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Cardiovascular Pathophysiology > ECG Part II > Flashcards

ECG Part II Flashcards

1
Q

what are the general concepts for ECG hypertrophy patterns?

A

takes longer to traverse enlarged cardiac structure: resulting deflection wider
more mass due to hypertrophy, then resulting deflection will be taller/larger
direction of deflection varies based on which chamber is enlarged

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2
Q

what is P pulmonale?

A

P wave is too tall

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3
Q

what can cause P pulmonale?

A

right atrial enlargement
respiratory disease

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4
Q

what is P mitrale?

A

P wave is longer/wider than 0.04 sec (dog or cat)

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5
Q

what causes P mitrale?

A

left atrial enlargement

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6
Q

why does left atrial enlargement cause a wider P wave?

A

takes longer for impulse to traverse the enlarged left atrium

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7
Q

what does biatrial enlargement look like on an ECG?

A

P wave >0.04 sec and >0.4 mV

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8
Q

what is the mean electrical axis useful for?

A

to determine the general direction of electrical forces

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9
Q

what is the mean electrical axis calculated from?

A

frontal plane leads

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10
Q

what are the three ways to calculate the mean electrical axis?

A

tallest R wave
plot algebraic sum of QRS in leads I and III
find isoelectric lead, select perpendicular lead, direction of main force is the mean electrical axis in frontal plane

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11
Q

with left ventricular enlargement, which leads have tall R waves?

A

II
III
aVF
V2

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12
Q

what might you see with left ventricular enlargement on an ECG?

A

tall R waves
prolonged QRS duration
left axis shift
tall R wave V3 or V6

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13
Q

what should you look for when looking for a right ventricular enlargement pattern?

A

deep S wave in lead II
S waves in I, II, III, aVF
deep S waves in V3 or V6
right axis shift
positive T wave V10
prolonged QRS duration

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14
Q

what does left bundle branch block look like on ECG?

A

looks like left ventricular enlargement pattern
QRS too wide: >0.08sec in dogs, >0.06sec in cats

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15
Q

what is left bundle branch block almost always associated with?

A

significant left heart disease

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16
Q

what is the J point?

A

inflection point on ECG where thee QRS complex ends and the ST segment starts

17
Q

what does right bundle branch block look like?

A

right ventricular enlargement pattern

18
Q

how can you distinguish between right ventricular enlargement and right bundle branch block on an ECG?

A

QRS too wide with right bundle branch block

19
Q

what can right bundle branch block be confused with?

A

right ventricular hypertrophy

20
Q

what is the significance of right bundle branch block?

A

can be normal
can be intermittent
can be associated with disease of right ventricle

21
Q

what is the QRS duration like in left anterior fascicular block?

A

often fairly normal

22
Q

what is abnormal in left anterior fascicular block on the ECG?

A

mean electrical axis shifted to the left
deep S waves in II, III, aVF
small Q and bigger R in lead I

23
Q

what is left anterior fascicular block on an ECG associated with?

A

various forms of heart disease in cats
especially hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

24
Q

what does biatrial enlargement look like?

A

P wave >0.04 sec and >0.4 mV

25
Q

which leads are used to calculate the mean electrical axis?

A

frontal plane leads: I, II, III, aVL, aVR, aVF

26
Q

what is the normal mean electrical axis for a dog?

A

between 40 and 105: leads II and aVF

27
Q

what is the normal mean electrical axis for a cat?

A

between 0 and 160: leads I (0), II, aVF, and III

28
Q

which leads are associated with a left axis shift in dogs?

A

I and aVL

29
Q

which leads are associated with a right axis shift in dogs?

A

III and aVR

30
Q

is the mean electrical axis shifted with left anterior fascicular block?

A

yes: left

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology (35 decks)

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