Pathology of the Heart Part 1 Flashcards
what fluids can cause distension of the pericardium?
serous effusion
fibrin
inflammatory cells
blood (clots present)
what can cause thickening of the pericardium?
fibrosis/granulation tissue
fibrin
inflammatory cells
proliferative changes
what can cause hydropericardium?
cachexia
hypoalbuminemia
congestive heart failure
congestive heart failure
neoplasm
systemic diseases
what are some causes of hemopericardium?
aortic rupture
atrial rupture
rupture of pulmonary artery
hemangiosarcoma
what is cardiac tamponade?
acute filling of pericardial sac
what is fibrinous pericarditis?
pericardial distension by fibrin and inflammatory cells
what do the mesothelial cells in mesothelial hyperplasia look like?
cuboidal or columnar, no longer squamous
what can cause serous atrophy of fat?
inadequate nutritional supply
secondary to starvation or inanition
what are “jet lesions” on the endocardium?
fibrosis: firm, grey, tan, or white linear to branching roughened, mildly raised lesions
when does mineralization of the endocardium occur in conjunction with?
necrosis
fibrosis
erosion
what does the surface of the endocardium look like with erosion?
rough and red
what is valvular dysplasia?
malformed valves
what valves are most commonly affected by valvular dysplasia?
av valves
what are the valves like in myomatous valvular degeneration?
shortened and thickened
what valves are affected by valvular stenosis?
aortic and pulmonic valves
what happens in valvular stenosis?
narrowing of valve opening: fibrous ring
what is endocarditis?
inflammation of the endocardium
what valves are most and least affected by endocarditis?
left AV > aortic > right AV > pulmonic
what does microscopy show with vegetative valvular endocarditis?
mats of fibrin, blood, inflammatory cells, and colonies of bacteria
what are some incidental valvular lesions found in ruminants that do not cause any functional abnormalities?
hematocyst
lymphocyst/serous cyst
what are the two anatomic forms of hypertrophy?
eccentric
concentric
what are the types of primary cardiomyopathies?
hypertrophic
dilated
restrictive
what is eccentric compensatory hypertrophy a response to?
preload
volume overload
what is concentric compensatory hypertrophy a response to?
afterload
what happens to the myofibers with increased preload?
lengthen due to sarcomere addition in series: large volume chamber
what happens to the myofibers with increased afterload?
thicken due to sarcomere addition in parallel
thick walls
can myocyte regeneration occur with cardiomyocyte degeneration?
yes, if sarcolemmal tubes are intact
what is fatty degeneration associated with?
anemia
copper deficiency
other systemic disorders
what is necrosis and mineralization associated with?
nutritional deficiencies
ingestions of chemical and plant toxins
ischemia
what does nutritional myopathy look like in the heart?
right ventricle > left ventricle
does fatty infiltration have gross lesions?
no
possible slightly tan myocardium
what does pericardial thickening by neoplasia look like grossly?
white to tan irregularly round nodules protrude from epicardial surface
parietal surface looks roughened
does serous atrophy of fat impact the function of the heart?
little effect
where does serous atrophy of fat occur?
epicardial surface and coronary groove
what can cause jet lesions/fibrosis on the endocardium?
restrictive cardiomyopathy
what can cause mineralization of the endocardium?
vitamin D toxicity
plants containing vitamin D analogs
Johne’s disease
uremia
what can cause erosion of the endocardium?
endocarditis
uremia
what can erosion of the endocardium occur in conjunction with?
necrosis
fibrosis
mineralization
what can be the appearance of valvular dysplasia?
small, short, thick
fused to endocardium
short, poorly branched chordae tendinae
what is the gross appearance of myxomatous valvular degeneration?
valves shortened and thickened
white to grey nodules
smooth and shiny surface
thickened chordae tendinae
what can cause myxomatous valvular degeneration?
valvular insufficiency
regurgitation
cardiac failure
what is valvular stenosis associated with?
concentric hypertrophy of left or right ventricle
are bacteria or fungi more likely to cause endocarditis?
bacteria
which valve is most affected by endocarditis in bovines?
right AV
what are the three stages of myocyte response to stress/injury?
initiation
stable hyperfunction
dysfunction
what are some other ways myocytes manifest injury other than hypertrophy?
cardiomyocyte necrosis/degeneration
fibrosis
fat accumulation
hydropic degeneration
what are the three primary cardiomyopathies?
hypertrophic
dilated
restrictive
what can infiltrate the myocardium?
fibrosis
adipocytes
amyloid
what is right ventricle hypertrophy associated with?
heartworm disease
pulmonic stenosis
pulmonary hypertension
what is left ventricle hypertrophy associated with?
subaortic stenosis
hyperthyroidism
systemic hypertension
what is hydropic degeneration a feature of in veterinary medicine?
anthracycline toxicity
is lipofuscinosis a pathologic change?
no
which nutritional deficiencies is necrosis and mineralization associated with?
vitamin E/selenium
copper
thiamine
which ventricle is impacted more by nutritional myopathy?
right ventricle
in whom is fatty infiltration expected?
obese animals
what is myocardial fibrosis common in?
most heart diseases
what does myocardial fibrosis look like grossly?
no gross lesions or white-grey, firm areas
