400Word_14

Question 1

e‧qua‧tion AC/ɪˈkweɪʒ ə n/noun

Answer 1

1 [countable] a statement in mathematics that shows that two amounts or totals are equal معادله

In the equation 2x + 1 = 7, what is x?

2 [countable usually singular] the set of different facts, ideas, or people that all affect a situation and must be considered together:

• The tourist industry forms a crucial part of the region’s economic equation.*
• The question of cost has now entered the equation.*

3 [singular] when you consider that two things are similar or connected: برابری

the equation of violence with power

Question 2

solve an equation

work out an equation

a mathematical equation

a quadratic equation

a side of an equation

the left-hand/right-hand side of an equation

Answer 2

solve an equation For homework, solve the equations on page 56.

work out an equation I spent over an hour trying to work out the equation.

a mathematical equation a set of mathematical equations

a quadratic equation (= one that involves an unknown quantity that is multiplied by itself)

a side of an equation (= the letters and numbers on one side of an equals sign) Find the square root of both sides of the equation.

the left-hand/right-hand side of an equation Add up what you’ve got on the right-hand side of the equation.

Question 3

a complex equation

something enters/comes into the equation

bring something into the equation

a part of the equation

a side of an equation

Answer 3

a complex equation New factors are beginning to affect what is an already complex equation.

something enters/comes into the equation (= something begins to have an effect) Consumer confidence also enters the equation.

bring something into the equation (= introduce a new idea for people to consider) It all becomes more complicated once you bring money into the equation.

a part of the equation The tourist industry is a crucial part of the country’s overall economic equation.

a side of an equation We need to discuss the financial side of the equation.

Question 4

e‧quate AC/ɪˈkweɪt/verb [transitive]

Answer 4

to consider that two things are similar or connected یکسان فرض کردن

equate something with something

Most people equate wealth with success.

equate to something phrasal verb

to be equal to something:

a rate of pay which equates to £6 per hour

Question 5

fau‧na/ˈfɔːnə $ ˈfɒː-/noun [uncountable and countable] technical

Answer 5

all the animals living in a particular area or period in history

→ flora

Question 6

flo‧ra/ˈflɔːrə/noun [uncountable]

Answer 6

all the plants that grow in a particular place or country:

Tourism is damaging the flora and fauna (= plants and animals) of the island.

Question 7

ad hoc/æd ˈhɒk◂ $ -ˈhɑːk◂,-ˈhoʊk◂/adjective, adverb formal

Answer 7

not planned, but arranged or done only when necessary

ad hoc committee/group etc.

decisions made on an ad hoc basis

Question 8

sti‧fle/ˈstaɪf ə l/verb

Answer 8

1 [transitive] to stop something from happening or developing متوقف کردن

OPP encourage:

• rules and regulations that stifle innovation*
• How can this party stifle debate on such a crucial issue?*

2 [transitive] to stop a feeling from being expressed:

He stifled an urge to hit her.

stifle a yawn/smile/grin etc.

I tried to stifle my laughter.

3 [intransitive, transitive usually passive] if you are stifled by something, it stops you breathing comfortably → suffocate: نفسش بند اومدن to be stifled by

He was almost stifled by the fumes.

Question 9

dis‧sent‧er/dɪˈsentə $ -ər/noun [countable]

Answer 9

1 a person or organization that disagrees with an official decision or accepted opinion: مخالف

Political dissenters were imprisoned.

2 (also Dissenter) someone in the past who did not accept the beliefs of the established Protestant church in Western Europe SYN non-conformist

Question 10

con‧du‧cive/kənˈdjuːsɪv $ -ˈduː-/adjective

Answer 10

be conducive to something formal if a situation is conducive to something such as work, rest etc, it provides conditions that make it easy for you to work etc: مساعد بودن

an environment conducive to learning

Question 11

ter‧res‧tri‧al/təˈrestriəl, tɪˈrestriəl/adjective [usually before noun] technical

Answer 11

1 relating to the Earth rather than to the moon or other planets → extraterrestrial

2 living on or relating to land rather than water

Question 12

extraterrestrial 2 adjective

Answer 12

relating to things that exist outside the Earth

Question 13

cra‧ter/ˈkreɪtə $ -ər/noun [countable]

Answer 13

1 a round hole in the ground made by something that has fallen on it or by an explosion:

craters on the moon’s surface

2 the round open top of a volcano دهانه آتش فشان

Question 14

hole

space

gap

opening

leak

puncture especially British English

crack

slot

crater

Answer 14

hole an empty space in the surface of something, which sometimes goes all the way through it:

A fox had dug a hole under our fence. | Rain was coming in through a hole in the roof.

space an empty area between two things, into which you can put something:

Are there any empty spaces on the bookshelf? | a parking space

gap an empty area between two things or two parts of something, especially one that should not be there:

He has a gap between his two front teeth. | I squeezed through a gap in the hedge.

opening a hole that something can pass through or that you can see through, especially at the entrance of something:

The train disappeared into the dark opening of the tunnel. | I looked through the narrow opening in the wall.

leak a small hole where something has been damaged or broken that lets liquid or gas flow in or out:

a leak in the pipe | The plumber’s coming to repair the leak.

puncture especially British English a small hole in a tyre through which air escapes:

My bike’s got a puncture.

crack a very narrow space between two things or two parts of something:

The snake slid into a crack in the rock. | She was peering through the crack in the curtains.

slot a straight narrow hole that you put a particular type of object into:

You have to put a coin in the slot before you dial the number. | A small disk fits into a slot in the camera.

crater a round hole in the ground made by an explosion or by a large object hitting it hard:

a volcanic crater | The meteor left a crater over five miles wide. | the craters on the moon

Question 15

bat‧ter 1/ˈbætə $ -ər/verb [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive]

Answer 15

to hit someone or something many times, in a way that hurts or damages them: پی در پی زدن

• He was battered to death.*
• As a child, she was battered by her father.*

batter at/on/against etc.

People were battering at the door.

batter somebody with something

He was battered on the head with a cricket bat.

batter away

She battered away at his chest with her fists.

batter something down

Armed police battered his door down.

Question 16

pul‧ver‧ize (also pulverise British English)/ˈpʌlvəraɪz/verb [transitive usually passive]

— pulverized adjective:

pulverized coal

— pulverization/ˌpʌlvəraɪˈzeɪʃ ə n $ -rə-/noun [uncountable]

Answer 16

1 to crush something into a powder: ساییدن، پودر کردن

The seeds can be used whole or pulverized into flour.

2 informal to completely defeat someone:

Stewart completely pulverized the opposition.

Question 17

neb‧u‧la/ˈnebjələ, ˈnebjʊlə/noun (plural nebulae/-liː/) [countable]

Answer 17

1 a mass of gas and dust among the stars, which often appears as a bright cloud in the sky at night

2 a galaxy (= mass of stars) which appears as a bright cloud in the sky at night

— nebular adjective

Question 18

well 5 (also well up) verb [intransitive] literary

Answer 18

1 if a liquid wells or wells up, it comes to the surface of something and starts to flow out: تو سطح اومدن

I felt tears well up in my eyes.

2 if a feeling wells or wells up in you, you start to feel it strongly:

Anger welled up within him.

Question 19

pe‧cu‧li‧ar/pɪˈkjuːliə $ -ər/adjective

Answer 19

1 strange, unfamiliar, or a little surprising: عجیب و غریب

• There was a peculiar smell in the kitchen.*
• Something peculiar is going on.*

It seems very peculiar that no one noticed Kay had gone.

2 be peculiar to somebody/something if something is peculiar to a particular person, place, or situation, it is a feature that only belongs to that person or only exists in that place or situation:

The problem of racism is not peculiar to this country.

3 behaving in a strange and slightly crazy way:

• He’s been a little peculiar lately.*
• She’s a very peculiar child.*

Question 20

strange

funny/odd especially spoken

curious especially written

mysterious

eccentric

peculiar

Answer 20

strange unusual or surprising, especially in a way that is difficult to understand, or that is a little frightening:

What’s that strange noise downstairs? | That’s strange – I’m sure I left my keys on the table. | a strange old man

funny/odd especially spoken a little strange and making you feel slightly surprised or worried:

There’s a funny smell in the kitchen. | It’s odd that you can’t remember him at all.

curious especially written strange, especially in an interesting way. Curious is a little more formal than strange:

a curious fact | There’s something rather curious about small-town America. | She remembered curious little details.

mysterious strange – used about something that people know little about and are unable to explain or understand:

He had disappeared in mysterious circumstances. | There were reports of mysterious lights in the sky.

eccentric strange in a way that seems slightly crazy and amusing – used about people and their behavior:

He lived completely alone and had some slightly eccentric habits. | an eccentric old lady

peculiar slightly strange, and different from what you would normally expect – used especially when this is either amusing or worrying:

She sometimes wears rather peculiar clothes. | He had a peculiar expression on his face.

Question 21

sy‧nop‧sis/səˈnɒpsəs, sɪˈnɒpsəs $ -ˈnɑːp-/noun (plural synopses/-siːz/) [countable]

Answer 21

a short description of the main events or ideas in a book, film etc. SYN summary خلاصه داستان

synopsis of

a synopsis of the play

Question 22

em‧u‧late/ˈemjəleɪt, ˈemjʊleɪt/verb [transitive]

— emulation/ˌemjəˈleɪʃ ə n, ˌemjʊˈleɪʃ ə n/noun [uncountable]

Answer 22

to do something or behave in the same way as someone else, especially because you admire them SYN imitate: تقلید کردن

He hoped to emulate the success of Wilder.

Question 23

filth‧y 1 S3/ˈfɪlθi/adjective (comparative filthier, superlative filthiest)

Answer 23

1 very dirty: کثیف

The house was filthy, with clothes and newspapers strewn everywhere.

2 showing or describing sexual acts in a very rude or offensive way

filthy language/story/joke etc.

Your problem is you’ve got a filthy mind (= you are always thinking about sex).

3 showing anger or annoyance

filthy mood/temper

• Simon had been drinking and was in a filthy temper.*
• She gave him a filthy look.*

4 filthy weather/night/day the weather, a night etc. that is very cold and wet:

It’s a filthy night to be out.

Question 24

dirty

filthy

muddy

dusty

greasy

grubby (also mucky British English) informal

grimy

dingy/ˈdɪndʒi/

polluted

contaminated

squalid/ˈskwɒləd, ˈskwɒlɪd $ ˈskwɑː-/formal

unhygienic/ʌnhaɪˈdʒiːnɪk◂ $ -ˈdʒe-, -ˈdʒiː-/formal

unsanitary (also insanitary British English) formal

soiled formal

Answer 24

dirty not clean:

His clothes were untidy and he had dirty hands.

filthy very dirty:

Each year filthy water causes millions of cases of illness.

muddy covered with mud:

It had been raining hard and the path was muddy.

dusty covered with dust:

the dusty shelves in the attic

greasy covered with oil or grease:

Greasy food is bad for your health.

grubby (also mucky British English) informal fairly dirty and needing to be cleaned or washed:

He was wearing a grubby white T-shirt. | mucky fingers

grimy covered with thick dirt or dirt that has been there a long time:

I couldn’t see much out of the grimy windows of the train.

dingy/ˈdɪndʒi/ looking dark, dirty, and unpleasant. Used about rooms, houses, and buildings:

We worked in a dingy little office behind the station.

polluted used about land, water, or air that has been made dirty:

85% of city dwellers breathe heavily polluted air.

contaminated made dirty by a dangerous substance or bacteria:

The virus is mainly spread through contaminated food.

squalid/ˈskwɒləd, ˈskwɒlɪd $ ˈskwɑː-/formal extremely dirty and unpleasant. Used about the place or conditions in which someone lives:

People are living in squalid conditions, with little water and no sanitation.

unhygienic/ʌnhaɪˈdʒiːnɪk◂ $ -ˈdʒe-, -ˈdʒiː-/formal used about dirty conditions that are likely to cause disease, especially conditions in kitchens, restaurants, and hospitals:

The food was prepared under unhygienic conditions.

unsanitary (also insanitary British English) formal used about dirty conditions that are likely to cause disease, especially because there is not a good system for getting rid of waste:

People’s health is being threatened by overcrowded and insanitary homes. | They work for long hours in unsanitary conditions.

soiled formal made dirty, especially by waste from your body:

Soiled nappies should be changed as quickly as possible.

Question 25

mu‧ti‧ny/ˈmjuːtni /noun (plural mutinies) [uncountable and countable]

— mutiny verb [intransitive]:

The soldiers had mutinied over the non-payment of wages.

Answer 25

when soldiers, sailors etc. refuse to obey the person who is in charge of them, and try to take control for themselves سرکشی و عصیان

mutiny against

He led a mutiny against the captain.

Question 26

cri‧tique 1/krɪˈtiːk/noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 26

a detailed explanation of the problems of something such as a set of political ideas انتقاد

critique of

• a major new critique of his work*
• a critique of modern economic theory*