

trigger to start
substrate to maintain

52
Q

should all horses with atrial fibrillation be treated?

A

not necessary in those that do not have to be high level athletes
do not convert those with primary cardiac disease

53
Q

how is quinidine sulfate given?

A

through NG tube

54
Q

what does quinidine sulfate do?

A

negative inotrope
positive chronotrope
hypotensive

55
Q

what is ventricular tachycardia associated with in horses?

A

severe electrolyte disorders
drug reactions
hypoxia
myocarditis
underlying heart disease
myocardial infarction
toxicity

56
Q

what signs are associated with severely affected animals with acquired valvular disease?

A

reduced athletic performance
exercise intolerance
respiratory distress
syncope or collapse

57
Q

what can the pericarditis be?

A

effusive
fibrinous
constrictive

58
Q

what are the secondary causes of cardiomyopathy?

A

myocarditis
ionophore toxicity
vitamin E/selenium or copper deficiency
cantharidin toxicity
neoplasia: lymphoma

59
Q

what murmurs are normal in foals?

A

less than 3 days old: continuous murmurs
2 months: soft systolic murmurs

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology (35 decks)

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