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Cardiovascular Pathophysiology > Pathology of the Heart Part 1 > Flashcards

Pathology of the Heart Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what fluids can cause distension of the pericardium?

A

serous effusion
fibrin
inflammatory cells
blood (clots present)

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2
Q

what can cause thickening of the pericardium?

A

fibrosis/granulation tissue
fibrin
inflammatory cells
proliferative changes

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3
Q

what can cause hydropericardium?

A

cachexia
hypoalbuminemia
congestive heart failure
congestive heart failure
neoplasm
systemic diseases

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4
Q

what are some causes of hemopericardium?

A

aortic rupture
atrial rupture
rupture of pulmonary artery
hemangiosarcoma

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5
Q

what is cardiac tamponade?

A

acute filling of pericardial sac

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6
Q

what is fibrinous pericarditis?

A

pericardial distension by fibrin and inflammatory cells

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7
Q

what do the mesothelial cells in mesothelial hyperplasia look like?

A

cuboidal or columnar, no longer squamous

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8
Q

what can cause serous atrophy of fat?

A

inadequate nutritional supply
secondary to starvation or inanition

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9
Q

what are “jet lesions” on the endocardium?

A

fibrosis: firm, grey, tan, or white linear to branching roughened, mildly raised lesions

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10
Q

when does mineralization of the endocardium occur in conjunction with?

A

necrosis
fibrosis
erosion

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11
Q

what does the surface of the endocardium look like with erosion?

A

rough and red

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12
Q

what is valvular dysplasia?

A

malformed valves

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13
Q

what valves are most commonly affected by valvular dysplasia?

A

av valves

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14
Q

what are the valves like in myomatous valvular degeneration?

A

shortened and thickened

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15
Q

what valves are affected by valvular stenosis?

A

aortic and pulmonic valves

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16
Q

what happens in valvular stenosis?

A

narrowing of valve opening: fibrous ring

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17
Q

what is endocarditis?

A

inflammation of the endocardium

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18
Q

what valves are most and least affected by endocarditis?

A

left AV > aortic > right AV > pulmonic

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19
Q

what does microscopy show with vegetative valvular endocarditis?

A

mats of fibrin, blood, inflammatory cells, and colonies of bacteria

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20
Q

what are some incidental valvular lesions found in ruminants that do not cause any functional abnormalities?

A

hematocyst
lymphocyst/serous cyst

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21
Q

what are the two anatomic forms of hypertrophy?

A

eccentric
concentric

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22
Q

what are the types of primary cardiomyopathies?

A

hypertrophic
dilated
restrictive

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23
Q

what is eccentric compensatory hypertrophy a response to?

A

preload
volume overload

24
Q

what is concentric compensatory hypertrophy a response to?

A

afterload

25
Q

what happens to the myofibers with increased preload?

A

lengthen due to sarcomere addition in series: large volume chamber

26
Q

what happens to the myofibers with increased afterload?

A

thicken due to sarcomere addition in parallel
thick walls

27
Q

can myocyte regeneration occur with cardiomyocyte degeneration?

A

yes, if sarcolemmal tubes are intact

28
Q

what is fatty degeneration associated with?

A

anemia
copper deficiency
other systemic disorders

29
Q

what is necrosis and mineralization associated with?

A

nutritional deficiencies
ingestions of chemical and plant toxins
ischemia

30
Q

what does nutritional myopathy look like in the heart?

A

right ventricle > left ventricle

31
Q

does fatty infiltration have gross lesions?

A

no
possible slightly tan myocardium

32
Q

what does pericardial thickening by neoplasia look like grossly?

A

white to tan irregularly round nodules protrude from epicardial surface
parietal surface looks roughened

33
Q

does serous atrophy of fat impact the function of the heart?

A

little effect

34
Q

where does serous atrophy of fat occur?

A

epicardial surface and coronary groove

35
Q

what can cause jet lesions/fibrosis on the endocardium?

A

restrictive cardiomyopathy

36
Q

what can cause mineralization of the endocardium?

A

vitamin D toxicity
plants containing vitamin D analogs
Johne’s disease
uremia

37
Q

what can cause erosion of the endocardium?

A

endocarditis
uremia

38
Q

what can erosion of the endocardium occur in conjunction with?

A

necrosis
fibrosis
mineralization

39
Q

what can be the appearance of valvular dysplasia?

A

small, short, thick
fused to endocardium
short, poorly branched chordae tendinae

40
Q

what is the gross appearance of myxomatous valvular degeneration?

A

valves shortened and thickened
white to grey nodules
smooth and shiny surface
thickened chordae tendinae

41
Q

what can cause myxomatous valvular degeneration?

A

valvular insufficiency
regurgitation
cardiac failure

42
Q

what is valvular stenosis associated with?

A

concentric hypertrophy of left or right ventricle

43
Q

are bacteria or fungi more likely to cause endocarditis?

A

bacteria

44
Q

which valve is most affected by endocarditis in bovines?

A

right AV

45
Q

what are the three stages of myocyte response to stress/injury?

A

initiation
stable hyperfunction
dysfunction

46
Q

what are some other ways myocytes manifest injury other than hypertrophy?

A

cardiomyocyte necrosis/degeneration
fibrosis
fat accumulation
hydropic degeneration

47
Q

what are the three primary cardiomyopathies?

A

hypertrophic
dilated
restrictive

48
Q

what can infiltrate the myocardium?

A

fibrosis
adipocytes
amyloid

49
Q

what is right ventricle hypertrophy associated with?

A

heartworm disease
pulmonic stenosis
pulmonary hypertension

50
Q

what is left ventricle hypertrophy associated with?

A

subaortic stenosis
hyperthyroidism
systemic hypertension

51
Q

what is hydropic degeneration a feature of in veterinary medicine?

A

anthracycline toxicity

52
Q

is lipofuscinosis a pathologic change?

A

no

53
Q

which nutritional deficiencies is necrosis and mineralization associated with?

A

vitamin E/selenium
copper
thiamine

54
Q

which ventricle is impacted more by nutritional myopathy?

A

right ventricle

55
Q

in whom is fatty infiltration expected?

A

obese animals

56
Q

what is myocardial fibrosis common in?

A

most heart diseases

57
Q

what does myocardial fibrosis look like grossly?

A

no gross lesions or white-grey, firm areas

Cardiovascular Pathophysiology (35 decks)

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