Pathway4_5 Flashcards
strin‧gent / ˈstrɪndʒənt / adjective در مورد قوانین
1 a stringent law, rule, standard etc. is very strict and must be obeyed:
stringent anti-noise regulations سفت و سخت
strin‧gent / ˈstrɪndʒənt / adjective در مورد شرایط اقتصادی
— stringently adverb
— stringency noun [uncountable]
2 stringent economic conditions exist when there is a severe lack of money and strict controls on the supply of money
Their meaning regarding law and rules
- strict
- tight
- tough
- harsh
- stringent
strict a strict order or rule is one that must be obeyed: There are strict rules about keeping tax records. | He had strict instructions to return the key to me.
tight tight controls or limits are very strict about what is allowed and what is not allowed: The report recommends tighter controls on the advertising of alcohol. | There are tight regulations governing waste disposal.
tough tough laws or rules are very strict: They want tougher laws against drinking and driving. | The federal government is introducing tough new rules on immigration.
harsh harsh punishments or laws are very severe, often too severe: There are harsh penalties for drug trafficking (قاچاق). | The government has brought in harsh measures to combat the rioting (شورش) taking place in many cities.
stringent controlling what people can do with rules that have very high standards: There are now stringent controls on pollution from all power stations. | stringent new food safety regulations
neu‧rot‧ic / njʊˈrɒtɪk $ nʊˈrɑː- / adjective
— neurotic noun [countable]:
She accused him of being a neurotic.
— neurotically / -kli / adverb
1 unreasonably anxious or afraid: آدم عصبی، عصبی
He seemed a neurotic, self-obsessed (خود آزار) man.
neu‧rot‧ic / njʊˈrɒtɪk $ nʊˈrɑː- / adjective technical
2 relating to or affected by neurosis:
neurotic disorders
neuter 2 verb [transitive] /organ/
1 to remove part of the sex organs of an animal so that it cannot produce babies اخته کردن
- a neutered tomcat (گربه نر)*
- bobcat means a large North American wild cat that has no tail*
neuter 2 verb [transitive] /effectiveness/
2 to remove power from something or to stop something from being effective – used to show disapproval:
Plans to reform local government are designed to neuter local democracy.
spay / speɪ / verb [transitive]
to remove part of the sex organs of a female animal so that it is not able to have babies اخته کردن زنان
strive / straɪv / verb ( past tense strove / strəʊv $ stroʊv / , past participle striven / ˈstrɪv ə n / ) [intransitive] formal
strive to do something
strive for/after
— striving noun [uncountable and countable]
to make a great effort to achieve something کوشش و تلاش کردن
- I was still striving to be successful.*
- We must continue to strive for greater efficiency.*
- try
- attempt
- do your best
- make an effort to do something
- struggle
- strive formal
- endeavor American English / ɪnˈdevə $ -ər / formal
- have a go/try informal
- see if you can do something spoken
try to take action in order to do something that you may not be able to do: I tried to explain what was wrong. | He tries hard in class, but he’s finding the work difficult.
attempt to try to do something, especially something difficult. Attempt is more formal than try and is used especially in written English: Any prisoner who attempts to escape will be shot. | He was attempting to climb one of the world’s highest mountains.
do your best to try as hard as you can to do something: We will do our best to help them.
make an effort to do something to try to do something, when you find this difficult: It is worth making an effort to master these skills. | She made a big effort to be nice to him.
struggle to try very hard to do something that is very difficult, especially for a long time: She’s still struggling to give up smoking. | Many of these families are struggling to survive.
strive formal to try very hard to achieve something: The company must constantly strive for greater efficiency.
endeavor American English / ɪnˈdevə $ -ər / formal to try hard to do something: Each employee shall endeavour to provide customers with the best service possible.
have a go/try informal to try to do something, especially when you are not sure that you will succeed: I’m not very good at fixing taps (شیر آب), but I’ll have a go. | Do you want to have another try?
see if you can do something spoken to try to do something – used when offering to do something, or suggesting that someone should do something: I’ll see if I can get you a ticket. | See if you can persuade her to come.
im‧pul‧sive / ɪmˈpʌlsɪv / adjective
— impulsively adverb:
‘Oh, Anne, I do love you!’ he said impulsively.
— impulsiveness noun [uncountable]
someone who is impulsive does things without considering the possible dangers or problems first بی فکر
- Rosa was impulsive and sometimes regretted things she’d done.*
- In a burst (طوفان) of impulsive generosity (بخشش), I offered to pay.*
rash 1 / ræʃ / adjective
rash decisions
It was rather rash of you to …
— rashly adverb:
I rashly agreed to look after the children.
— rashness noun [uncountable]
if you are rash, you do things too quickly, without thinking carefully about whether they are sensible or not عجولانه
- Please Jessie, don’t do anything rash.*
- Don’t go making any rash decisions about your future!*
It was rather rash of you to lend them your car.
fool‧ish / ˈfuːlɪʃ / adjective /action, remark/
It would be foolish to
be foolish enough to do something
1 a foolish action, remark etc. is stupid and shows that someone is not thinking sensibly SYN silly: احمقانه
I’ve never heard anything so foolish in all my life.
It would be foolish to ignore his advice.
be foolish enough to do something
I was foolish enough to believe him.
Register
In everyday English, people usually say silly or stupid rather than foolish:
- It was a silly thing to say.*
- I felt a bit stupid when she said no.*
fool‧ish / ˈfuːlɪʃ / adjective /person/
look/feel foolish
— foolishly adverb:
She foolishly agreed to go with them.
— foolishness noun [uncountable]
2 a foolish person behaves in a silly way or looks silly SYN stupid:
- I was young and foolish at the time.*
- a foolish grin* (پوزخند)
- He’d been made to look foolish.*
- stupid
- silly
- daft informal
- dumb informal especially American English
- foolish
- unwise formal
stupid showing a total lack of good sense or good judgment. Stupid sounds very strong and is often used when you are annoyed or strongly criticizing someone’s behaviour: I wish you’d stop asking stupid questions. | It was stupid of me to leave the door unlocked. | Well, if you’re stupid enough to skate on the lake, you deserve to fall in.
silly doing or saying things that are not sensible or serious, and that may make you feel embarrassed later. Silly sounds much gentler than stupid: a silly mistake | Don’t be so silly! There’s nothing wrong with you. | I think you’re silly to worry so much about your hair.
daft informal not sensible, often in a way that is also amusing: Is this another of your daft ideas? | Don’t be daft! Of course you’re not too old to go clubbing.
dumb informal especially American English stupid: a dumb question | He was dumb enough to believe her. | Oh, I just did the dumbest thing back there, I forgot my purse.
foolish stupid. Foolish sounds rather formal and is used mainly in written English. The usual words to use in everyday English are silly or stupid: It was a foolish thing to say. | They did not want to look foolish. | It was all a foolish dream. | I think the board of directors made a foolish choice that it will later regret.
unwise formal done without thinking carefully enough about the possible disadvantages that may result: She knew the marriage was unwise. | an unwise choice of words | It would be very unwise to speculate.
con‧sci‧en‧tious / ˌkɒnʃiˈenʃəs◂ $ ˌkɑːn- / adjective
— conscientiously adverb
— conscientiousness noun [uncountable]:
his conscientiousness and loyalty to the company
careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do: وظیفه شناس، با وجدان
- A conscientious teacher may feel inclined to take work home.*
- a conscientious and hard-working student*
struc‧tured AC / ˈstrʌktʃəd $ -ərd / adjective
highly structured
carefully organized, planned, or arranged: دارای ساختار
- The interviews were highly structured.*
- a structured approach to teaching*
- cau‧*tious** / ˈkɔːʃəs $ ˈkɒː- / adjective
- *cautious optimism**
cautious about (doing) something
— cautiously adverb:
The government responded cautiously to the move.
— cautiousness noun [uncountable]
careful to avoid danger or risks محتاط، مواظب، هوشیار
- a cautious driver*
- a cautious approach to the crisis*
- The air-pollution board has reacted with cautious optimism to the announcement.*
cautious about (doing) something
Keller is cautious about making predictions for the success of the program.
con‧trol‧ling / kənˈtrəʊlɪŋ $ -ˈtroʊl- / adjective
always trying to make someone do what you want – used to show disapproval:
She wanted to get away from her controlling parents.
a‧chiev‧er / əˈtʃiːvə $ -ər / noun [countable]
someone who is successful because they are determined and work hard → underachiever , overachiever
ex‧cel / ɪkˈsel / verb ( past tense and past participle excelled , present participle excelling ) [intransitive, not in progressive]
excel at/in
to do something very well, or much better than most people بهتر بودن
Rick has always excelled at foreign languages.
be/feel left out
to feel that you are not accepted or welcome in a situation:
New fathers often feel left out when baby arrives.
hier‧ar‧chi‧cal AC / haɪˈrɑːkɪk ə l $ -ɑːr- / adjective hierarchical structure/organization/system etc.
a hierarchical society
— hierarchically / -kli / adverb
if a system, organization etc. is hierarchical, people or things are divided into levels of importance سلسله مراتبی
re‧bel‧lious / rɪˈbeljəs / adjective /obey/
rebellious streak (تمایل)
1 deliberately not obeying people in authority or rules of behaviour: سرکش
- rebellious teenagers*
- He’s always had a rebellious streak* (= a tendency to rebel).
re‧bel‧lious / rɪˈbeljəs / adjective /government/
— rebelliously adverb
— rebelliousness noun [uncountable]
2 fighting against the government of your own country: متمرد
rebellious minorities
thrive / θraɪv / verb ( past tense thrived or throve / θrəʊv $ θroʊv / , past participle thrived ) [intransitive] formal
to become very successful or very strong and healthy:
- plants that thrive in tropical rain forests رشد کردن، موفق شدن*
- a business which managed to thrive during a recession*
Register
In everyday English, people usually say do well rather than thrive:
The whole family seems to be doing well.
thrive on something phrasal verb
to enjoy or be successful in a particular situation, especially one that other people find difficult or unpleasant:
I wouldn’t want that much pressure, but she seems to thrive on it.
hold on to somebody/something phrasal verb
to keep something rather than losing it, selling it, or giving it to someone else: حفظ کردن
- The soldiers held on to the bridge for three more days.*
- I think I’ll hold on to these old records for now.*
in‧du‧bi‧ta‧bly / ɪnˈdjuːbətəbli, ɪnˈdjuːbɪtəbli $ ɪnˈduː- / adverb formal
— indubitable adjective
certainly or without doubt: قطعاً، بدون تردید
Mr Sachs is indubitably charming.
janitor
someone whose job is to look after a building, especially a school
care‧tak‧er / ˈkeəˌteɪkə $ ˈkerˌteɪkər / noun [countable]
someone who looks after other people, especially a teacher, parent, nurse etc.
caretaker manager/government/boss etc.
a manager, government etc. that is in charge for a short period of time until another manager or government is chosen
bask / bɑːsk $ bæsk / verb [intransitive] /heat of sun/
1 to enjoy sitting or lying in the heat of the sun or a fire
bask in
Lizards were basking in the morning sun.
bask / bɑːsk $ bæsk / verb [intransitive] /palce basks/
2 if a place basks in the sun, it is sunny and warm
bask in
Tenerife was basking in afternoon sunshine as they arrived.
bask / bɑːsk $ bæsk / verb [intransitive] 3 /attention/
to enjoy the approval or attention that you are getting from other people
bask in
She basked in the admiration of the media.
tem‧pe‧ra‧ment / ˈtemp ə rəmənt / noun [uncountable and countable]
artistic/nervous/good etc. temperament
by temperament
the emotional part of someone’s character, especially how likely they are to be happy, angry etc. طبیعت
artistic/nervous/good etc. temperament
Jill has such a lovely relaxed temperament.
by temperament
Tolkien was, by temperament, a very different man from Lewis.
mo‧nop‧o‧lize / məˈnɒpəlaɪz $ -ˈnɑː- / verb [transitive] 1 /control/
to have complete control over something so that other people cannot share it or take part in it: انحصاری کردن
- The company has monopolized the soft drinks market.*
- He monopolized the conversation all evening.*
mo‧nop‧o‧lize ( also monopolise British English ) / məˈnɒpəlaɪz $ -ˈnɑː- / verb [transitive] 2 /time/
to use a lot of someone’s time or attention:
Virtually all her time and energy is now monopolized by the children. تمام وقت رو به چیزی اختصاص دادن
— monopolist noun [countable]
lais‧sez-faire , laisser-faire / ˌleseɪˈfer / noun [uncountable]
laissez-faire economics/capitalism
1 the principle that the government should allow the economy or private businesses to develop without any state control or influence: اقتصاد آزاد
the policy of laissez-faire
2 laissez-faire attitude/approach etc.
when you do not become involved in other people’s personal affairs
- bur‧*den** 1 / ˈbɜːdn $ ˈbɜːrdn / noun
- *1** [countable]
burden of
burden on
bear/carry the burden
the tax/financial/debt burden
something difficult or worrying that you are responsible for: مسولیت مسول
His family responsibilities had started to become a burden.
- The burden of taxation has risen considerably.*
- I don’t like being a burden on other people.*
- If things go wrong he will bear the burden of guilt.*
