400Word_13 Flashcards
conjecture 2 verb [intransitive and transitive] formal
to form an idea or opinion without having much information to base it on SYN guess حدس زدن
conjecture that
It seems reasonable to conjecture that these conditions breed violence.
in‧debt‧ed/ɪnˈdetəd, ɪnˈdetɪd/adjective
— indebtedness noun [uncountable]
1 be (deeply/greatly) indebted to somebody to be very grateful to someone for the help they have given you: مدیون
We are deeply indebted to Dr Allen.
2 owing money to someone:
the 17 most heavily indebted nations
a‧nom‧a‧ly/əˈnɒməli $ əˈnɑː-/noun (plural anomalies) [uncountable and countable] formal
something that is noticeable because it is different from what is usual: خلاف قاعده
In those days, a woman professor was still an anomaly.
anomaly in
various anomalies in the tax system
a‧nom‧a‧lous/əˈnɒmələs $ əˈnɑː-/adjective formal
— anomalously adverb
different from what you expected to find: غیرعادی
- a highly anomalous situation*
- anomalous results*
con‧vec‧tion/kənˈvekʃ ə n/noun [uncountable] technical
the movement in a gas or liquid caused by warm gas or liquid rising, and cold gas or liquid sinking
dung/dʌŋ/noun [uncountable]
solid waste from animals, especially cows used as fuels سرگین گاو
mar‧i‧time/ˈmærətaɪm, ˈmærɪtaɪm/adjective [only before noun]
1 relating to the sea or ships SYN marine: دریایی
San Francisco has lost nearly all of its maritime industry.
2 near the sea:
the Canadian maritime provinces
sed‧i‧ment/ˈsedəmənt, ˈsedɪmənt/noun [uncountable and countable]
solid substances that settle at the bottom of a liquid: رسوب، ته نشین
a thick layer of sediment
ar‧ray 1/əˈreɪ/noun [countable]
1 [usually singular] a group of people or things, especially one that is large or impressive انواع
array of
- a dazzling array of flowers*
- a bewildering array of options*
a vast/impressive/wide array
There was a vast array of colours to choose from.
2 technical a set of numbers or signs, or of computer memory units, arranged in lines across or down
array 2 verb [transitive usually passive]
1 literary to wear particular clothes, especially clothes of good quality پوشیدن لباسهای مجلل
arrayed in something
She came in arrayed in all her finery (زیورآلات).
2 literary to arrange something in an attractive way آراستن
arrayed on something
make-up arrayed on the bathroom counter
3 formal to put soldiers in position ready to fight صف آرایی کردن سربازان
wield/wiːld/verb [transitive]
1 wield power/influence/authority etc. to have a lot of power or influence, and to use it: سوء استفاده کردن
The Church wields immense power in Ireland.
2 to hold a weapon or tool that you are going to use:
She had her car windows smashed by a gang wielding baseball bats.
exercise formal
wield/wiːld/formal
exercise formal to use your rights, authority, influence etc: استفاده کردن
Only 40% of the poulation exercised their right to vote. | Congress must decide whether to exercise its veto.
wield/wiːld/formal to use great power or influence: سوءاستفاده کردن
The central banks wield enormous power.
as‧pire/əˈspaɪə $ əˈspaɪr/verb [intransitive]
to desire and work towards achieving something important
aspire to آرزو کردن یا داشتن
college graduates aspiring to careers in finance
aspire to do something
At that time, all serious artists aspired to go to Rome.
u‧biq‧ui‧tous/juːˈbɪkwətəs, juːˈbɪkwɪtəs/adjective formal
— ubiquitously adverb
— ubiquity noun [uncountable]
seeming to be everywhere – sometimes used humorously: همه جا حاضر
- Coffee shops are ubiquitous these days.*
- a French film, starring the ubiquitous Gérard Depardieu*
ten‧u‧ous/ˈtenjuəs/adjective
— tenuously adverb
1 a situation or relationship that is tenuous is uncertain, weak, or likely to change: نامشخص، احتمال تغییر وجود داره
For now, the band’s travel plans are tenuous.
tenuous link/connection etc.
- The United Peace Alliance had only a tenuous connection with the organized Labour movement.*
- The link between her family and the King’s is rather tenuous.*
2 literary very thin and easily broken شکننده
des‧ig‧na‧tion/ˌdezɪɡˈneɪʃ ə n/noun formal
1 [uncountable] the act of choosing someone or something for a particular purpose, or of giving them a particular description انتخاب
designation as
the designation of Stansted as the third London airport
2 [countable] a name or title: اسم و عنوان
Her official designation is Systems Manager.
disˌplaced ˈpersonnoun (pluraldisplaced persons) [countable] technical
someone who has been forced to leave their country because of war or cruel treatment SYN refugee پناهنده
dis‧pro‧por‧tion‧ate AC/ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃ ə nət◂, ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːʃ ə nɪt◂ $ -ɔːr-/adjective
— disproportionately adverb
too much or too little in relation to something else: نامتناسب
the disproportionate amount of money being spent on defence
caste / kæst/noun [uncountable and countable]
1 one of the fixed social classes, which cannot be changed, into which people are born in India: طبقه
the caste system
2 a group of people who have the same position in society
strat‧i‧fi‧ca‧tion/ˌstrætəfəˈkeɪʃ ə n, ˌstrætɪfəˈkeɪʃ ə n/noun [uncountable and countable]
1 when society is divided into separate social classes: طبقه بندی جامعه
The Indian caste system is an example of social stratification.
2 the way in which earth, rocks etc. form layers over time تشکیل لایه های زمین
— stratify/ˈstrætəfaɪ, ˈstrætɪfaɪ/verb [intransitive and transitive]
hall‧mark 1/ˈhɔːlmɑːk $ ˈhɒːlmɑːrk/noun [countable]
1 an idea, method, or quality that is typical of a particular person or thing نشان
hallmark of
- These hotels still offer the sort of service which was the hallmark of the grand days of travel.*
- The explosion had all the hallmarks of a terrorist attack.*
- Their performance did not bear the hallmark of European champions.*
2 a mark put on silver, gold, or platinum that shows the quality of the metal, and where and when it was made
flushed/flʌʃt/adjective
1 red in the face: سرخ
- He looked hot and rather flushed.*
- Her cheeks were flushed, her expression angry.*
flushed with
He leaned forward, his face flushed with anger.
2 flushed with success/excitement/pleasure etc. excited because you have achieved something: هیجان زده
The team are still flushed with success after their weekend victory.
flush 3 adjective
1 if two surfaces are flush, they are at exactly the same level, so that the place where they meet is flat همتراز
flush with
Make sure that the cupboard is flush with the wall.
2 [not before noun] informal if someone is flush, they have plenty of money to spend: مایه دار
I’m feeling flush at the moment.
vault 1/vɔːlt $ vɒːlt/noun [countable]
1 a room with thick walls and a strong door where money, jewels etc. are kept to prevent them from being stolen or damaged
2 a room where people from the same family are buried, often under the floor of a church آرامگاه خانوادگی
3 a jump over something
4 a roof or ceiling that consists of several arches that are joined together, especially in a church
Barrel vault
for‧tress/ˈfɔːtrəs, ˈfɔːtrɪs $ ˈfɔːr-/noun [countable]
a large strong building used for defending an important place دژ
vane/veɪn/noun [countable]
a flat blade that is moved by wind or water to produce power to drive a machine پرده توربینهای آبی یا بادی
court‧ship/ˈkɔːt-ʃɪp $ ˈkɔːrt-/noun
1 [uncountable and countable] the period of time during which a man and woman have a romantic relationship before marrying دوران عشق بازی قبل از ازدواج
2 [uncountable] special behavior used by animals to attract each other for sex: معاشقه حیوانات
courtship rituals
on an even keel 1/kiːl/
1 on an even keel steady, without any sudden changes ثبات
keep something/get something back on an even keel به ثبات رسوندن، ثبات چیزی رو حفظ کردن
Now that the crisis is over, we must try to get things back on an even keel.
2 [countable] a bar along the bottom of a boat that keeps it steady in the water میله کف قایق که برای ثباتش بکار میره
keel 2 verb
keel over phrasal verb به پهلو افتادن
to fall over sideways:
Several soldiers keeled over in the hot sun.
a‧loft/əˈlɒft $ əˈlɒːft/adverb formal
high up in the air تو هوا
Bird flapped its wings continuously to stay aloft.
hold/bear something aloft
He emerged (سر و کلش پیدا شد), holding a baby aloft.
scav‧enge/ˈskævəndʒ, ˈskævɪndʒ/verb [intransitive and transitive]
— scavenger noun [countable]:
Foxes and other scavengers go through the dustbins.
1 if an animal scavenges, it eats anything that it can find: تا تهش رو خوردن
Pigs scavenged among the rubbish.
scavenge for
rats scavenging for food
2 if someone scavenges, they search through things that other people do not want, for food or useful objects:
There are people who live in the dump and scavenge garbage for a living.
scavenge for
Women were scavenging for old furniture.
ex‧pen‧di‧ture W2/ɪkˈspendɪtʃə $ -ər/noun
1 [uncountable and countable] the total amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time هزینه
expenditure on
- expenditure on research and development*
- huge cuts in public expenditure* (= the amount of money a government spends on services for the public)
government expenditure on education
capital expenditure (= spending by a company on buildings, machinery, equipment etc.)
expenditure of
an expenditure of £1 million
2 [uncountable] the action of spending or using time, money, energy etc: صرف
the expenditure of time and money on your house or garden
public/government/state expenditure
national/local expenditure
military/defence expenditure
health/welfare/education expenditure
household expenditure
total/overall expenditure
additional/extra expenditure
capital expenditure
gross/net expenditure
public/government/state expenditure (= money a government spends on the services it provides for people) The Conservatives want to maintain a firm control on public expenditure.
national/local expenditure (= money spent by national or local government) There have been cuts in local expenditure on education.
military/defence expenditure (= money that a government spends on the armed forces) Military expenditure has been growing year on year.
health/welfare/education expenditure (= money that a government spends on providing health services, welfare, or education) There has been a steady rise in welfare expenditure.
household expenditure (= the amount of money the people in a house spend on food, heating etc.) Sally cut her household expenditure and tried to save every penny she could.
total/overall expenditure The company’s total expenditure rose by 19%.
additional/extra expenditure Businesses have been forced to pass on the additional expenditure to customers.
capital expenditure (= money that a company spends on buildings, machinery etc.) Capital expenditure on IT equipment will come from a different budget.
gross/net expenditure (= the total amount a company spends before/after any tax or costs have been taken away) Spending on research and development represents 13% of our gross expenditure.
increase expenditure
cut/reduce expenditure
expenditure rises
expenditure falls
increase expenditure The company plans to increase capital expenditure by 20% this financial year.
cut/reduce expenditure Their policies are designed to cut public expenditure.
expenditure rises As public expenditure has risen, so have taxes.
expenditure falls Government expenditure on scientific research has fallen in the last few years.
an increase/rise in expenditure
a cut/reduction in expenditure
an item of expenditure
an increase/rise in expenditure The government has announced a planned 4.4% increase in public expenditure.
a cut/reduction in expenditure There has been a marked reduction in expenditure on some social and welfare services.
an item of expenditure (= something a government or person spends money on) Housing is the biggest single item of expenditure in the budgets of most households.
spending
expenditure formal
costs
expenses
outgoings
outlay
overhead
spending the amount of money that is spent, especially by a government or other organization:
Company spending on staff benefits has been cut dramatically in recent years. | There has been a huge increase in government spending. | military spending
expenditure formal the amount of money that a government, organization, or person spends during a particular period of time – used especially in official documents or reports:
British defence expenditure was consistently high during this period. | military expenditure | Expenditure on advertising has gone down.
costs the money that a person or organization has to spend on heating, rent, wages etc:
What are your annual fuel costs? | Falling sales have forced companies to cut costs.
expenses the money that you spend on things that you need, for example on food, rent, and travel:
Living expenses are much higher in New York. | I kept a record of all my travel expenses so that I could claim them back.
outgoings the money that someone has to spend regularly on rent, bills, food etc. for their home or business:
The outgoings on a house this size are very high.
outlay the amount of money that someone must spend when they first start a new business or activity:
The intial outlay on machinery was quite high.
overhead the money that a business spends regularly on rent, insurance, and other things that are needed to keep the business operating:
In London, small businesses often have high overhead.
quar‧ry 1/ˈkwɒri $ ˈkwɔː-, ˈkwɑː-/noun (plural quarries
1 [countable] a place where large amounts of stone or sand are dug out of the ground: معدن
a slate (تخته سنگهایی که به راححتی لایه لایه میشند مثل اوشان) quarry
2 [singular] the person or animal that you are hunting or chasing: صید
Briefly, the hunter and his quarry glared at each other.
quarry 2 verb (past tense and past participle quarried, present participle quarrying, third person singular quarries) [transitive]
— quarrying noun [uncountable]
to dig stone or sand from a quarry استخراج کردن
quarry something for something
The rock here is quarried for building stones.
quarry something from something
Chalk is quarried from the surrounding area.
ex‧tant/ɪkˈstænt/adjective formal
still existing in spite of being very old: موجود، هنوز زنده
Few of the manuscripts are still extant.
