400Word_8

Question 1

pre‧mi‧um 1 / ˈpriːmiəm / noun

Answer 1

1 [countable] the cost of insurance, especially the amount that you pay each year: حق بیمه

insurance premiums

2 [countable] an additional amount of money, above a standard rate or amount:

• Consumers are prepared to pay a premium for organically grown vegetables.*
• Top quality cigars are being sold at a premium.*

3 be at a premium if something is at a premium, people need it or want it, but there is little of it available or it is difficult to get:کمبود چیزی بودن

During the Olympic Games, accommodation will be at a premium.

space/time is at a premium

Foldaway furniture is the answer where space is at a premium.

4 put/place a premium on something to consider one quality or type of thing as being much more important than others: اولویت به کاری دادن

Modern economies place a premium on educated workers.

5 [uncountable] especially American English good quality petrol

Question 2

payment

installment

deposit (also down payment)

subscription

tip

premium

Answer 2

payment an amount of money that you pay for something, especially when it is only one part of the total amount you have to pay:

They have a monthly car payment of £220.

installment a regular payment you make to pay back money that you have borrowed or to pay for things that you have already received:

I borrowed $2,000, which was to be paid back in monthly installments of $250.

deposit (also down payment) part of the cost of something that you pay before you get it, so that it will not be sold to anyone else:

They used the money they inherited as a down payment on a house. | The hotel asks for a $20 deposit to reserve a room.

subscription an amount of money you pay, usually once a year, to receive copies of a newspaper or magazine:

A subscription to the magazine is $52 a year.

tip a small amount of money that you give someone, for example a waitress or taxi driver, in addition to paying for a service they have given you:

I usually leave a 10% tip.

premium the amount you pay for insurance each year:

your monthly life insurance premiums

Question 3

vi‧cious / ˈvɪʃəs / adjective

— viciously adverb:

He twisted her arm viciously.

— viciousness noun [uncountable]

Answer 3

1 violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically: وحشیانه

• a vicious murder*
• a vicious killer*
• Keep away from that dog, he can be vicious.*

2 very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someone’s feelings or make their character seem bad SYN malicious: بد ذات، از روی بدخواهی

• Sarah can be quite vicious at times.*
• a vicious personal attack on the Duchess (بانوی دوک)*
• She was shocked by the vicious tone in his voice.*

3 unpleasantly strong or severe SYN violent: خیلی شدید

• a vicious gust (تند باد) of wind*
• a vicious headache*

Question 4

ˌviciousˈcircle (also ˌviciousˈcycle) noun [singular]

Answer 4

a situation in which one problem causes another problem, that then causes the first problem again, so that the whole process continues to be repeated سیکل معیوب

Question 5

small‧hold‧ing / ˈsmɔːlˌhəʊldɪŋ $ ˈsmɒːlˌhoʊld- / noun [countable]

Answer 5

a piece of land used for farming, that is smaller than an ordinary farm

Question 6

farm

ranch

smallholding

plantation

homestead

spread American English informal

market garden

orchard

agriculture

arable adjective

Answer 6

farm an area of land, used for growing crops or keeping animals:

a 300-hectare farm | a dairy farm | a sheep farm

ranch a very large farm in the western US, Canada, or South America where sheep, cattle, or horses are bred:

a cattle ranch in Wyoming

smallholding a piece of land used for farming, that is smaller than an ordinary farm:

a smallholding used for organic farming

plantation a large area of land in a hot country, where crops such as tea, cotton, and sugar are grown:

a rubber plantation | a tea plantation

homestead a piece of land for farming that was given to people in the past by the US and Canadian governments:

He still farms on the family homestead, a hundred years after his grandfather received it.

spread American English informal an area of land used for farming or ranching:

They have a pretty big spread just south of the Canadian border.

market garden an area of land, often with greenhouses on it, used for growing vegetables and fruit:

He runs his own market garden, and sells his produce to the big supermarkets.

orchard an area of land with trees, used for growing fruit:

an apple orchard | cherry orchards

agriculture the practice of farming:

More than 75% of the land is used for agriculture.

arable adjective relating to growing crops:

a lack of arable land

Question 7

up‧hold / ʌpˈhəʊld $ -ˈhoʊld / verb (past tense and past participle upheld / -ˈheld /) [transitive]

— upholder noun [countable]

Answer 7

حمایت کردن

1 to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it continues to exist:

a committee that aims to uphold educational standards

2 if a court upholds a decision made by another court, it states that the decision was correct OPP overrule: تایید کردن

The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal.

Question 8

con‧front / kənˈfrʌnt / verb [transitive]

Answer 8

1 if a problem, difficulty etc. confronts you, it appears and needs to be dealt with: روبرو شدن با

The problems confronting the new government were enormous.

be confronted with something

Customers are confronted with a bewildering amount of choice.

2 to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way:

We try to help people confront their problems.

3 to face someone in a threatening way, as though you are going to attack them:

Troops were confronted by an angry mob.

4 to accuse someone of doing something, especially by showing them the proof متهم کردن کسی

confront somebody with/about something

• I confronted him with my suspicions, and he admitted everything.*
• I haven’t confronted her about it yet.*

Question 9

be‧wil‧der‧ing / bɪˈwɪld ə rɪŋ / adjective

— bewilderingly adverb:

The details are bewilderingly complex.

Answer 9

confusing, especially because there are too many choices or things happening at the same time گیج کننده

a bewildering variety/array/range a bewildering variety of choices

Question 10

confusing

puzzling (also perplexing formal)

baffling

bewildering

Answer 10

confusing unclear and difficult to understand:

a confusing message | The road signs were very confusing and we ended up getting lost.

puzzling (also perplexing formal) confusing, especially because something is different from what you expect:

Jan’s decision not to take part in the race was very puzzling. | It was the trivial details which he found so perplexing.

baffling extremely difficult to understand even though you have tried for a long time:

Police are close to solving one of Australia’s most baffling murder cases. | The failure was baffling, given the success of his previous businesses.

bewildering very confusing, especially because something is strange or new, or because there are a lot of different things:

Brain diseases can cause many bewildering changes in a person’s emotions and behaviour. | There is a bewildering number of mobile phone deals on offer.

Question 11

man‧u‧script / ˈmænjəskrɪpt, ˈmænjʊskrɪpt / noun [countable]

Answer 11

1 a book or piece of writing before it is printed دست نوشته

in manuscript

• I read his novel in manuscript.*
• Unfortunately, parts of the original manuscript have been lost.*

2 a book or document written by hand before printing was invented:

a fine collection of medieval manuscripts نسخه خطی

Question 12

lyre / laɪə $ laɪr / noun [countable]

Answer 12

a musical instrument with strings across a U-shaped frame, played with the fingers, especially in ancient Greece

Question 13

re‧vive / rɪˈvaɪv / verb

Answer 13

1 [transitive] to bring something back after it has not been used or has not existed for a period of time: دوباره رواج دادن، احیا کردن

Local people have decided to revive this centuries-old tradition.

2 [intransitive and transitive] to become healthy and strong again, or to make someone or something healthy and strong again → recover: جون گرفتن

• The economy is beginning to revive.*
• an attempt to revive the steel industry*
• The doctors revived her with injections of glucose.*

3 [transitive] to produce a play again after it has not been performed for a long time:

A London theatre has decided to revive the 1950s musical ‘In Town’.

Question 14

li‧bret‧to / lɪˈbretəʊ $ -toʊ / noun (plural librettos) [countable]

Answer 14

the words of an opera or musical play

Question 15

ba‧roque 1 / bəˈrɒk, bəˈrəʊk $ bəˈroʊk, -ˈrɑːk / adjective

Answer 15

relating to the very decorated style of art, music, buildings etc, that was common in Europe in the 17th and early 18th centuries:

furnished in a baroque style

baroque music/architecture/paintings etc.

Question 16

ac‧qui‧esce / ˌækwiˈes / verb [intransitive]

Answer 16

formal to do what someone else wants, or allow something to happen, even though you do not really agree with it کاری که دوست نداری رو بکنی

acquiesce in/to

Oil companies have been accused of acquiescing in the pollution of the ocean.

Question 17

suc‧ces‧sion AC / səkˈseʃ ə n / noun

Answer 17

1 in succession به ترتیب

happening one after the other without anything different happening in between:

She won the championship four times in succession.

in quick/rapid/close succession (= quickly one after the other)

He fired two shots in quick succession.

2 a succession of something a number of people or things of the same kind, following, coming, or happening one after the other SYN stream: یه تعدادی از

A succession of visitors came to the door.

3 [uncountable] the act of taking over an official job or position, or the right to be the next to take it جانشین

If the prince dies, the succession passes to his son.

succession to

the queen’s succession to the throne

Question 18

a‧ri‧a / ˈɑːriə / noun [countable]

Answer 18

a song that is sung by only one person in an opera or oratorio

Question 19

re‧ci‧ta‧tive / ˌresətəˈtiːv, ˌresɪtəˈtiːv / noun [uncountable and countable] technical

Answer 19

a speech set to music that is sung by one person and continues the story of an opera (= musical play) between the songs

Question 20

du‧et 1 / djuˈet $ duˈet / noun [countable]

Answer 20

a piece of music for two singers or players → quartet, solo, trio

Question 21

pair

a couple (of something)

couple noun [countable]

twins noun [plural]

duo noun [countable]

duet noun [countable]

twice

Answer 21

pair two things of the same type that you use together. Also used about two people who do something together or who you often see together:

a pair of shoes | a pair of socks | Winners will receive a pair of tickets for the show. | The pair were arrested six days after the killing. | They’re a funny pair! | The British pair will be playing in the final on Saturday.

a couple (of something) two things of the same type, or a very small number of things:

There were a couple of empty seats at the table. | Do you have any stamps? I just need a couple.

couple noun [countable] two people who are married or having a sexual relationship:

a married couple | The couple met at university.

twins noun [plural] two children who were born on the same day to the same mother:

The twins look very alike. | identical twins

duo noun [countable] two people who perform together or who are often seen together:

a comedy duo

duet noun [countable] a piece of music written for two people to play:

They played a duet by Brahms.

twice two times adverb:

The group meets twice a week. | She sneezed twice.

Question 22

re‧ci‧ta‧tion / ˌresəˈteɪʃ ə n, ˌresɪˈteɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 22

1 an act of saying a poem, piece of literature etc. that you have learned, for people to listen to: از برخونی

recitations from the great poets

2 a spoken description of an event or a series of events

recitation of

He went into a recitation of his life from the earliest years.

Question 23

sun‧spot / ˈsʌnspɒt $ -spɑːt / noun [countable] technical

Answer 23

a small dark area on the sun’s surface

Question 24

pe‧num‧bra / pəˈnʌmbrə, pɪˈnʌmbrə / noun [countable]

technical

Answer 24

an area of slight darkness

Question 25

mon‧e‧ta‧ry / ˈmʌnət ə ri, ˈmʌnɪt ə ri $ ˈmɑːnəteri / adjective [only before noun]

Answer 25

relating to money, especially all the money in a particular country:

• the government’s tight monetary policy*
• objects of little monetary value*

Question 26

financial

economic

fiscal [only before noun] formal

monetary [only before noun] formal

budgetary [only before noun] formal

Answer 26

financial relating to money or the management of money:

businesses that provide personal financial services | the financial problems of old age

economic relating to the money of a country, area, or society, and the way it is earned, spent, and controlled:

American voters were anxious for a change in economic policy. | an economic crisis

fiscal [only before noun] formal relating to the money, debts, tax etc. that are owned and managed by the government: مالی

fiscal control | The Indian government is trying to reduce the fiscal deficit.

monetary [only before noun] formal relating to money, especially all the money in a country, and how it is managed:

The Bank of Thailand has retained a tight monetary policy. | the European Monetary System

budgetary [only before noun] formal relating to the official plan of how the money of a country or organization is spent: مربوط به بودجه

City officials are facing tough budgetary decisions. | the process of budgetary control

Question 27

al‧lo‧ca‧tion AC / ˌæləˈkeɪʃ ə n / noun

Answer 27

1 [countable] the amount or share of something that has been allocated for a particular purpose: تخصیص

Twelve hours a week seemed a generous allocation of your time.

2 [uncountable] the decision to allocate something, or the act of allocating it

allocation of اختصاص چیزی

the allocation of funds to universities

Question 28

par‧ti‧san 1 / ˌpɑːtəˈzæn, ˌpɑːtɪˈzæn $ ˈpɑːrtəz ə n, -s ə n / adjective

Answer 28

1 strongly supporting a particular political party, plan, or leader, usually without considering the other choices carefully: طرفدار

British newspapers are highly partisan.

2 relating to the fighting of an armed group against an enemy that has taken control of its country: پاتیزانی، چریکی

the nature of partisan warfare

Question 29

stray 1 / streɪ / verb [intransitive]

Answer 29

1 to move away from the place you should be

stray into/onto/from

Three of the soldiers strayed into enemy territory.

2 to begin to deal with or think about a different subject from the main one, without intending to

stray into/onto/from

• We’re straying into ethnic issues here.*
• This meeting is beginning to stray from the point.*

3 if your eyes stray, you begin to look at something else, usually without intending to

stray to/back/over etc.

Her eyes strayed to the clock.

4 to start doing something that is wrong or immoral, when usually you do not do this

Question 30

band‧mas‧ter / ˈbændˌmɑːstə $ -ˌmæstər / noun [countable]

Answer 30

someone who conducts a military band, brass band etc. رهبر اکستر

Question 31

in‧sin‧u‧ate / ɪnˈsɪnjueɪt / verb [transitive]

Answer 31

1 to say something which seems to mean something unpleasant without saying it openly, especially suggesting that someone is being dishonest SYN imply اشاره کردن

insinuate that

• Are you insinuating that the money was stolen?*
• What are you trying to insinuate?*

2 formal to gradually gain someone’s love, trust etc. by pretending to be friendly and sincere: جلب نظر یا عشق کسی کردن

He managed to insinuate his way into her affections.

insinuate yourself into something

He insinuated himself into Mehmet’s confidence.

3 formal to move yourself or a part of your body into a place: خودت رو به محلی بکشونی

a large cat insinuated itself through the gap

Question 32

rec‧on‧cile / ˈrekənsaɪl / verb

Answer 32

1 [transitive] if you reconcile two ideas, situations, or facts, you find a way in which they can both be true or acceptable: مصالحه و آشتی کردن

The possibility remains that the two theories may be reconciled.

reconcile something with something

Bevan tried to reconcile British socialism with a wider international vision.

2 be reconciled (with somebody) to have a good relationship again with someone after you have quarrelled with them:

Jonah and his youngest son were, on the surface at least, reconciled.

Register

In everyday English, people usually say that two people make up rather than saying that they are reconciled:

They had a fight, but they seem to have made up now.

reconcile somebody to something phrasal verb

to make someone able to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation:

He tried to reconcile his father to the idea of the wedding.

reconcile yourself to something

Henry had more or less reconciled himself to Don’s death.

Question 33

dis‧so‧nance / ˈdɪsənəns / noun

— dissonant adjective

Answer 33

1 [uncountable and countable] technical a combination of notes that sound strange because they are not in harmony OPP consonance

2 [uncountable] formal lack of agreement

Question 34

laud‧a‧to‧ry / ˈlɔːdət ə ri $ ˈlɒːdətɔːri / adjective formal

Answer 34

expressing praise: تحسین و تمجید کننده

a laudatory biography

Question 35

pro‧claim / prəˈkleɪm $ proʊ- / verb [transitive] formal

Answer 35

1 to say publicly or officially that something important is true or exists اعلام کردن → proclamation: اعلامیه

The President proclaimed the republic’s independence.

proclaim that

Protesters proclaimed that the girl was innocent.

proclaim somebody something

His son was immediately proclaimed King.

2 to show something clearly or be a sign of something:

The stripes on her uniform proclaimed her seniority.

Question 36

pro‧vi‧sion 1 S3 W1 / prəˈvɪʒ ə n / noun

Answer 36

1 [countable usually singular, uncountable] when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future

provision of تدارک چیزی

the provision of childcare facilities

provision for

• provision for people with disabilities*
• He made provisions for his wife and his children in his will.*

2 provisions [plural] food, drink, and other supplies, especially for a journey: خواربار و خوراکی راه

We had enough provisions for two weeks.

3 [countable] a condition in an agreement or law: شرایط قانونی

The agreement includes a provision for each side to check the other side’s weapons.

under the provisions of something

Under the provisions of the Act, employers must supply safety equipment.

Question 37

sub‧sis‧tence / səbˈsɪst ə ns / noun [uncountable]

Answer 37

1 the condition of only just having enough money or food to stay alive: حداقل امکانات زندگی

• Many of the families are forced to live at the subsistence level.*
• The land provided subsistence and little more.*

2 subsistence farming/agriculture etc. farming that produces just enough food for the farmer to live on, but does not produce enough food to sell to other people

3 subsistence allowance/payment etc. money that is paid to someone so that they can buy meals, pay for a place to stay etc.

Question 38

fare 2 verb

Answer 38

fare well/badly/better etc. to be successful, unsuccessful etc: یه چیزی بودن

• Although Chicago has fared better than some cities, unemployment remains a problem.*
• He wondered how Ed had fared in the interview.*

Question 39

herd 2 verb

Answer 39

1 [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to bring people together in a large group, especially roughly: جمع کردن آدمها با خشونت

• The prisoners were herded together.*
• I don’t want to be herded around with a lot of tourists.*

herd somebody into something

The visitors were herded into two large halls.

2 [transitive] to make animals move together in a group:

It was Tom’s duty to herd the cows.

3 something is like herding cats used to say that trying to control or organize a group of people is very difficult

Question 40

graze 1 / ɡreɪz / verb

Answer 40

1 [intransitive and transitive] if an animal grazes, or if you graze it, it eats grass that is growing چراندن، چریدن

graze on

• Groups of cattle were grazing on the rich grass.*
• fields where they used to graze their sheep*

2 [transitive] to accidentally break the surface of your skin by rubbing it against something: خراشیدن پوست

I fell on the gravel, severely grazing my knee.

3 [transitive] to touch something lightly while passing it, sometimes damaging it:

A bullet grazed his arm.

4 [intransitive] informal to eat small amounts of food all through the day instead of having regular meals

Question 41

ges‧ta‧tion / dʒeˈsteɪʃ ə n / noun [singular, uncountable]

Answer 41

1 medical the process by which a child or young animal develops inside its mother’s body before birth, or the period of time when this happens بارداری

The gestation period of a horse is about 11 months.

2 formal the process by which a new idea, piece of work etc. is developed, or the period of time when this happens SYN development

in gestation

The report was a very long time in gestation.

Question 42

mar‧su‧pi‧al / mɑːˈsuːpiəl $ mɑːr- / noun [countable]

— marsupial adjective

Answer 42

an animal such as a kangaroo which carries its babies in a pocket of skin on its body جانوران کیسه دار

Question 43

noc‧tur‧nal / nɒkˈtɜːnl $ nɑːkˈtɜːr- / adjective

Answer 43

1 an animal that is nocturnal is active at night: شبانه

Hamsters are nocturnal creatures.

2 formal happening at night:

Rebecca paid a nocturnal visit to the flat.

Question 44

gey‧ser / ˈɡiːzə $ ˈɡaɪzər / noun [countable]

Answer 44

1 a natural spring that sends hot water and steam suddenly into the air from a hole in the ground چشمه آب گرم

Question 45

re‧hears‧al / rɪˈhɜːs ə l $ -ɜːr- / noun

Answer 45

1 [uncountable and countable] a time when all the people in a play, concert etc. practise before a public performance تمرین نمایش

rehearsal for/of

a rehearsal for ‘Romeo and Juliet’

in rehearsal

The dialogue was worked out by actors in rehearsal.

→ dress rehearsal

2 [countable] a time when all the people involved in a big event practise it together before it happens:

a wedding rehearsal

Question 46

pal‧e‧on‧tol‧o‧gy (/ ˌpæliɒnˈtɒlədʒi, ˌpeɪ- $ ˌpeɪliɑːnˈtɑː / noun [uncountable]

— paleontologist noun [countable]

Answer 46

the study of fossils (= ancient bones, plants etc. that have been preserved in rock) دیرینه شناس

Question 47

spec‧u‧la‧tion / ˌspekjəˈleɪʃ ə n, ˌspekjʊˈleɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 47

1 when you guess about the possible causes or effects of something without knowing all the facts, or the guesses that you make خیال و حدس

speculation that

There is speculation that the president is ill.

speculation about/on

• speculation about the future*
• The witness’s statement was pure speculation* (= not based on any knowledge).

wild/idle speculation (= speculation that is unlikely to be true)

2 when you try to make a large profit by buying goods, property, shares etc. and then selling them: زمین خواری

property speculation

Question 48

pure/mere speculation

wild/idle speculation

intense speculation

widespread speculation

renewed speculation

press/media speculation

Answer 48

pure/mere speculation (= not based on any knowledge) A government official yesterday dismissed the reports as ‘pure speculation’.

wild/idle speculation (= unlikely to be true) Such fears are wild speculation.

intense speculation The reason for his resignation was the subject of intense speculation.

widespread speculation There was widespread speculation about his political plans.

renewed speculation The move has prompted renewed speculation that an election will be held in April.

press/media speculation She appealed for an end to press speculation about her marriage.

Question 49

lead to/prompt/give rise to speculation

fuel speculation

dismiss speculation

end speculation

Answer 49

lead to/prompt/give rise to speculation (= result in it) This development led to speculation that she was about to resign.

fuel speculation (= make it increase) The announcement has fueled speculation that the company will be the target of a takeover bid.

dismiss speculation (= say that it is not true) He dismissed speculation that he might run for president.

end speculation Smith has ended speculation about his future by signing a new contract.

Question 50

be a matter for speculation

be the subject of speculation

Answer 50

be a matter for speculation (= be unknown) The precise nature of the deal is a matter for speculation.

be the subject of speculation (= be thought and guessed about) His role in the affair has been the subject of speculation in the press.

Question 51

rumor noun [uncountable and countable]

speculation noun [uncountable]

gossip noun [uncountable]

talk noun [uncountable]

hearsay noun [uncountable]

Answer 51

rumor noun [uncountable and countable] information or a story that is passed from one person to another and which may or may not be true:

The band denied the rumors that they may be splitting up. | The truth finally came out after months of rumor. | I’ve heard rumors about a ghost in the building.

speculation noun [uncountable] a situation in which a lot of people are talking about something that is happening, especially something that is happening in politics or public life, and trying to guess what the truth is:

There was a great deal of speculation about a possible merger involving Belgium’s largest banks. | The report fuelled speculation (= caused more speculation) that he was about to resign. | His future as a player has been the subject of intense speculation.

gossip noun [uncountable] things that people say about what they think has happened in other people’s private lives, which is usually not true:

She tells me all the latest gossip from the office. | The magazine was full of gossip about celebrities. | You shouldn’t believe every piece of gossip you hear.

talk noun [uncountable] something that people talk about a lot but which is not official:

The government has dismissed talk of a military strike on the country. | There’s been a lot of talk of him resigning.

hearsay noun [uncountable] something that you have heard from someone else, but cannot prove whether it is true or untrue – often used in legal contexts:

All the accounts were based on hearsay rather than eye-witness reports. | hearsay evidence

Question 52

in‧sti‧gate / ˈɪnstəɡeɪt, ˈɪnstɪɡeɪt / verb [transitive]

— instigator noun [countable]

Answer 52

1 to make a process start, especially one relating to law or politics: شروع کردن

Charles instigated a program of reforms.

2 to persuade someone to do something bad or violent: تحریک کردن

He accused union leaders of instigating the disturbances.

Question 53

ge‧ol‧o‧gy / dʒiˈɒlədʒi $ -ˈɑːlə- / noun [uncountable]

— geologist noun [countable]

— geological / ˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪk ə l◂ $ -ˈlɑː- / adjective

— geologically / -kli / adverb

Answer 53

the study of the rocks, soil etc. that make up the Earth, and of the way they have changed since the Earth was formed زمین شناسی

Question 54

Pli‧o‧cene / ˈplaɪəsiːn / adjective

Answer 54

belonging to the period in the Earth’s history that started about five million years ago and continued until about three million years ago

Question 55

Be‧ring Strait, the / ˌbe ə rɪŋ ˈstreɪt /

Answer 55

a narrow passage of water between Asia and North America that connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean

Question 56

draft adjective [only before noun]

Answer 56

1 draft beer is served from a large container rather than a bottle

2 a draft animal is used for pulling heavy loads

Question 57

dawn 2 verb [intransitive]

Answer 57

1 if day or morning dawns, it begins: سپیده دم

The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm.

2 if a period of time or situation dawns, it begins:

The age of Darwin had dawned.

3 if a feeling or idea dawns, you have it for the first time:

It began to dawn that something was wrong.

dawn on somebody phrasal verb

if a fact dawns on you, you realize it for the first time:

The ghastly truth dawned on me.

It dawned on me that Jo had been right all along.

Question 58

in‧ter‧breed / ˌɪntəˈbriːd $ -ər- / verb (past tense and past participle interbred / -ˈbred /) [intransitive + with, transitive]

Answer 58

to produce young animals from parents of different breeds or groups اصلاح نژاد کردن

→ crossbreed, inbreeding

Question 59

Ant‧arc‧tic‧a / ænˈtɑːktɪkə $ -ɑːr- /

Answer 59

the continent which is the most southern area of land on the Earth and is mostly covered with ice. قطب جنوب

→ South Pole

Question 60

or‧di‧nance / ˈɔːdənəns, ˈɔːdɪnəns $ ˈɔːrd ə nəns / noun [countable]

Answer 60

1 American English a law, usually of a city or town, that forbids or restricts an activity: فرمان منع چیزی

a city ordinance that says parks must be closed at 11 p.m.

2 an order given by a ruler or governing organization:

a Royal ordinance

Question 61

rule

law

regulation

restriction

guidelines

code

statute formal

ordinance American English

Answer 61

rule an instruction that says what people are allowed to do or not allowed to do, for example in a game, school, or company:

the rules of baseball | He disobeyed the school rules.

law an official rule that everyone in a country, city, or state must obey:

It is against the law to carry a concealed weapon. | The law requires motorcyclists to wear helmets.

regulation an official rule or order, which is part of a set of rules made by a government or organization:

the regulations for applying for a passport | building regulations | environmental regulations on air pollution

restriction an official rule that limits what people can do:

new restrictions on immigration | The government is planning to impose regulations on the amount of alcohol you can bring into the country.

guidelines rules or instructions about the best way to do something:

the Department of Health’s guidelines for a healthy diet | guidelines for classroom teachers

code a set of rules that people or organizations agree to obey but are not forced to obey:

The school has a dress code for its students. | the company’s code of conduct

statute formal a law that has been officially approved by a parliament, council etc, and written down:

The statute banned corporal punishment.

ordinance American English a law, made by a city or town, that forbids or restricts an activity:

A local ordinance limited speed in the parks to ten miles an hour.

Question 62

bi‧ome / ˈbaɪəʊm $ -oʊm / noun [countable] technical

Answer 62

a type of environment that is described according to the typical weather conditions and plants that exist there

Question 63

hor‧ti‧cul‧ture / ˈhɔːtəˌkʌltʃə, ˈhɔːtɪˌkʌltʃə $ ˈhɔːrtəˌkʌltʃər / noun [uncountable]

— horticultural / ˌhɔːtəˈkʌltʃərəl◂, ˌhɔːtɪˈkʌltʃərəl◂ $ ˌhɔːr- / adjective

— horticulturalist noun [countable]

Answer 63

the practice or science of growing flowers, fruit, and vegetables خود باغبانی و علم باغبانی

Question 64

a‧grar‧i‧an / əˈɡreəriən $ əˈɡrer- / adjective [usually before noun]

Answer 64

relating to farming or farmers: کشاورزی

an agrarian economy (= based on farming)

Question 65

plow / plaʊ / noun [countable]

Answer 65

1 a piece of farm equipment used to turn over the earth so that seeds can be planted گاو آهن - چه قدیمی و چه صنعتی

Question 66

ar‧cha‧ic / ɑːˈkeɪ-ɪk $ ɑːr- / adjective

Answer 66

1 old and no longer used SYN outdated قدیمی و کهنه

OPP modern:

archaic words

2 old-fashioned and needing to be replaced:

Many smaller radio stations broadcast on archaic equipment.

3 from or relating to ancient times SYN ancient: باستانی

archaic civilizations

Question 67

broke 2 adjective [not before noun]

Answer 67

1 having no money: ورشکسته

I’m fed up with being broke all the time.

flat/stony broke (= completely broke)

2 go broke if a company or business goes broke, it can no longer operate because it has no money:

A lot of small businesses went broke in the recession.

3 go for broke informal to take big risks when you try to achieve something:

At 2–0 down with ten minutes left, you have to go for broke.

4 if it ain’t broke, don’t fix it informal used to say that you should not try to improve a system, situation etc. that is satisfactory

Question 68

am‧bi‧tion W3 / æmˈbɪʃ ə n / noun

Answer 68

1 [countable] a strong desire to achieve something آرزو

an ambition to do something

She had always had an ambition to be a pilot.

sb’s ambitions of doing something

An injury ended his ambitions of becoming a professional footballer.

2 [uncountable] determination to be successful, rich, powerful etc: بلند همتی

He was young and full of ambition.

3 have no ambition to do something used when saying that you definitely do not want to do something:

I have no ambition to go back there again.

Question 69

sb’s ambition is to be/do something

have an ambition

achieve/fulfil/realize your ambition

lack ambition/have no ambition

nurse/harbour/cherish an ambition

frustrate/thwart sb’s ambitions formal

Answer 69

sb’s ambition is to be/do something

My ambition was to be a journalist.

have an ambition

He had an ambition to be a top cello player.

achieve/fulfil/realize your ambition (= do what you wanted to do)

It took her ten years to achieve her ambition. | He was prepared to go to any lengths to fulfil his ambition. | I want to thank all those who made it possible for me to realize a lifetime ‘s ambition.

lack ambition/have no ambition

Many of the students lack ambition.

nurse/harbour/cherish an ambition (= have it for a long time, especially secretly)

He had nursed an ambition to become a writer for many years.

frustrate/thwart sb’s ambitions formal (= prevent someone from achieving them)

The weather threatened to frustrate their ambitions. | Her lifelong ambitions had been thwarted again and again.

Question 70

sb’s main ambition

sb’s great ambition

a lifelong/long-held ambition

a personal ambition

a secret ambition

a burning/driving ambition

career ambitions

political/presidential ambitions

Answer 70

sb’s main ambition What’s your main ambition in life?

sb’s great ambition He didn’t achieve his greatest ambition – to be Wimbledon Champion.

a lifelong/long-held ambition (= one that you have had all your life) It’s been her lifelong ambition to work with horses.

a personal ambition Crossing the Sahara was a personal ambition of mine.

a secret ambition His secret ambition was to become a pilot.

a burning/driving ambition (= a very strong ambition) She had a burning ambition to become a racing car driver.

career ambitions The course is designed to help you achieve your career ambitions.

political/presidential ambitions His political ambitions were put on hold while he waited for a suitable opportunity.

Question 71

sb’s dreams and ambitions

sb’s lack of ambition

be full of ambition

Answer 71

sb’s dreams and ambitions He told her all about his dreams and ambitions.

sb’s lack of ambition I was frustrated by their apparent lack of ambition.

be full of ambition She was full of ambition when she joined the company.

Question 72

de‧cep‧tion / dɪˈsepʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 72

the act of deliberately making someone believe something that is not true → deceive: فریب و نیرنگ

• She didn’t have the courage to admit to her deception.*
• He was convicted of obtaining money by deception.*

Question 73

e‧lab‧o‧rate 1 / ɪˈlæb ə rət, ɪˈlæb ə rɪt / adjective

— elaborately adverb:

an elaborately carved wooden statue

Answer 73

1 having a lot of small parts or details put together in a complicated way SYN intricate: دارای جزییات زیاد

pure silks embroidered with elaborate patterns

2 carefully planned and organized in great detail SYN complex: خیلی حرفه ای و برنامه ریزی شده

a very elaborate telecommunications network

Question 74

complicated

complex

elaborate

involved

convoluted

intricate

Answer 74

complicated consisting of a lot of different parts or details and therefore difficult to understand:

The rules of the game seemed very complicated. | I didn’t realize programming the VCR would be so complicated. | The brain is like a very powerful, very complicated computer. | a complicated issue

complex a complex process, relationship etc. is difficult to understand because it has a lot of parts that are all connected in different ways:

The chemical processes involved are extremely complex. | the complex relationship between government and the media

elaborate having a lot of parts or details and very carefully planned, but often more complicated than is necessary:

Mike had worked out an elaborate system for categorizing his collection of DVDs. | The plan to kidnap her had become even more elaborate. | Sociologists have been coming up with increasingly elaborate theories to explain unsafe sexual practices.

involved very long and complicated – use this especially about something that you think should be made simpler:

The system for choosing candidates is very involved, and I won’t go into it here. | Adopting a child can be a long involved process.

convoluted too complicated and difficult to understand – used especially about someone’s language or arguments, or about a system:

convoluted sentences | Procedures for government funding have become more convoluted. | James’s books are full of long paragraphs and convoluted sentences, which many people do not find appealing.

intricate having a lot of small parts or details – used especially about something that is cleverly designed or made:

Lasers are used to cut intricate designs in the metal. | The farmers use an intricate system of drainage canals. | the intricate workings of a watch | intricate patterns of coloured marble

Question 75

at‧tri‧bute 1 AC / əˈtrɪbjuːt $ -bjət / verb

— attribution / ˌætrəˈbjuːʃ ə n, ˌætrɪˈbjuːʃ ə n / noun [uncountable]

Answer 75

attribute something to somebody/something phrasal verb نسبت دادن

1 to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something:

The fall in the number of deaths from heart disease is generally attributed to improvements in diet.

2 if people in general attribute a particular statement, painting, piece of music etc. to someone, they believe that person said it, painted it etc:

a saying usually attributed to Confucius

3 to believe or say that someone or something has a particular quality:

One should not attribute human motives to animals.

Question 76

tram‧ple=tromp (US) / ˈtræmp ə l / verb [intransitive always + adverb/preposition, transitive]

Answer 76

1 to step heavily on something, so that you crush it with your feet پایمال کردن، زیر پا لگد مال کردن

trample on/over/through etc.

There was a small fence to stop people trampling on the flowers.

trample somebody/something underfoot

The children were in danger of being trampled underfoot in the crowd.

trample somebody to death (= kill someone by stepping heavily on them)

Several people were nearly trampled to death in the rush to get out.

2 to behave in a way that shows that you do not care about someone’s rights or feelings

trample on/over somebody/something

• Don’t let people trample all over you.*
• Their interests and rights had been trampled underfoot.*

Question 77

plank / plæŋk / noun [countable]

Answer 77

1 a long narrow piece of wooden board, used especially for making structures to walk on: تخته چوب که زمین رو باهاش فرش میکنند

• a long plank of wood*
• a bridge made of planks*

2 one of the main features or principles of an argument etc. قسمتی از بحث یا چیزهای دیگه مثل سیاست

plank of an argument/policy/campaign etc.

• the main plank of their argument*
• a central plank of our policy*
• a five-plank campaign including raising the minimum wage*

Question 78

in‧tri‧cate / ˈɪntrɪkət, ˈɪntrɪkɪt / adjective

— intricately adverb:

intricately woven fabric

Answer 78

containing many small parts or details that all work or fit together

intricate patterns

Question 79

strik‧ing‧ly / ˈstraɪkɪŋli / adverb

Answer 79

1 in a way that is very easy to notice کاملاً

strikingly similar/different

The two experiments produced strikingly different results.

2 used to emphasize that someone or something is beautiful in a way that is easy to notice:

one of the most strikingly attractive regions in Britain

Question 80

frac‧tal / ˈfrækt ə l / noun [countable] technical

Answer 80

a pattern, usually produced by a computer, that is made by repeating the same shape many times in smaller and smaller sizes فراکتال

Question 81

ge‧o‧met‧ric / ˌdʒiːəˈmetrɪk◂ / (also ge‧o‧met‧ri‧cal / -trɪk ə l /) adjective

— geometrically / -kli / adverb

Answer 81

1 having or using the shapes and lines in geometry, such as circles or squares, especially when these are arranged in regular patterns: هندسی

a geometric design

2 relating to geometry

Question 82

Eu‧clid / ˈjuːklɪd /

Answer 82

(about 300 BC) a Greek mathematician who developed a system of geometry (= the study of the angles, shapes, lines etc. and their relationships with each other) called Euclidean geometry اقلیدس

Question 83

theo‧rem / ˈθɪərəm $ ˈθiːə- / noun [countable] technical

Answer 83

a statement, especially in mathematics, that you can prove by showing that it has been correctly developed from facts قضیه

Question 84

al‧lude / əˈluːd / verb

Answer 84

allude to somebody/something phrasal verb

• formal* to mention something or someone indirectly: اشاره کردن
• Rick didn’t want to discuss his past, though he alluded darkly to ‘some bad things that happened.’*

Question 85

e‧qui‧lat‧e‧ral tri‧an‧gle / ˌiːkwəlæt ə rəl ˈtraɪæŋɡ ə l, ˌiːkwɪlæt ə rəl ˈtraɪæŋɡ ə l / noun [countable] technical

Answer 85

a triangle whose three sides are all the same length متساوی الاضلاع

Question 86

node / nəʊd $ noʊd / noun [countable] technical

Answer 86

1 the place on the stem of a plant from which a leaf or branch grows

2 a place where lines in a network cross or join

3 a part of a computer network where messages can be received or sent

4 a lymph node

Question 87

rip‧en / ˈraɪpən / verb [intransitive and transitive]

Answer 87

to become ripe or to make something ripe: رسیده شدن

The apples were ripening on the trees.

Question 88

con‧sis‧tent S3 W3 AC / kənˈsɪst ə nt / adjective

— consistently adverb:

consistently high performance

Answer 88

1 always behaving in the same way or having the same attitudes, standards etc. – usually used to show approval استوار و ثابت قدم

OPP inconsistent:

She’s the team’s most consistent player.

consistent in

We need to be consistent in our approach.

2 continuing to happen or develop in the same way:

a consistent improvement in the country’s economy

3 a consistent argument or idea does not have any parts that do not match other parts OPP inconsistent:

The evidence is not consistent.

4 be consistent with something if a fact, idea etc. is consistent with another one, it seems to match it:

• Her injuries are consistent with having fallen from the building.*
• The results are consistent with earlier research.*

Question 89

e‧lude / ɪˈluːd / verb [transitive]

Answer 89

1 to escape from someone or something, especially by tricking them SYN avoid: اجتناب کردن، دوری کردن

He eluded his pursuers by escaping into a river.

2 if something that you want eludes you, you fail to find or achieve it:

She took the exam again, but again success eluded her.

3 if a fact or the answer to a problem eludes you, you cannot remember or solve it SYN escape:

The exact terminology eludes me for the moment.

Question 90

surge 1 / sɜːdʒ $ sɜːrdʒ / verb [intransitive]

Answer 90

1 [always + adverb/preposition] to suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction به سرعت به سمتی حرکت کردن

surge forward/through etc.

• The taxi surged forward.*
• The crowd surged through the gates.*

2 (also surge up) if a feeling surges or surges up, you begin to feel it very strongly: فوران کردن احساسات

She could feel anger surging inside her.

3 [usually + adverb/preposition] if a large amount of a liquid, electricity, chemical etc. surges, it moves very quickly and suddenly:

• A wave surged up towards them.*
• Adrenalin surged through her veins.*

4 to suddenly increase SYN shoot up:

Oil prices surged.

Question 91

au‧then‧tic‧i‧ty / ˌɔːθenˈtɪsəti, ˌɔːθenˈtɪsɪti, -θ ə n- $ ˌɒː- / noun [uncountable]

Answer 91

the quality of being real or true صحت

authenticity of

Archaeological evidence may help to establish the authenticity of the statue.

Question 92

se‧clud‧ed / sɪˈkluːdəd, sɪˈkluːdɪd / adjective

Answer 92

very private and quiet منزوی

secluded garden/spot/beach etc.

• We sunbathed on a small secluded beach.*
• He’s 80 years old now and lives a very secluded life.*

Question 93

an‧ec‧dot‧al / ˌænɪkˈdəʊtl◂ $ -ˈdoʊ- / adjective

Answer 93

consisting of short stories based on someone’s personal experience: حکایتی

His findings are based on anecdotal evidence rather than serious research.

Question 94

ve‧ra‧ci‧ty / vəˈræsəti, vəˈræsɪti / noun [uncountable] formal

Answer 94

the fact of being true or correct SYN truth صحت و واقعیت

veracity of

Has anyone checked the veracity of these allegations?

Question 95

ne‧ces‧si‧tate / nəˈsesəteɪt, nɪˈsesəteɪt / verb [transitive] formal

Answer 95

to make it necessary for you to do something: ایجاب کردن

Lack of money necessitated a change of plan.

necessitate doing something

This would necessitate interviewing all the staff.

Question 96

al‧ly 2 / əˈlaɪ $ əˈlaɪ,ˈælaɪ / verb (past tense and past participle allied, present participle allying, third person singular allies)

[transitive always +adverb/preposition]

Answer 96

to help and support other people or countries, especially in a war or disagreement متحد شدن

ally yourself to/with somebody

Some of the northern cities allied themselves with the emperor.

Question 97

al‧li‧ance / əˈlaɪəns / noun [countable]

Answer 97

1 an arrangement in which two or more countries, groups etc. agree to work together to try to change or achieve something

alliance with اتحاد بین

Britain’s military alliance with her NATO partners

alliance between

the possibility of a political alliance between the two parties

make/enter into/form/forge an alliance (= agree to work together)

The companies have formed an alliance to market the product.

2 a group of two or more countries, groups etc. who work together to achieve something:

independent organizations and alliances

3 in alliance (with somebody/something) if two groups, countries etc. are in alliance, they work together to achieve something or protect each another:

Relief workers in alliance with local charities are trying to help the victims.

4 formal a close relationship, especially a marriage, between people

Question 98

a military alliance

a political alliance

a strategic alliance

an electoral alliance

shifting alliances

a strong/close alliance

a loose alliance

Answer 98

a military alliance NATO has been the most successful military alliance in history.

a political alliance They agreed not to make any political alliance with the East.

a strategic alliance (= arranged as part of a military, political, or business plan) Strategic alliances are being forged with major European companies.

an electoral alliance (= made between parties before an election) The weaker Liberal Democratic party was now considering an electoral alliance with Labour.

shifting alliances (= changing frequently) the shifting alliances in the Middle East

a strong/close alliance He forged a strong alliance between his state and the church.

a loose alliance (= not strong) A loose alliance of opposition groups formed in 1990.

Question 99

make/form an alliance

go into/enter into an alliance with somebody

forge an alliance

break (off) an alliance

Answer 99

make/form an alliance In 1902, Japan made an alliance with Britain.

go into/enter into an alliance with somebody Spain then entered into an alliance with France.

forge an alliance (= develop a new or strong alliance) They won the election by forging an alliance with the Social Democrats.

break (off) an alliance (= end it) The Athenians broke off the alliance with Sparta and made alliances with Argos and Thessaly.