400Word_5

Question 1

integrity AC / ɪnˈteɡrəti, ɪnˈteɡrɪti / noun [uncountable]

Answer 1

1 the quality of being honest and strong about what you believe to be right صداقت

personal/professional/political etc. integrity

a man of great moral integrity

2 formal the state of being united as one complete thing: تمامیت

the territorial integrity of the country تمامیت ارضی

Question 2

prevalent / ˈprevələnt / adjective

Answer 2

common at a particular time, in a particular place, or among a particular group of people شایع

prevalent in/among etc.

• Solvent abuse (دود گرفتن) is especially prevalent among younger teenagers.*
• the prevalent belief in astrology*

— prevalence noun [singular, uncountable]:

the prevalence of deafness in older age groups

Question 3

common

widespread

commonplace [not before noun] especially written

prevalent formal

rife / raɪf / [not before noun]

ubiquitous / juːˈbɪkwətəs, juːˈbɪkwɪtəs / formal

sth is everywhere especially spoken

Answer 3

common if sth is common, there are a lot of them:

Jones is a very common name in Great Britain. | Foxes are common in the area. | Personal computers are nearly as common in American homes as televisions.

widespread happening in a lot of places or done by a lot of people:

Racism is much more widespread than people imagine. | The report claimed that the problem of police brutality was widespread. | the widespread availability of antibiotics

commonplace [not before noun] especially written common in a particular place or time – used especially when saying that this seems surprising or unusual:

Crimes such as robbery are commonplace in big cities. | Expensive foreign cars are commonplace in this Chicago suburb.

prevalent formal common in a place or among a group of people – used especially about illnesses, problems, or ideas:

Flu is most prevalent during the winter months. | Depression remains one of the most prevalent health disorders in the US. | This belief is more prevalent among men than women.

rife / raɪf / [not before noun] very common – used about illnesses or problems:

AIDS is rife in some parts of the world.

ubiquitous / juːˈbɪkwətəs, juːˈbɪkwɪtəs / formal very common and seen in many different places – often used humorously in written descriptions:

He was carrying the ubiquitous MP3 player. | In Britain, CCTV cameras are ubiquitous.

sth is everywhere especially spoken used when saying that you can see sth a lot in many different places:

Images of the dictator were everywhere. | Microchips seem to be everywhere these days – even in washing machines. | One of the first things you notice in Amsterdam are the bicycles – they’re everywhere.

Question 4

reform 1 / rɪˈfɔːm $ -ɔːrm / verb

Answer 4

1 [transitive] to improve a system, law, organization etc. by making a lot of changes to it, so that it operates in a fairer or more effective way: بهسازی کردن

plans to radically reform the tax system

2 [intransitive and transitive] to change your behavior and become a better person, or to make someone do this:

• Greeley says he’s a genuinely reformed character.*
• a reformed criminal*

Question 5

change

alter especially written

adapt

adjust

modify especially written

reform

revise

reorganize

restructure

Answer 5

change to make someone or sth different:

Unfortunately, there’s nothing we can do to change the situation. | Being at college has changed her – she’s much more confident now.

alter especially written to change sth so that it is better or more suitable:

You can alter the color and size of the image using a remote control. | Can we alter the date of the meeting?

adapt to change sth slightly in order to improve it or make it more suitable:

How much would it cost to adapt the existing equipment? | You can adapt the recipe to suit your own requirements.

adjust to make small changes in the position or level of sth in order to improve it or make it more suitable:

How do you adjust the volume on the television? | He adjusted his tie in the mirror.

modify especially written to make small changes to sth such as a piece of equipment, a set of ideas, or a way of behaving in order to improve it or use it in a different way:

He’s modified his opinions since then. | a modified version of the original program.

reform to change a law, system, organization etc. so that it is fairer or more effective:

plans to reform the tax system | Health care needs to be completely reformed.

revise to change a plan, idea, law etc. because of new information and ideas:

In July, China revised the rules for foreign investment. | The findings could force the scientists to revise their ideas about climate change.

reorganize to change the way that a system or organization works:

We**’ve had to reorganize our database | During the 1980s, the government reorganized the civil service.

restructure to make big changes to the way sth is organized, especially a large political or economic system or a big company, in order to make it more effective:

The company has been restructured from top to bottom.

Question 6

abduct / əbˈdʌkt, æb- / verb [transitive]

Answer 6

to take someone away by force SYN kidnap: آدم دزدیدن

The diplomat was abducted on his way to the airport. Pirates (دزدان دریایی) got many crew members by abduction, snatching (دزدیدن کسی از کنار همراهش به زور) unlucky citizens from seaport towns.

— abductor noun [countable]

— abduction / əbˈdʌkʃ ə n, æb- / noun [uncountable and countable]:

child abduction

— abductee / ˌæbdʌkˈtiː / noun [countable]

Register

Abduct is mostly used in journalism. In everyday English, people usually say kidnap:

He was kidnapped on his way to the airport.

Question 7

detain / dɪˈteɪn / verb [transitive]

Answer 7

1 to officially prevent someone from leaving a place: بازداشت کردن تو منزل یا مکانی دیگر

• Two suspects have been detained by the police* for questioning.
• She was detained in hospital with a suspected broken leg.*

2 [usually passive] formal to stop someone from leaving as soon as they expected SYN delay:

He was detained in Washington on urgent business.

Question 8

deviant / ˈdiːviənt / adjective

Answer 8

different, in a bad way, from what is considered normal: منحرف، مختلف

deviant behavior; The artist based his reputation on creating deviant works of art that disgusted most of the public.

— deviant noun [countable]:

a sexual deviant

Question 9

deviate 1 AC / ˈdiːvieɪt / verb [intransitive]

Answer 9

to change what you are doing so that you are not following an expected plan, idea, or type of behavior منحرف شدن

deviate from

The plane had to deviate from its normal flight path.

Question 10

distort AC / dɪˈstɔːt $ -ɔːrt / verb

— distorted adjective:

His face was distorted in anger.

— distortion / dɪˈstɔːʃ ə n $ -ɔːr- / noun [uncountable and countable]:

a gross distortion of the facts

Answer 10

1 [intransitive and transitive] to change the appearance, sound, or shape of sth so that it is strange or unclear: عوض کردن

Tall buildings can distort radio signals.

2 [transitive] to report sth in a way that is not completely true or correct:

His account was badly distorted by the press.

3 [transitive] to change a situation from the way it would naturally be:

an expensive subsidy which distorts the market

Question 11

distort

twist

misrepresent

Answer 11

distort to explain facts, statements etc. in a way that makes them seem different from what they really are: The judge said that she had deliberately tried to distort the facts. | Don**’t try to distort the truth.

twist to dishonestly change the meaning of a piece of information or of sth that someone has said, in order to get an advantage for yourself or to support your own opinion: He accused reporters of twisting his words. | In her article she twisted the meaning of what I said.

misrepresent to give people a wrong idea about someone or their opinions, by what you write or say: I hope I have not misrepresented her opinion. | He’s taking legal action to stop the film, claiming it grossly misrepresents him.

Question 12

piracy / ˈpaɪrəsi / noun [uncountable]

Answer 12

1 the crime of illegally copying and selling books, tapes, videos, computer programs etc.

software piracy; The software company constantly battled piracy

2 the crime of attacking and stealing from ships at sea

Modern-day piracy occurs mostly near groups of small, uninhabited islands where pirates can hide.

3 the crime of making illegal television or radio broadcasts

Question 13

predicament / prɪˈdɪkəmənt / noun [countable]

Answer 13

a difficult or unpleasant situation in which you do not know what to do, or in which you have to make a difficult choice: مخمصه، وضع خطرناک

• the country’**s economic predicament*
• She went to the office to explain her* predicament.

in a predicament

Other married couples are in a similar predicament.

Question 14

villainy / ˈvɪləni / noun [uncountable and countable] literary

Answer 14

evil or criminal behavior شرارت

Question 15

cartel / kɑːˈtel $ kɑːr- / noun [countable]

Answer 15

a group of people or companies who agree to sell sth at a particular price in order to prevent competition and increase profits اتحادیه صنایع مشابه، کارتل

an illegal drug cartel

Question 16

monopoly / məˈnɒp ə li $ məˈnɑː- / noun (plural monopolies)

Answer 16

1 [countable] if a company or government has a monopoly of a business or political activity, it has complete control of it so that other organizations cannot compete with it امتیاز انحصاری

monopoly of

• They are demanding an end to the Communist Party’s monopoly of power.*
• the state monopoly of television*

monopoly on/in

• For years Bell Telephone had a monopoly on telephone services in the US.*
• a monopoly in copper trading*

2 [countable] a large company that controls all or most of a business activity:

The company is a state-owned monopoly.

3 [singular] if someone has a monopoly on sth, that thing belongs to them, and no one else can share it:

Teachers do not have a monopoly on educational debate.

Question 17

interdict / ˈɪntədɪkt $ -ər- / noun [countable]

— interdiction / -ˈdɪkʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 17

1 law an official order from a court telling someone not to do sth محرومیت

2 technical a punishment in the Roman Catholic Church, by which someone is not allowed to take part in church ceremonies

— interdict / ˌɪntəˈdɪkt $ -ər- / verb [transitive] To keep sth from reaching a certain place: جلو چیزی رو گرفتن

With faster patrol boats, the Coast Guard can more easily interdict drugs being smuggled by sea

Question 18

juxtapose / ˌdʒʌkstəˈpəʊz $ ˈdʒʌkstəpoʊz / verb [transitive] formal

— juxtaposition / ˌdʒʌkstəpəˈzɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 18

to put things together, especially things that are not normally together, in order to compare them or to make sth new; کنار هم گذاشتن

If you juxtapose these two similar flowers, you can see clear differences between them

juxtapose sth with sth

a style of decor that juxtaposes antiques with modern furniture

Question 19

misconception / ˌmɪskənˈsepʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 19

an idea which is wrong or untrue, but which people believe because they do not understand the subject properly SYN fallacy تصور غلط

popular/common misconception

There is a popular misconception that too much exercise is bad for you.

misconception that

Refugees have the misconception that life is great over here.

misconception about

many people’s misconceptions about the blind and deaf

Question 20

myth

illusion

misconception

delusion

fallacy

Answer 20

myth sth a lot of people believe because they want to believe it, not because it is based on fact:

The first myth about motherhood is that new mothers instantly fall in love with their babies. | Contrary to popular myth, our streets are much safer now than they were 100 years ago.

illusion a belief or idea that is false, especially a belief in sth good about yourself or about the situation you are in:

Alcohol gives people the illusion of being witty and confident. | People bought the land under the illusion that the value would increase.

misconception an idea that is not true but which people believe because they do not have all the facts, or they have not properly understood the situation:

It’s a common misconception that vaccinations given in childhood last for life. | Employers seem to share the general misconception that young people are more efficient than older workers.

delusion a completely mistaken idea, which affects your behavior and what you decide to do:

He began to suffer from paranoid delusions. | Many people labour under the delusion (= have the delusion) that anything which says ‘natural ingredients’ on the label must be harmless. | the delusion that women control most of the world’ s wealth and power

fallacy if you say that sth is a fallacy, you mean that it is completely wrong to believe that it is true:

The idea that a good night’s sleep will cure everything is a complete fallacy. | It’s a fallacy that all fat people are fat simply because they eat too much.

Question 21

potent / ˈpəʊt ə nt $ ˈpoʊ- / adjective

— potently adverb

Answer 21

1 having a very powerful effect or influence on your body or mind SYN powerful: قوی، پرقدرت

• potent drugs*
• a* potent symbol of oppression
• Advertising is a* potent force in showing smoking as a socially acceptable habit.
• A good company pension scheme remains a potent weapon for attracting staff.*

2 powerful and effective:

The treaty requires them to get rid of their most potent weapons.

3 a man who is potent is able to have sex or able to make a woman pregnant OPP impotent

Question 22

residual / rɪˈzɪdʒuəl / adjective [only before noun] formal

Answer 22

remaining after a process, event etc. is finished: باقیمانده

the residual effects of drug treatment; Usage tips Residual is often followed by trace, amount, or some other word referring to “quantity.”; In the airplane, agents found residual traces of heroin

residual income (= the money left from what you earn after you have paid your taxes)

Question 23

subtle / ˈsʌtl / adjective (comparative subtler or more subtle, superlative subtlest)

— subtly adverb:

a subtly different color

Answer 23

1 not easy to notice or understand unless you pay careful attention OPP obvious: غیرواضح

• The pictures are similar, but there are subtle differences between them.*
• The warning signs of the disease are so subtle that they are often ignored.*
• a subtle form of racism*

subtle taste/flavour/smell etc.

• The flavour of the dried berries is more subtle.*
• The dish had a* subtle hint of ginger.

2 behaving in a skillful and clever way, especially using indirect methods or language to hide what you are trying to do: زیرکانه

• I think we need a more subtle approach.*
• a subtle plan*

subtle about

She wasn’t very subtle about it. She just said she didn’t love him any more.

3 very clever in noticing and understanding things → sensitive:

a subtle mind

Question 24

ancestor / ˈænsəstə, -ses- $ -sestər / noun [countable]

— ancestral / ænˈsestrəl / adjective:

the family’**s ancestral home

Answer 24

1 a member of your family who lived a long time ago → descendant: جد

My ancestors were French.

2 an animal that lived in the past, that modern animals have developed from:

Lions and house cats evolved from a common ancestor (= the same ancestor).

3 the form in which a modern machine, vehicle etc. first existed SYN forerunner پیشرو

ancestor of

Babbage**’s invention was the ancestor of the modern computer.

Question 25

descendant / dɪˈsendənt / noun [countable]

Answer 25

1 someone who is related to a person who lived a long time ago, or to a family, group of people etc. that existed in the past → ancestor نسل

sb’s descendants/the descendants of sb

• The coastal areas were occupied by the descendants of Greek colonists.*
• He was a* direct descendant of Napoleon Bonaparte.

2 sth that has developed from sth else

descendant of

Quechua is a descendant of the Inca language.

Question 26

relative

relation

descendant

ancestor

forefathers especially written

extended family

folks especially American English informal

next of kin

Answer 26

relative a member of your family, especially one who does not live with you:

Most of her relatives were able to come to the wedding. | We have some distant relatives in Australia.

relation a member of your family. Relation means the same as relative. It is often used when talking about whether someone is in the same family as another person:

Big cities can be lonely places if you have no friends or relations there. | ‘ What relation is she to you ?**’ ‘She’s my half sister.’ | He’s no relation to the singer.

descendant someone who is a family member of a person who lived and died a long time ago, for example the great-grandchild of that person:

The people are the descendants of slaves who were brought over from Africa.

ancestor a member of your family who lived a long time ago, especially hundreds of years ago:

My ancestors originally came from Ireland.

forefathers especially written people in your family who lived a long time ago - often used in historical descriptions:

His forefathers came to America over a century ago.

extended family a family group that consists not only of parents and children, but also includes grandparents, aunts etc.:

Extended families rarely live together in Britain, but they are still important.

folks especially American English informal your family, especially your parents:

Are you going to see your folks at Christmas?

next of kin the person or people who are most closely related to you, for example your husband or mother, and who need to be told if sth serious happens to you:

The next of kin must be notified of his death before his name is released to the press.

Question 27

cohesion / kəʊˈhiːʒ ə n $ koʊ- / noun [uncountable]

Answer 27

1 if there is cohesion among a group of people, a set of ideas etc, all the parts or members of it are connected or related in a reasonable way to form a whole: هم بستگی

a sense of community and social cohesion

2 technical a close relationship, based on grammar or meaning, between two parts of a sentence or a larger piece of writing

معنی پیوند مولکولی هم میده

Question 28

kin / kɪn / noun [plural]

→ kindred → kith and kin

Answer 28

1 informal (also kinsfolk, kinfolk American English old-fashioned) your family قوم و خویش

2 next of kin formal your most closely related family:

We**’ll have to notify the next of kin of his death.

Question 29

kith and kin / ˌkɪθ ə n ˈkɪn / noun [plural]

Answer 29

old-fashioned family and friends قوم و خویش

Question 30

legitimate 1 / ləˈdʒɪtəmət, lɪˈdʒɪtəmət / adjective

Answer 30

1 fair or reasonable: درست و منطقی

• That’s a perfectly legitimate* question.
• Most scientists believe it is legitimate to use animals in medical research.*

2 acceptable or allowed by law: قانونی

Their business operations are perfectly legitimate.

3 a legitimate child is born to parents who are legally married to each other OPP illegitimate

Harcourt had two legitimate children with his wife Hannah and one illegitimate son with a woman whom he met while traveling

— legitimately adverb:

• a legitimately elected government*
• He complained quite legitimately about his treatment.*

— legitimacy noun [uncountable]:

Opponents have questioned the legitimacy of the ruling.

Question 31

paternal / pəˈtɜːnl $ -ɜːr- / adjective

— paternally adverb

→ maternal

Answer 31

1 paternal feelings or behavior are like those of a kind father towards his children: پدری

Dan took a paternal interest in my work.

2 paternal grandmother/uncle etc. your father’s mother, brother etc.

Question 32

maternal / məˈtɜːnl $ -ɜːr- / adjective

— maternally adverb

Answer 32

1 typical of the way a good mother behaves or feels → paternal: مادری

• Annie was wonderfully warm and maternal.*
• She seems to have a strong maternal instinct* (= desire to have babies and take care of them).

2 [only before noun] relating to a mother or to being a mother → paternal:

the relationship between maternal age and infant mortality

3 maternal grandfather/aunt etc. your mother’s father, sister etc.

Question 33

proximity / prɒkˈsɪməti, prɒkˈsɪmɪti $ prɑːk- / noun [uncountable] formal

Answer 33

nearness in distance or time نزدیکی، مجاورت

proximity to

We chose the house for its proximity to the school.

proximity of

• the proximity of the Bahamas to the States*
• Here the rich and the poor live in close proximity* (= very near to each other).

Question 34

sentiment / ˈsentəmənt, ˈsentɪmənt / noun

Answer 34

1 [uncountable and countable] formal an opinion or feeling you have about sth: احساس، نظر در مورد چیزی

Similar sentiments were expressed by many politicians.

popular/public sentiment (= what most people think)

He was more in touch with public sentiment than many of his critics.

anti-American/anti-nationalistic/anti-religious etc. sentiments

• the anti-immigrant sentiments expressed by some Americans*
• ‘After all, it’s her decision.’ ‘ My sentiments exactly* (= I agree).’

Register

In everyday English, people usually say feeling rather than sentiment:

They all expressed similar feelings.

2 [uncountable] feelings of pity, love, sadness etc. that are often considered to be too strong or not suitable for a particular situation SYN emotion:

There’s no place for sentiment in business!

Question 35

sibling / ˈsɪblɪŋ / noun [countable]

Answer 35

1 formal a brother or sister:

Most young smokers are influenced by their friends’ and older siblings’ smoking habits.

2 sibling rivalry competition between brothers and sisters for their parents’ attention or love

ri‧val‧ry / ˈraɪv ə lri / noun ( plural rivalries ) [uncountable and countable]

Question 36

affection / əˈfekʃ ə n / noun [singular, uncountable]

Answer 36

1 a feeling of liking or love and caring SYN fondness محبت و عاطفه

affection for

• Bart had a deep affection for the old man.* I show affection for my girlfriend by spending time with her, not by spending money on her
• She looked back on (think about sth happened in the past) those days with affection.*
• Their father never showed them much* affection.
• The church was held in great affection* (= loved and cared about a lot) by the local residents.

2 sb’s affections the feelings of love and caring that someone has:

Africa has always had a special place in my affections.

Question 37

in‧fat‧u‧a‧tion / ɪnˌfætʃuˈeɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 37

a strong feeling of love for someone or interest in something, especially a feeling that is unreasonable and does not continue for a long time شیفتگی و شیدایی

infatuation with

• the current infatuation with seventies style*
• Shaw’s infatuation with the actress is evident in his writing.*

Question 38

ob‧ses‧sion / əbˈseʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

— obsessional adjective

Answer 38

an extreme unhealthy interest in something or worry about something, which stops you from thinking about anything else: علاقه بیش از حد غیرمنطقی

Gambling became an obsession, and he eventually lost everything.

obsession with

• an unhealthy obsession with being thin*
• The current obsession with exam results is actually harming children’s education.*
• The game pachinko became a national obsession.*
• He has an enthusiasm for art, to the point of obsession in my opinion.*
• She looked after him with a devotion bordering on obsession.*

Question 39

love noun [uncountable]

affection noun [uncountable]

devotion noun [uncountable]

passion noun [uncountable]

infatuation noun [uncountable and countable]

romance noun [uncountable]

crush noun [countable]

Answer 39

love noun [uncountable] a feeling of liking someone very much and caring a lot about them – used about people in your family, or someone you feel sexually attracted to:

All children need love, attention, and encouragement. | We don’t need words to express our love for each other.

affection noun [uncountable] a gentle feeling of love which makes you want to be kind to someone and show them that you love them – used especially about friends and members of your family:

My mother never showed us us any affection. | Alison and I had been at school together, and I felt great affection for her.

devotion noun [uncountable] very strong love for someone in which you want to give them a lot of attention and look after them – used especially about strong feelings of love for your wife, husband, children etc.:

His recovery is largely due to the devotion of his wife and family

passion noun [uncountable] a strong and exciting feeling of love for someone you are extremely sexually attracted to:

He loved her still, with just the same passion as he always had. | There was no passion in their relationship.

infatuation noun [uncountable and countable] a strong feeling of love for someone, in which you cannot stop thinking about them, and which seems silly because you do not know them very well:

She hoped that his ridiculous infatuation would soon wear off. | His infatuation with Diane seemed to be growing. | a childhood infatuation

romance noun [uncountable] the feeling of loving someone and the nice things you do to show this – used about someone you are sexually attracted to: داستان عاشقانه

The romance had gone out of their relationship. | In the UK, one in ten people have found romance over the Internet.

crush noun [countable] a very strong feeling of love and sexual attraction for someone such as a teacher or a famous person, especially when there is no chance of you having a relationship with that person because you are much younger than them:

She had a teenage crush on one of her teachers. | I had a big crush on Tom Cruise when I was growing up. | a schoolgirl crush

Question 40

associate 1 S3 W2 / əˈsəʊʃieɪt, əˈsəʊsi- $ əˈsoʊ- / verb

Answer 40

1 [transitive] to make a connection in your mind between one thing or person and another ارتباط دادن

associate sb/sth with sth

I don’t associate him with energetic sports.

2 be associated (with sb/sth)

a) to be related to a particular subject, activity etc.:

problems associated with cancer treatment

b) (also associate yourself with sb/sth) to show that you support someone or sth: مربوط دونستن

He did not associate himself with the pro-democracy movement.

Register

In everyday English, people usually say sth comes with or goes with sth rather than is associated with it:

There are some problems that go with this way of doing things.

3 associate with sb to spend time with someone, especially someone that other people disapprove of:

I don’t like these layabouts you’re associating with.

Question 41

associate 2 / əˈsəʊʃiət, əˈsəʊʃiɪt, əˈsəʊsi- $ əˈsoʊ- / noun [countable]

Answer 41

someone who you work or do business with SYN colleague: همکار

one of his business associates

Question 42

colleague

Workmate

coworker American English

associate

staff

Answer 42

colleague someone who you work with in a company or organization, for example someone working in the same office, or someone teaching in the same school:

Friends and former colleagues described him as a kind and caring man. | She discovered that her male colleagues were earning more than she was.

Workmate is more informal than colleague:

He went out for a drink with his workmates.

coworker American English someone who you work with:

I was sad to say goodbye to all of my coworkers.

associate someone who you work with, especially another businessman or businesswoman:

They are close friends and business associates.

staff all the people who work for an organization:

The company employs a total of 520 staff. | a staff meeting

Question 43

associate 3 adjective

associate member/director/head etc.

Answer 43

someone who is a member etc. of sth, but who is at a lower level and has fewer rights

Question 44

asˌsociate proˈfessor noun [countable]

Answer 44

a professor at an American university whose job is above the level of assistant professor and below the level of professor

Question 45

association S3 W1 / əˌsəʊsiˈeɪʃ ə n, əˌsəʊʃi- $ əˌsoʊ- / noun

Answer 45

1 [countable] an organization that consists of a group of people who have the same aims, do the same kind of work etc.: انجمن

the Association of Master Builders

2 [uncountable and countable] a relationship with a particular person, organization, group etc. ارتباط

association with

his close association with the Green Party

3 in association with sb/sth made or done with another person, organization etc.:

concerts sponsored by the Arts Council in association with local businesses

4 [countable] a connection or relationship between two events, ideas, situations etc.

association between

the strong association between the disease and middle-aged women

5 [countable] a feeling or memory that is related to a particular place, event, word etc.: خاطره

Scotland has all kinds of happy associations for me.

Question 46

organization

institution

association

party

body

club/society

union

charity

Answer 46

organization a group of people, companies, or countries, which is set up for a particular purpose:

Greenpeace is an international organization that protects the environment. | the World Health Organization

institution a large important organization such as a bank, church, or university:

The University is an important academic institution. | financial institutions such as banks

association an organization for people in a particular profession, sport, or activity, which officially represents its members – often used in names:

I met a representative of the National Association of Teachers. | the Football Association

party an organization of people with the same political aims which you can vote for in elections:

Which political party do you support? | He voted for the Republican Party’**s candidate.

body an important group of people who make the rules and advise people about what should be allowed:

the sport’s governing body | The government has set up an advisory body.

club/society an organization for people who share an interest, for example a sport:

We belong to a tennis club. | I joined the university film society.

union an organization formed by workers in order to protect their rights:

The union ordered its members out on strike.

charity an organization which collects money to help people who are poor, sick etc. and does not make any profit for itself:

She has raised a lot of money for local charities.

Question 47

bond 1 AC / bɒnd $ bɑːnd / noun [countable]

Answer 47

1 money an official document promising that a government or company will pay back money that it has borrowed, often with interest: اوراق قرضه

• My father put all his money into stock market bonds.*
• furious trading on the bond market*

→ junk bond, premium bond, savings bond

2 relationship sth that unites two or more people or groups, such as love, or a shared interest or idea → tie رابطه

bond between

the emotional bond between mother and child

bond with

the United States’ special bond with Britain

bond of

lifelong bonds of friendship

3 bonds [plural] literary sth that limits your freedom and prevents you from doing what you want بند و زنجیر

bonds of

the bonds of fear and guilt

4 with glue the way in which two surfaces become attached to each other using glue: چسبندگی

Use a glue gun to form a strong bond on wood or china.

5 chemistry technical the chemical force that holds atoms together in a molecule: پیوستگی مولکولی

In each methane molecule there are four CH bonds.

6 written agreement a written agreement to do sth, that makes you legally responsible for doing it ضمانت

7 my word is my bond formal used to say that you will definitely do what you have promised

8 in/out of bond technical in or out of a bonded warehouse

Question 48

a close/strong bond

a common bond

a special bond

an emotional bond

Answer 48

a close/strong bond A strong bond had developed between them.

a common bond (= one that people share) They shared a common bond – a love of literature.

a special bond There was a special bond between him and his mother.

an emotional bond As soon as we met we felt an emotional bond.

Question 49

form/forge a bond

have a bond

feel a bond

strengthen a bond

break/destroy a bond

a bond develops

Answer 49

form/forge a bond (= make a bond) Frequently horses form a strong bond with their riders.

have a bond Twins often have a very close bond.

feel a bond The people of the island feel a strong bond with each other.

strengthen a bond Sharing experiences strengthens bonds with friends.

break/destroy a bond He didn’t want to do anything to break the bond between them.

a bond develops (= a bond of friendship developed between them) Over six months of working together, a close bond developed.

Question 50

clique / kliːk / noun [countable]

Answer 50

a small group of people who are unfriendly and think they are special and do not want other people to join them – used to show disapproval دار و دسته

clique of

• a ruling clique of officials*
• the cliques formed by high school students;* High-schoolers form cliques to gain security and acceptance

Question 51

confide / kənˈfaɪd / verb [transitive]

Answer 51

1 to tell someone you trust about personal things that you do not want other people to know حرف دلش رو به کسی گفتن

confide to sb that

He confided to his friends that he didn’t have much hope for his marriage.

2 formal to give sth you value to someone you trust so they look after it for you امانت دادن، سپردن

confide sth to sb

He confided his money to his brother’s safekeeping.

confide in sb phrasal verb راز دل رو به کسی گفتن

to tell someone about sth very private or secret, especially a personal problem, because you feel you can trust them:

I’ve never felt able to confide in my sister. Teenagers are more willing to confide in a friend than in a parent.

Question 52

exclusive 1 AC / ɪkˈskluːsɪv / adjective

— exclusivity / ˌekskluːˈsɪvəti, ˌekskluːˈsɪvɪti / (also exclusiveness) noun [uncountable]:

the exclusivity of private education

Answer 52

1 available or belonging only to particular people, and not shared انحصاری

exclusive access/rights/use etc.

Our figure skating club has exclusive use of the rink on Mondays.

exclusive report/interview/coverage etc.

Tune in to our exclusive coverage of Wimbledon.

exclusive to

This offer is exclusive to readers of ‘The Sun’.

2 exclusive places, organizations, clothes etc. are so expensive that not many people can afford to use or buy them: گران و مخصوص عده ای خاص

• Bel Air is an exclusive suburb of Los Angeles.*
• an exclusive girls’ school*

3 deliberately not allowing someone to do sth or be part of a group:

a racially exclusive hiring policy

4 mutually exclusive if two things are mutually exclusive, you cannot have or do both of them:

Lesbianism and motherhood are not mutually exclusive.

5 exclusive of sth not including sth OPP inclusive of sth: بدون چیزی بودن

Our prices are exclusive of sales tax.

6 concerned with only one thing OPP inclusive:

The committee’s exclusive focus will be to improve public transportation.

Question 53

the exclusive rights to sth

exclusive access to sth

the exclusive use of sth

an exclusive report/interview/picture

exclusive coverage

an exclusive deal/contract

an exclusive club

Answer 53

the exclusive rights to sth BSkyB had exclusive rights to all the live matches.

exclusive access to sth Regulations prohibit anyone having exclusive access to the data.

the exclusive use of sth We had exclusive use of the house while he was away.

an exclusive report/interview/picture (= appearing in only one newspaper or magazine) The newspaper featured exclusive pictures of the couple’s new baby.

exclusive coverage (= by only one newspaper or TV channel) You can watch exclusive coverage of all the matches on BBC1.

an exclusive deal/contract (= one that says that no other person or company can do the same job) Our firm has an exclusive contract to handle the company’**s legal affairs.

an exclusive club (= only open to particular people) Unfortunately, I’m not a member of the exclusive club of millionaires.

Question 54

an exclusive suburb/area

an exclusive neighbourhood British English, an exclusive neighborhood AmE:

an exclusive hotel

an exclusive school

an exclusive shop (also an exclusive store American English)

Answer 54

an exclusive suburb/area They live in an exclusive suburb on the north side of the city.

an exclusive neighbourhood British English, an exclusive neighborhood AmE: Some of these kids are from the most exclusive neighbourhoods.

an exclusive hotel With its marble columns and crystal chandeliers, the Crillon is one of the most exclusive hotels in Paris.

an exclusive school Marjorie went to an exclusive girls’ school.

an exclusive shop (also an exclusive store American English) I walked along Bond Street, past all the exclusive shops.

Question 55

solidarity / ˌsɒləˈdærəti, ˌsɒlɪˈdærəti $ ˌsɑː- / noun [uncountable]

Answer 55

loyalty and general agreement between all the people in a group, or between different groups, because they all have a shared aim: هم بستگی و اتحاد

• a gesture of solidarity*
• an appeal for worker solidarity*

show/express/demonstrate your solidarity (with sb)

I come before you today to express my solidarity with the people of New York.

Question 56

will 3 verb

Answer 56

1 [transitive] to try to make sth happen by thinking about it very hard آرزو کردن

will sb to do sth

She was willing herself not to cry.

2 [transitive + to] to officially give sth that you own to someone else after you die

Question 57

despondent / dɪˈspɒndənt $ dɪˈspɑːn- / adjective

— despondency noun [uncountable]

— despondently adverb

Answer 57

extremely unhappy and without hope: محزون، افسرده

Gill had been out of work for a year and was getting very despondent. After his girlfriend left him, Johnson was despondent and wouldn’t talk to anyone.

despondent about

He was becoming increasingly despondent about the way things were going.

Question 58

devotion AC / dɪˈvəʊʃ ə n $ -ˈvoʊ- / noun

Answer 58

1 [uncountable] the strong love that you show when you pay a lot of attention to someone or sth

devotion to

Alanna has always shown intense devotion to her children.

2 [uncountable] the loyalty that you show towards a person, job etc, especially by working hard → dedication

devotion to

• the soldier’s courage and devotion to duty*
• his integrity and devotion to his patients*

3 [uncountable] strong religious feeling

4 devotions [plural] prayers and other religious acts

Question 59

dilemma / dəˈlemə, dɪˈlemə, daɪ- / noun [countable]

Answer 59

a situation in which it is very difficult to decide what to do, because all the choices seem equally good or equally bad: دوراهی، وضع دشوار

a moral dilemma

in a dilemma

• I’m in a dilemma about this job offer.*
• This placed Robert Kennedy* in a dilemma.
• Many women are faced with the dilemma of choosing between work and family commitments.*

Question 60

be in a dilemma

face a dilemma/be faced with a dilemma

pose/create a dilemma

put/place sb in a dilemma

resolve/solve a dilemma

explain your dilemma

Answer 60

be in a dilemma After years of recession, the company was in a dilemma over its future.

face a dilemma/be faced with a dilemma Women may still be faced with the dilemma of choosing between jobs and families.

pose/create a dilemma The difficult economic situation poses a dilemma for investors.

put/place sb in a dilemma His divided loyalties placed him in a dilemma.

resolve/solve a dilemma People often need help with resolving their dilemmas.

explain your dilemma (= talk about it) He explained his dilemma to me.

Question 61

a difficult/serious dilemma

a terrible dilemma

a moral/ethical/political etc. dilemma

a personal dilemma

a painful dilemma

a common/familiar dilemma

the central dilemma

Answer 61

a difficult/serious dilemma He was in a serious dilemma because neither option seemed very desirable.

a terrible dilemma She was in a terrible dilemma because she loved both men.

a moral/ethical/political etc. dilemma Doctors face a moral dilemma over how long to prolong someone’s life.

a personal dilemma The men who were on strike faced a personal dilemma over whether to return to work.

a painful dilemma (= a very difficult one) She faced the painful dilemma of having to decide whether to tell the police about her son’s crimes.

a common/familiar dilemma (= one that a lot of people have) Deciding whether to put an elderly parent in a nursing home is a common dilemma.

the central dilemma (= the main one) The Prime Minister’s central dilemma was whether war was justified.

Question 62

a way out of a dilemma

a solution to a dilemma

Answer 62

a way out of a dilemma (= a way to solve it) There seemed to be no way out of the dilemma.

a solution to a dilemma (= a way to solve it) One possible solution to the dilemma may be to divide the money equally betweeen the brothers.

Question 63

engender / ɪnˈdʒendə $ -ər / verb [transitive]formal

Answer 63

to be the cause of a situation or feeling: ایجاد کردن

the changes in society engendered by the war; The government’s warnings about terrorism engendered fear throughout the nation

engender sth in sb

relationships that engender trust in children

Question 64

loyal / ˈlɔɪəl / adjective

Answer 64

faithful; always supporting your friends, principles, country etc. وفادار، صادق

OPP disloyal

loyal to

• The army has remained loyal to the government.*
• a loyal supporter of the team*
• her many years of loyal service to the company*
• loyal customers*

— loyally adverb:

He has always loyally defended the president.

Question 65

passion W3 / ˈpæʃ ə n / noun

Answer 65

1 [uncountable and countable] a very strong feeling of sexual love شهوت

His eyes were burning with passion.

passion for

her passion for a married man

2 [uncountable and countable] a very strong belief or feeling about sth شور و عشق

with passion

• He spoke with considerable passion about the importance of art and literature.*
• The issue arouses strong passions.*

3 [countable] a very strong liking for sth

passion for

• his passion for football*
• Gardening was her great passion.*

4 fly into a passion literary to suddenly become very angry

Question 66

great passion

strong passions

arouse/stir passions

passions run high

a great passion

Answer 66

great passion The orchestra plays with great passion.

strong passions In this area, the issue has already stirred strong passions.

arouse/stir passions (= cause strong feelings in people) The case aroused passions throughout the country.

passions run high (= people are very excited, angry, or upset) The judge’s decision is expected today and passions are running high.

a great passion Birds were my great passion.

Question 67

a lifelong passion

a consuming passion

have a passion for sth

indulge your passion for sth

Answer 67

a lifelong passion His lifelong passion for natural history began in childhood.

a consuming passion (= a very strong interest, or sth you are very interested in) The young Wordsworth had a consuming passion for poetry. | For years, acting and the stage had been his consuming passion.

have a passion for sth She had a passion for music.

indulge your passion for sth (= do sth that you enjoy doing very much) دنبال علاقه خود رفتن

The money enabled him to indulge his passion for horses.

Question 68

reciprocity / ˌresəˈprɒsəti, ˌresɪˈprɒsəti $ -ˈprɑː- / noun [uncountable] formal

Answer 68

a situation in which two people, groups, or countries give each other similar kinds of help or special rights عمل متقابل

Question 69

antipathy / ænˈtɪpəθi / noun [uncountable]formal

Answer 69

a feeling of strong dislike towards someone or sth SYN hostility انزجار

antipathy to/towards

a growing antipathy towards the government

antipathy between

There’s always been a certain amount of antipathy between the two doctors.

Question 70

opposition noun [uncountable]

objection noun [countable]

antagonism noun [uncountable]

hostility noun [uncountable]

antipathy noun [uncountable] formal

Answer 70

opposition noun [uncountable] strong disagreement with or protest against sth: مخالفت

Opposition to the proposed scheme was widespread. | The plan met with stiff opposition (= strong opposition).

objection noun [countable] a reason you give for opposing an idea or plan: اعتراض

My main objection is that it will cost too much money. | A number of objections were raised.

antagonism noun [uncountable] a strong feeling of opposition to sth, or dislike for someone, which is shown in your behavior, and has often existed for a long time: خصومت

his own antagonism to any form of authority | There is no antagonism towards tourists on the island. | people’s antagonism to communism

hostility noun [uncountable] angry remarks or behavior that show someone opposes sth very strongly, or dislikes someone very much: ضدیت و مخالفت

The announcement was greeted with hostility from some employees. | There is a certain amount of hostility towards the police among local people.

antipathy noun [uncountable] formal a strong feeling of opposition and dislike for someone or sth: انزجار

his fundamental antipathy to capitalism | Her long-standing antipathy to Herr Kohl was well-known. | Darwin shared Lyell’s antipathy to the idea that the same species could appear independently in different areas.

Question 71

arrogant / ˈærəɡənt / adjective

— arrogantly adverb

Answer 71

behaving in an unpleasant or rude way because you think you are more important than other people: متکبر

• He was unbearably (غیر قابل تحمل) arrogant.*
• an arrogant attitude*

Question 72

proud

pleased with yourself

arrogant disapproving

vain disapproving

conceited/big-headed disapproving

pompous disapproving

smug disapproving

self-satisfied disapproving

Answer 72

proud very pleased with what you, your family, or your country have achieved, or of sth you own:

I felt so proud when my son graduated from college. | Judith’s very proud of her new Ferrari.

pleased with yourself feeling pleased because sth good has happened, especially because you think you have been very clever, skillful etc.:

He was smoking a big cigar and was obviously pleased with himself. | I’d made a big profit and was feeling pretty pleased with myself.

arrogant disapproving behaving in an unpleasant and annoying way, because you think you are better or know more than other people, and that your opinions are always right:

He was arrogant and regarded people who disagreed with him as fools. | his arrogant attitude to women

vain disapproving too proud of your appearance, in a way that annoys other people: مغرور بخاطر ظاهر آدم

He’s so vain – he thinks all the girls fancy him.

conceited/big-headed disapproving proud of yourself because you think you are very intelligent, skillful, beautiful etc, especially without good reason and in a way that annoys people: مغرور بخاطر هوش، زیبایی یا توانایی های دیگر

Stewart’s the most arrogant conceited person I’ve ever known. | She was offered a brilliant job and became incredibly big-headed overnight.

pompous disapproving thinking that you are much more important than you really are, and using very long and formal words to try to sound important: برای فردی هست که کلمات قلمبه سلمبه استفاده میکنه و فکر میکنه خیلی مهمه

The clerk was a pompous little man with glasses. | a pompous speech

smug disapproving pleased with yourself in a quiet but annoying way because you think you are in a better position than other people: جو گیر

Milly was looking very smug about coming top of the class. | a smug expression

self-satisfied disapproving pleased with what you have achieved and showing it clearly in an annoying way:

She glared angrily into his self-satisfied face. | a self-satisfied grin

Question 73

berate / bɪˈreɪt / verb [transitive + for] formal

Answer 73

to speak angrily to someone because they have done sth wrong با عصبانیت سرزنش کردن

Question 74

reprimand formal

scold formal

give sb a talking-to informal

lecture

rebuke formal

reproach formal

berate formal

Answer 74

reprimand formal to tell someone that they have done sth wrong or illegal and are being punished for it – used especially in official contexts: سرزنش کردن که تنبیه هم داشته باشه

The police officers were officially reprimanded for their behavior. | The Swiss authorities severely reprimanded the banks for accepting $660million from the former Nigerian dictator Sani Abacha. | Debra remembered as a very young child being reprimanded by her father.

scold formal if a parent, teacher, or other adult scolds a child, they talk to them angrily because they have done sth wrong. Scold sounds rather formal and old-fashioned. In everyday English people usually say tell sb off: سرزنش کردن بچه هاست

I dreaded the thought of going home and being scolded by my father.

give sb a talking-to informal to talk angrily to a child because they have done sth wrong:

The boy was giving a good talking-to and sent home.

lecture to talk angrily to someone for a long time about sth they have done wrong, especially in a way that they think is not necessary or fair:

Stop lecturing me, will you! | He began to lecture her about her duties as a citizen.

rebuke formal to tell someone that they should not have done sth:

She rebuked him for being late. | Sheerman rebuked his colleague for suggesting that he was too stupid to understand what he was saying.

reproach formal to talk to someone in a way that shows you are disappointed at what they have done. Reproach sounds much gentler than criticizing someone or reprimanding them: از انتقاد کردن ملایمتر هست

He felt he had to reproach his friend for his excessive drinking.

berate formal to publicly criticize someone for a long time, in a way that shows you strongly disapprove of what they have done: سرزنش کردن در زمان طولانی

She berated the paper for its ‘misleading front-page story.’ | Kennedy berated the Eisenhower administration and its vice president Richard Nixon, during the 1960 campaign.

Question 75

contemptuous / kənˈtemptʃuəs / adjective

— contemptuously adverb

Answer 75

showing that you think someone or sth deserves no respect SYN scornful:

a contemptuous glance

be contemptuous of احترام نذاشتن

He was openly contemptuous of his father.

Question 76

scorn 1 / skɔːn $ skɔːrn / noun [uncountable]

Answer 76

1 the feeling that someone or sth is stupid or does not deserve respect SYN contempt تمسخر، تحقیر

scorn for

He felt scorn for his working-class parents.

with scorn

Rachel looked at me with scorn.

2 pour scorn on sb/sth (also heap scorn on sb/sth American English) to strongly criticize someone or sth because you think they do not deserve respect: heap means: خرمن کردن

Labour poured scorn on the Tory claim to be the party of law and order.

Question 77

despise / dɪˈspaɪz / verb [transitive not in progressive]

Answer 77

Hate very much; to dislike and have a low opinion of someone or sth: خار شمردن، نفرت بیش از حد داشتن

She despised her neighbours.

Question 78

hate verb [transitive not in progressive]

can’t stand/can’t bear

loathe / ləʊð $ loʊð / /detest verb [transitive not in progressive]

despise verb [transitive not in progressive]

abhor / əbˈhɔː $ əbˈhɔːr, æb- / verb [transitive not in progressive] formal

Answer 78

hate verb [transitive not in progressive] to dislike someone or sth very much:

Billy hated his stepfather. | He hated the fact that his wife was more successful than he was. | She hates people being late.

can’t stand/can’t bear to hate someone or sth. Can’t stand is less formal than hate, and is very common in everyday English:

She’s OK, but I can’t stand her husband. | He couldn’t bear the thought of life without Nicole. | She can’t stand being on her own.

loathe / ləʊð $ loʊð / /detest verb [transitive not in progressive] to hate sth or someone very much. Loathe and detest are a little more formal than hate:

He loathed housework. | Greg had detested his brother for as long as he could remember. | She evidently loathes her ex-husband.

despise verb [transitive not in progressive] to hate someone or sth very much and have no respect for them:

He despised the man and could never forgive him for what he had done. | They despised the wealth and consumerism of the West.

abhor / əbˈhɔː $ əbˈhɔːr, æb- / verb [transitive not in progressive] formal to hate sth because you think it is morally wrong:

He abhorred violence. | We abhor racism in any form.

Question 79

humiliation / hjuːˌmɪliˈeɪʃ ə n / noun

Answer 79

1 [uncountable] a feeling of shame and great embarrassment, because you have been made to look stupid or weak: احساس حقارت و شرمندگی

the humiliation of having to ask her parents for money

2 [countable] a situation that makes you feel humiliated: An event that causes someone to feel that she or he has lost the respect of others;

Losing the chess tournament was a great humiliation for Marie, and she never played chess again. The government suffered a series of political humiliations.

Question 80

shame

humiliation

dishonour British English, dishonor American English formal

stigma

Answer 80

shame the feeling you have when you feel guilty and embarrassed because you, or someone who is close to you, have done sth wrong:

She never overcame the shame of having abandoned her children. | He remembered his angry words with a deep sense of shame. | Following the scandal, Garrison resigned in shame.

humiliation a feeling of shame and embarrassment because you have been made to look weak or stupid in front of other people:

What really upset me was the humiliation of having to ask her for money. | He suffered the humiliation of defeat in the first round of the competition.

dishonour British English, dishonor American English formal the loss of other people’s respect because you have done sth bad, or you have been unsuccessful:

His comments have brought shame and dishonor on him and his profession. | There is no dishonor in failure when you have done everything you possibly can to succeed.

stigma the feeling that other people in society disapprove of you because of sth that has happened to you, or because you feel different from most other people in some way – used especially when this seems unfair and unreasonable:

Even when someone has been found innocent of a crime, the stigma often remains. | At first I found the stigma of being unemployed very difficult to cope with. | In many countries there is still a strong social stigma attached to homosexuality.

Question 81

obnoxious / əbˈnɒkʃəs $ -ˈnɑːk- / adjective

— obnoxiously adverb

— obnoxiousness noun [uncountable]

Answer 81

very offensive, unpleasant, or rude: خیلی بی ادب، منفور

• She’s really obnoxious.* My obnoxious neighbor keeps talking to me while I’m trying to read in my backyard
• an obnoxious idea*
• obnoxious odours*

Question 82

shame 1 S2 / ʃeɪm / noun

Answer 82

1 it’s a shame/what a shame etc. spoken used when you wish a situation was different, and you feel sad or disappointed:

‘She’s failed her test again.’ ‘What a shame!’

It’s a shame that you have to leave so soon.

What a shame we missed the wedding.

It’s a shame about the weather.

it is a shame to do sth

• It’s a shame to cover this beautiful table with a tablecloth.*
• I can’t imagine why they canceled your show, Tracy. That’s such a shame.*

a crying/great/terrible shame

It was a crying shame that they lost the game.

Register

In written English, people usually say sth is unfortunate rather than a shame:

It’s unfortunate that these warnings were not taken seriously.

2 [uncountable] the feeling you have when you feel guilty and embarrassed because you, or someone who is close to you, have done sth wrong:

• He felt a deep sense of shame.*
• Maria blushed with shame.*

To her shame (= it made her feel ashamed), she gained back all the weight she’d lost.

He’s brought shame on the whole family.

hang/bow your head in shame (= look down, or feel like you should look down, because you feel so ashamed)

I bow my head in shame when I think of how I treated her.

There’s no shame in (= it should not make you feel ashamed) saying ‘I don’t know.’

3 [uncountable] the ability to feel shame:

How could you do such a thing? Have you no shame ?

4 shame on you/him/them etc. spoken used to say that someone should feel guilty or embarrassed because of sth they have done:

Shame on you, Fred. I thought you were my friend!

5 put sb/sth to shame to be so much better than someone or sth else that it makes the other thing seem very bad or ordinary:

His cooking puts mine to shame.

Question 83

disgrace

ignominy formal

Answer 83

disgrace a complete loss of people’s respect because you have done sth very bad and shocking: رسوایی و بی آبرویی

His actions brought disgrace on the family. | The players were sent home in disgrace after admitting taking drugs. | Garton killed himself because he could not bear the disgrace of being charged with corruption.

ignominy formal a feeling of great shame and embarrassment because you have been made to look weak or stupid – a very formal use: شرمندگی

The team suffered the ignominy of losing five games in a row. | She hoped to avoid the ignominy of having to appear in court.

Question 84

be stigmatized (also stigmatise British English) / ˈstɪɡmətaɪz / verb

— stigmatization / ˌstɪɡmətaɪˈzeɪʃ ə n $ -tə- / noun [uncountable]

Answer 84

be stigmatized to be treated by society as if you should feel ashamed of your situation or behavior: داغ ننگ زده شده

Single mothers often feel that they are stigmatized by society. Cadbury’s beard and tattoos stigmatized him as a bad match for Wall Street, so he couldn’t find work as a financial analyst

Question 85

vitriolic / ˌvɪtriˈɒlɪk◂ $ -ˈɑːlɪk◂ / adjective formal

Answer 85

vitriolic language, writing etc. is very cruel and angry towards someone: تند و نیش دار

vitriolic remarks; The mayor’s vitriolic attacks against the city council only made him sound unreasonable.

Question 86

scowl 1 / skaʊl / verb [intransitive]

Answer 86

to look at someone in an angry way → frown: اخم کردن

Patrick scowled, but did as he was told.

scowl at

Mum scowled at him and refused to say anything.

Question 87

scowl 2 noun [countable]

Answer 87

an angry or disapproving expression on someone’s face اخم

She looked at me with a scowl.

Question 88

frown

smile

scowl

glare

grimace

sneer

smirk

pout

Answer 88

frown the expression on your face when you move your eyebrows together because you are angry, unhappy, or confused: اخم

With a frown, she asked, ‘So what’s wrong with that?’

smile an expression in which your mouth curves upwards, when you are being friendly or are happy or amused:

She gave him a quick smile.

scowl an angry or disapproving expression: اخم

There was a scowl of irritation on his face.

glare a long angry look: نگاه عصبانی طولانی

He gave her a furious glare, but said nothing.

grimace an expression you make by twisting your face because you do not like sth or because you are feeling pain:

His face twisted into a grimace of anguish (غم و اندوه).

sneer an expression that shows you have no respect for sth or someone: نیش خند

‘That’s what you said last time,’ she said with a sneer.

smirk an expression in which you smile in an unpleasant way that shows you are pleased by someone else’s bad luck or that you think you are better than other people: He had a self-satisfied smirk on his face.

pout an expression in which you push out your lower lip because you are unhappy that you did not get what you want: لب و لوچه آویزون کردن

‘You’re going away?’ she said with a pout.

Question 89

adolescent / ˌædəˈles ə nt◂ / noun [countable]

Answer 89

a young person, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, who is developing into an adult نوجوان

— adolescent adjective:

adolescent girls; In policy meetings, George refuses to reason with anyone and just scowls in an adolescent way

Question 90

conflict 1 S3 W2 AC / ˈkɒnflɪkt $ ˈkɑːn- / noun

Answer 90

1 [uncountable and countable] a state of disagreement or argument between people, groups, countries etc; تضاد

A teenager’s need for security can conflict with his desire for independence from his family.

conflict over

conflicts over wage settlements

conflict between

the conflict between tradition and innovation

in conflict (with sb)

normal kids who are in conflict with their parents

political/social/industrial conflict

• social and political conflict in the 1930s*
• the threat of industrial conflict in the coalfields*
• Marx points out the potential conflicts below the surface of society.*
• His views on the literal truth of the Bible brought him into conflict with other Christian leaders.*
• Doctors exercise considerable power and often come into conflict with politicians.*
• a lawyer specializing in conflict resolution*

2 [uncountable and countable] fighting or a war جنگ یا دعوا

armed/military/violent conflict

• For years the region has been torn apart by armed conflicts.*
• UN troops intervened to avert a threat of violent conflict.*
• efforts to resolve the conflict*

3 [uncountable and countable] a situation in which you have to choose between two or more opposite needs, influences etc.:

As women increasingly went out to work, the possibility of a conflict of loyalties became stronger.

conflict between

a conflict between the demands of one’s work and one’s family

in conflict (with sth)

The principles of democracy are sometimes in conflict with political reality.

4 [uncountable and countable] a situation in which you have two opposite feelings about sth:

a state of inner conflict

5 [countable] American English sth that you have to do at the same time that someone wants you to do sth else:

I’ve got a conflict on Friday. Can we make it Monday?

6 conflict of interest/interests

a) a situation in which you cannot do your job fairly because you will be affected by the decision you make:

There is a growing conflict of interest between her position as a politician and her business activities.

b) a situation in which different people want different things

Question 91

come into conflict with sb

bring sb into conflict with sb

cause/create/provoke conflict

resolve a conflict

avoid conflict

Answer 91

come into conflict with sb Local people have often come into conflict with planning officials.

bring sb into conflict with sb Some of her actions have brought her into conflict with her managers.

cause/create/provoke conflict Sometimes very small disagreements can cause conflict within a family.

resolve a conflict You may need a lawyer to resolve a serious conflict between neighbours.

avoid conflict The Prime Minister wants to avoid a conflict over the issue.

Question 92

political/social conflict

industrial conflict

ethnic/racial conflict

family conflict

bitter conflict

Answer 92

political/social conflict Widespread unemployment often leads to social conflict.

industrial conflict (= between workers and their employers) The industrial conflict resulted in a series of strikes.

ethnic/racial conflict (= between people of different races) The ethnic conflict in the region has become violent.

family conflict There are various techniques you can use to try and avoid family conflict.

bitter conflict (= very angry) The new law provoked bitter conflict.

Question 93

a source of conflict

an area of conflict

conflict resolution

Answer 93

a source of conflict Lack of money is often a source of conflict between spouses.

an area of conflict (= a subject or matter that causes conflict) There may be many areas of conflict between parents and teenagers.

conflict resolution (= finding a way to end a conflict) The children are learning methods of conflict resolution to use on the playground.

Question 94

war noun [uncountable and countable]

conflict noun [uncountable and countable]

fighting noun [uncountable]

hostilities noun [plural] formal

warfare noun [uncountable]

battle noun [uncountable and countable]

skirmish / ˈskɜːmɪʃ $ ˈskɜːr- / noun [countable]

combat noun [uncountable]

action noun [uncountable]

Answer 94

war noun [uncountable and countable] a situation in which there is fighting between countries or opposing groups within a country, with large numbers of soldiers and weapons:

He fought in World War II. | the horrors of war

conflict noun [uncountable and countable] a situation in which there is fighting or a war – used especially in news reports:

the conflict in the Middle East | There is increasing danger of armed conflict.

fighting noun [uncountable] a situation in which people or groups fight each other and try to kill each other:

The fighting went on for months. | Fighting in the north has resulted in hundreds of deaths.

hostilities noun [plural] formal fighting in a war:

The agreement called on the guerrillas to cease hostilities (= stop fighting) and begin peace talks.

warfare noun [uncountable] the activity of fighting in a war – used especially to talk about a method of fighting:

new and more advanced methods of warfare | chemical warfare

battle noun [uncountable and countable] an occasion when two armies, groups of ships etc. fight each other in one place during a war:

the great naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars | the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 | He died in battle.

skirmish / ˈskɜːmɪʃ $ ˈskɜːr- / noun [countable] a short fight between small groups of soldiers, ships etc, especially one that happens away from the main part of a war or battle: زد و خورد

There were minor skirmishes between Indian and Pakistani troops across the border.

combat noun [uncountable] the act of fighting, especially during a war:

Few of them had any experience of combat. | hand-to-hand combat

action noun [uncountable] military actions carried out by the army, navy etc. of a country during a war – used especially in the following phrases:

He was killed in action in 1944. | Her son went missing in action. | Her grandfather saw action (= fought) in two world wars.