400Word_9 Flashcards
col‧lab‧o‧rate / kəˈlæbəreɪt / verb [intransitive]
1 to work together with a person or group in order to achieve something, especially in science or art همکاری کردن
→ collaborator
collaborate on
The two nations are collaborating on several satellite projects.
collaborate with
During the late seventies, he collaborated with the legendary Muddy Waters.
collaborate to do something
Researchers are collaborating to develop the vaccine.
collaborate in (doing) something
Elephants collaborate in looking after their young.
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In everyday English, people usually say they work together on something rather than collaborate on something:
They are working together on some new songs.
2 to help a country that your country is fighting a war with, especially one that has taken control of your country → collaborator
collaborate with
Vigilantes began combing the city for anyone known to have collaborated with the enemy.
de‧pos‧i‧to‧ry / dɪˈpɒzət ə ri, dɪˈpɒzɪt ə ri $ dɪˈpɑːzətɔːri / noun (plural depositories) [countable]
— depository adjective
a place where something can be safely kept گاو صندوق، انبار
un‧pre‧ce‧dent‧ed AC / ʌnˈpresədentəd, ʌnˈpresɪdentəd / adjective
— unprecedentedly adverb
never having happened before, or never having happened so much: بی سابقه، بی نظیر
- He took the unprecedented step of stating that the rumours were false.*
- Crime has increased on an unprecedented scale.*
unprecedented in
an event that is unprecedented in recent history
unusual
rare
exceptional / ɪkˈsepʃ ə nəl /
out of the ordinary
freak
unprecedented / ʌnˈpresədentəd, ʌnˈpresɪdentəd /
unheard of
unusual different from what usually happens:
We had snow in May, which is very unusual.
rare not happening very often, or existing only in small numbers:
Violent crimes are rare. | Hatton gathered many rare plants from all over the world.
exceptional / ɪkˈsepʃ ə nəl / very unusual and happening very rarely:
90-day visas can be extended only in exceptional circumstances. | The presence of a jury in a civil trial is now quite exceptional.
out of the ordinary unusual and surprising or special:
It was a small village where nothing out of the ordinary ever seemed to happen.
freak extremely unusual and unexpected - used about an accident, storm etc:
A freak wave wrecked most of the seafront. | Their car was crushed by a tree in a freak accident.
unprecedented / ʌnˈpresədentəd, ʌnˈpresɪdentəd / if something is unprecedented, it has never happened before - often used about successes and achievements:
An unprecedented number of students have received top grades. | This kind of deal is unprecedented.
unheard of if something is unheard of, it has never happened or been done before - used especially when something seems very surprising to people at that time:
In our small town, this kind of crime was almost unheard of. | unheard-of luxuries such as electric windows and air-conditioning
pool 2 verb [transitive]
to combine your money, ideas, skills etc. with those of other people so that you can all use them: با هم یکی کردن
- Investors agreed to pool their resources to develop the property.*
- The students worked together, pooling their knowledge.*
Dane / deɪn / noun [countable]
someone from Denmark
war‧ri‧or / ˈwɒriə $ ˈwɔːriər, ˈwɑː- / noun [countable]
a soldier or fighter who is brave and experienced – used about people in the past: جنگجو
a noble warrior
B.C. American English / ˌbiː ˈsiː /
A.D. American English / ˌeɪ ˈdiː /
B.C. American English / ˌbiː ˈsiː /
(before Christ) used after a date to show that it was before the birth of Christ → AD:
The Great Pyramid dates from around 2600 BC.
A.D. American English / ˌeɪ ˈdiː /
(Anno Domini) used to show that a date is a particular number of years after the birth of Christ SYN CE → BC:
- the first century AD*
- 54 AD*
mead / miːd / noun
1 [uncountable] an alcoholic drink made from honey:
a glass of mead
2 [countable] literary a meadow (علفزاری که گل هم داره):
the flowery mead
mead‧ow / ˈmedəʊ $ -doʊ / noun [countable]
a field with wild grass and flowers
field noun [countable]
meadow noun [countable]
paddock noun [countable]
pasture noun [uncountable and countable]
field noun [countable] an area of land in the country, especially one where crops are grown or animals feed on grass:
a wheat field | Cows were grazing in the field.
meadow noun [countable] a field with wild grass and flowers:
alpine meadows
paddock noun [countable] a small field in which horses are kept:
Horses are much happier in a big paddock with several other horses.
pasture noun [uncountable and countable] land or a field that is covered with grass and is used for cattle, sheep etc. to feed on:
large areas of rough upland pasture | cow pastures
spear 1 / spɪə $ spɪr / noun [countable]
1 a pole with a sharp pointed blade at one end, used as a weapon in the past نیزه
2 a thin pointed stem of a plant:
asparagus spears
hilt / hɪlt / noun [countable]
1 the handle of a sword or knife, where the blade is attached دسته شمشیر یا چاقو
2 to the hilt completely کاملاً
support/defend/back somebody to the hilt
I’m backing the PM to the hilt on this.
peat / piːt / noun [uncountable]
— peaty adjective:
a rich, peaty soil
a black substance formed from decaying plants under the surface of the ground in some areas, which can be burned as a fuel, or mixed with soil to help plants grow well کود گیاهی
bog 1 / bɒɡ $ bɑːɡ, bɒːɡ / noun [uncountable and countable]
an area of low wet muddy ground, sometimes containing bushes or grasses باتلاق
pa‧gan 1 / ˈpeɪɡən / adjective
pagan religious beliefs and customs do not belong to any of the main religions of the world, and may come from a time before these religions:
ancient pagan temples
mar‧vel‧ous S2 / ˈmɑːv ə ləs $ ˈmɑːr- / adjective
— marvelously adverb
extremely good, enjoyable, impressive etc. SYN wonderful: شگفت انگیز،
- ‘How was your holiday?’ ‘Marvelous!’*
- We had a marvelous time.*
- I can’t stand him, but my wife thinks he’s marvelous.*
It’s marvelous what they can do these days.
fantastic/terrific spoken
great spoken
excellent
wonderful
marvelous
amazing
incredible
brilliant informal
be out of this world
fantastic/terrific spoken extremely good, in a way that makes you feel excited and happy – used mainly in spoken English:
The view from the top was fantastic. | He did a fantastic job. | That’s a terrific idea! | ‘I passed!’ ‘That’s terrific!’
great spoken extremely good – used mainly in spoken English:
Thanks for a great afternoon. | ‘Did you have a good holiday?’ ’It was great!’
excellent extremely good – used especially about the quality of something. Excellent is more formal than fantastic/terrific or great, and is used in both spoken and written English:
Our local theatre has put on some excellent productions. | It is an excellent film.
wonderful extremely good in a way that impresses you or makes you very pleased: She is really a wonderful person. | That’s wonderful news!
marvelous extremely good in a way that impresses you or makes you very pleased. Marvelous sounds a little old-fashioned, but is still fairly common:
We had a marvelous dinner at a little restaurant near the hotel. | Martino’s performance was marvelous.
amazing extremely good in a surprising and exciting way:
Standing there on top of Mount Fuji was an amazing experience.
incredible extremely good in a surprising and exciting way. Incredible is often used when something is so good that it almost seems unlikely:
What a goal! That was incredible! | It was an incredible moment - one that I will never forget.
brilliant informal extremely good:
‘How was your trip?’ ‘Absolutely brilliant!’ | What a brilliant idea!
be out of this world used when saying that something is so good that you cannot imagine anything better:
Their desserts are out of this world.
dig‧ni‧ty / ˈdɪɡnəti, ˈdɪɡnɪti / noun [uncountable]
1 the ability to behave in a calm controlled way even in a difficult situation کرامت، وقار، بزرگی
with dignity
- The family faced their ordeal (مصیبت) with dignity.*
- an appearance of quiet dignity*
2 your dignity your sense of your own value or importance
retain/lose your dignity
- Old people need to retain their dignity and independence.*
- Arguing was beneath her dignity* (= was something she thought she was too important to do).
3 the fact of being respected or deserving respect
with dignity
- Patients should be allowed to die with dignity.*
- Prisoners should be treated with regard for human dignity.*
4 a calm and serious quality
dignity of
the dignity of the occasion
5 stand on your dignity formal to demand to be treated with proper respect
cow‧ard‧ice / ˈkaʊədəs, ˈkaʊədɪs $ -ər- / (also cow‧ard‧li‧ness / ˈkaʊədlinəs, ˈkaʊədlinɪs $ -ərd- /) noun [uncountable]
lack of courage بزدلی
OPP bravery:
cowardice in the face of danger
chore / tʃɔː $ tʃɔːr / noun [countable]
1 a small job that you have to do regularly, especially work that you do to keep a house clean: کارهای روزمره منزل
- everyday chores like shopping and housework*
- We share the domestic chores.*
2 something you have to do that is very boring and unpleasant:
I find driving a real chore. کار کسل کننده
choir / kwaɪə $ kwaɪr / noun [countable]
cho‧ral / ˈkɔːrəl / adjective [only before noun]
1 a group of people who sing together for other people to listen to
He joined a church choir at the age of eight.
cho‧ral / ˈkɔːrəl / adjective [only before noun]
related to music that is sung by a large group of people together
cor‧al 1 / ˈkɒrəl $ ˈkɔː-, ˈkɑː- / noun [uncountable]
coal S2 W2 / kəʊl $ koʊl / noun
char‧coal / ˈtʃɑːkəʊl $ ˈtʃɑːrkoʊl / noun
cor‧al 1 / ˈkɒrəl $ ˈkɔː-, ˈkɑː- / noun [uncountable] مرجان
coal S2 W2 / kəʊl $ koʊl / noun زغال سنگ
char‧coal / ˈtʃɑːkəʊl $ ˈtʃɑːrkoʊl / noun ذغال
dep‧re‧cate / ˈdeprəkeɪt, ˈdeprɪkeɪt / verb [transitive] formal
— deprecation / ˌdeprəˈkeɪʃ ə n, ˌdeprɪˈkeɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable]
to strongly disapprove of or criticize something قبیح دانستن
perch 1 / pɜːtʃ $ pɜːrtʃ / noun [countable]
a branch or stick where a bird sits
perch 2 verb
1 be perched on/above etc something to be in a position on top of something or on the edge of something: قرار گرفتن
a house perched on a cliff above the town
2 perch (yourself) on something to sit on top of something or on the edge of something :
Bobby had perched himself on a tall wooden stool.
3 [intransitive + on] if a bird perches on something, it flies down and sits on it
sit
sit down
be seated formal
take a seat
sink into something
lounge
perch
be slumped
squat
sit to be resting your weight on your bottom somewhere, or to move into this position:
He was sitting in front of the fire. | She sat on the bed and kicked off her shoes. | Who is the man sitting next to Karen?
sit down to sit on a chair, bed, floor etc. after you have been standing:
I sat down on the sofa. | Come in and sit down.
be seated formal to be sitting in a particular chair or place:
John was seated on my left. | There was a man seated behind the desk.
take a seat to sit – used especially when asking someone to sit down:
Please take a seat – she will be with you in a minute. | Would the audience please take their seats – the show will begin in five minutes.
sink into something to sit in a comfortable chair and let yourself fall back into it:
We switched on the TV and sank into our armchairs.
lounge to sit in a very comfortable relaxed way: لم دادن
They lounged around all day by the pool.
perch to sit on the edge of something: لبه بلندی نشستن
He perched on the arm of the sofa. | My sister was perched (= was sitting) on a high stool.
be slumped to be sitting while leaning against something, especially because you are injured, drunk, or asleep:
They found him slumped against the steering wheel.
squat to sit with your knees bent under you, your bottom just off the ground, balancing on your feet:
A little boy was squatting at the edge of the pool.
scal‧y / ˈskeɪli / adjective
1 a scaly animal or fish is covered with small flat pieces of hard skin پولک و فلس دار
2 scaly skin is dry and rough
cloak 1 / kləʊk $ kloʊk / noun
1 [countable] a warm piece of clothing like a coat without sleeves that hangs loosely from your shoulders عبا، ردء، خرقه
2 [singular] an organization, activity, or way of behaving that deliberately protects someone or keeps something secret
cloak of
the cloak of secrecy around the affair
cloak for
The political party is used as a cloak for terrorist activities.
under the cloak of something
prejudice hiding under the cloak of religion
shriek 1 / ʃriːk / verb
1 [intransitive] to make a very high loud sound, especially because you are afraid, angry, excited, or in pain SYN scream: جیق زدن
- They were dragged from their homes, shrieking and weeping.*
- He shrieked in agony.*
shriek with
A group of students were shrieking with laughter.
2 [transitive] to say something in a high loud voice because you are excited, afraid, or angry SYN scream:
‘I’m pregnant,’ she shrieked.
shriek at
‘I’ll kill you,’ Anne shrieked at him.
die 2 noun [countable]
1 a metal block used to press or cut something into a particular shape
2 a dice
3 the die is cast used to say that a decision has been taken and cannot now be changed
wear‧y 1 / ˈwɪəri $ ˈwɪr- / adjective
— wearily adverb
— weariness noun [uncountable]
1 very tired or bored, especially because you have been doing something for a long time: خیلی خسته
- She found Rachel in the kitchen, looking old and weary.*
- She sat down with a weary sigh.*
weary of (doing) something
He was weary of the constant battle between them.
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In everyday English, people usually say tired rather than weary:
They were tired after their journey.
2 especially literary very tiring:
a long and weary march
tired
exhausted
worn out [not before noun]
weary / ˈwɪəri $ ˈwɪr- / written
fatigued formal
drained [not before noun]
bushed/beat [not before noun] informal
pooped [not before noun] informal
dead spoken
tired feeling that you want to sleep or rest:
I was really tired the next day. | the tired faces of the children
exhausted extremely tired:
I was exhausted after the long trip home. | He sat down, exhausted. | She immediately fell into an exhausted sleep.
worn out [not before noun] very tired because you have been working hard:
With three small children to care for, she was always worn out.
weary / ˈwɪəri $ ˈwɪr- / written tired because you have been travelling, worrying, or doing something for a long time:
weary travellers | a weary sigh | He looks tired and weary after 20 years in office.
fatigued formal very tired:
They were too fatigued to continue with the climb. | Because of her illness, she often became fatigued.
drained [not before noun] very tired and feeling as if all your energy has gone:
Afterwards, he felt drained, both physically and mentally.
bushed/beat [not before noun] informal very tired:
I’m bushed. I think I’ll go to bed early. | I’m beat. I don’t think I’ll go for a run tonight.
pooped [not before noun] informal very tired.
By the time I got home I was absolutely pooped.
dead spoken extremely tired, so that you cannot do anything but sleep:
I was absolutely dead by the time I got home.
war‧y / ˈweəri $ ˈweri / adjective
— wariness noun [singular, uncountable]:
a wariness in her voice
— warily adverb:
She eyed him warily.
someone who is wary is careful because they think something might be dangerous or harmful مواظب
be wary of (doing) something
I’m a bit wary of driving in this fog.
wary of
We must teach children to be wary of strangers.
Keep a wary eye on the weather before you set sail.
She had a wary expression on her face.
var‧y S3 W2 AC / ˈveəri $ ˈveri / verb (past tense and past participle varied, present participle varying, third person singular varies)
1 [intransitive] if several things of the same type vary, they are all different from each other SYN differ: متفاوت بودن
- Test scores vary from school to school.*
- The heights of the plants vary from 8 cm to 20 cm.*
vary in
- flowers that vary in color and size*
- Medical treatment varies greatly from state to state.*
- Cooking times may vary slightly, depending on your oven.*
- Charges vary according to size.*
- She has tried different diets with varying degrees of success.*
- tests of varying levels of difficulty*
2 [intransitive] if something varies, it changes depending on the situation: تغییر کردن
- Quentin’s mood seems to vary according to the weather.*
- ‘What do you wear when you go out?’ ‘Well, it varies.’*
3 [transitive] to change something to make it different:
My doctor said I should vary my diet more. تغییر دادن
vary considerably/greatly/widely
vary enormously
vary significantly
vary slightly
vary wildly
considerably/greatly/widely The amount of food available varies considerably from season to season.
enormously Farm sizes vary enormously within Europe.
significantly The software seems similar, but performance can vary significantly.
slightly The cooking time may vary slightly depending on your oven.
wildly (= a lot) Prices varied wildly from store to store.
varying degrees
varying levels
varying sizes
varying amounts
varying degrees She was involved in a number of car accidents of varying degrees of seriousness.
varying levels Children with varying levels of ability can still be taught together.
varying sizes a set of jars of varying sizes
varying amounts Tap water may contain varying amounts of rust, grit and silt.
opt / ɒpt $ ɑːpt / verb [intransitive]
to choose one thing or do one thing instead of another انتخاب کردن
opt for
We finally opted for the wood finish.
opt to do something
Many young people are opting to go on to college.
opt in phrasal verb
to decide to join a group or system
opt in to
Employees have the choice to opt in to the scheme.
opt out phrasal verb
1 to avoid doing a duty
opt out of
You can’t just opt out of all responsibility for the child!
2 to decide not to be part of a group or system
opt out of
Britain wants to opt out of the new European regulations.
3 if a school or hospital in Britain opts out, it decides to control the money that it is given by the government, instead of being controlled by local government
