400Word_8 Flashcards
pre‧mi‧um 1 / ˈpriːmiəm / noun
1 [countable] the cost of insurance, especially the amount that you pay each year: حق بیمه
insurance premiums
2 [countable] an additional amount of money, above a standard rate or amount:
- Consumers are prepared to pay a premium for organically grown vegetables.*
- Top quality cigars are being sold at a premium.*
3 be at a premium if something is at a premium, people need it or want it, but there is little of it available or it is difficult to get:کمبود چیزی بودن
During the Olympic Games, accommodation will be at a premium.
space/time is at a premium
Foldaway furniture is the answer where space is at a premium.
4 put/place a premium on something to consider one quality or type of thing as being much more important than others: اولویت به کاری دادن
Modern economies place a premium on educated workers.
5 [uncountable] especially American English good quality petrol
payment
installment
deposit (also down payment)
subscription
tip
premium
payment an amount of money that you pay for something, especially when it is only one part of the total amount you have to pay:
They have a monthly car payment of £220.
installment a regular payment you make to pay back money that you have borrowed or to pay for things that you have already received:
I borrowed $2,000, which was to be paid back in monthly installments of $250.
deposit (also down payment) part of the cost of something that you pay before you get it, so that it will not be sold to anyone else:
They used the money they inherited as a down payment on a house. | The hotel asks for a $20 deposit to reserve a room.
subscription an amount of money you pay, usually once a year, to receive copies of a newspaper or magazine:
A subscription to the magazine is $52 a year.
tip a small amount of money that you give someone, for example a waitress or taxi driver, in addition to paying for a service they have given you:
I usually leave a 10% tip.
premium the amount you pay for insurance each year:
your monthly life insurance premiums
vi‧cious / ˈvɪʃəs / adjective
— viciously adverb:
He twisted her arm viciously.
— viciousness noun [uncountable]
1 violent and cruel in a way that hurts someone physically: وحشیانه
- a vicious murder*
- a vicious killer*
- Keep away from that dog, he can be vicious.*
2 very unkind in a way that is intended to hurt someone’s feelings or make their character seem bad SYN malicious: بد ذات، از روی بدخواهی
- Sarah can be quite vicious at times.*
- a vicious personal attack on the Duchess (بانوی دوک)*
- She was shocked by the vicious tone in his voice.*
3 unpleasantly strong or severe SYN violent: خیلی شدید
- a vicious gust (تند باد) of wind*
- a vicious headache*
ˌviciousˈcircle (also ˌviciousˈcycle) noun [singular]
a situation in which one problem causes another problem, that then causes the first problem again, so that the whole process continues to be repeated سیکل معیوب
small‧hold‧ing / ˈsmɔːlˌhəʊldɪŋ $ ˈsmɒːlˌhoʊld- / noun [countable]
a piece of land used for farming, that is smaller than an ordinary farm
farm
ranch
smallholding
plantation
homestead
spread American English informal
market garden
orchard
agriculture
arable adjective
farm an area of land, used for growing crops or keeping animals:
a 300-hectare farm | a dairy farm | a sheep farm
ranch a very large farm in the western US, Canada, or South America where sheep, cattle, or horses are bred:
a cattle ranch in Wyoming
smallholding a piece of land used for farming, that is smaller than an ordinary farm:
a smallholding used for organic farming
plantation a large area of land in a hot country, where crops such as tea, cotton, and sugar are grown:
a rubber plantation | a tea plantation
homestead a piece of land for farming that was given to people in the past by the US and Canadian governments:
He still farms on the family homestead, a hundred years after his grandfather received it.
spread American English informal an area of land used for farming or ranching:
They have a pretty big spread just south of the Canadian border.
market garden an area of land, often with greenhouses on it, used for growing vegetables and fruit:
He runs his own market garden, and sells his produce to the big supermarkets.
orchard an area of land with trees, used for growing fruit:
an apple orchard | cherry orchards
agriculture the practice of farming:
More than 75% of the land is used for agriculture.
arable adjective relating to growing crops:
a lack of arable land
up‧hold / ʌpˈhəʊld $ -ˈhoʊld / verb (past tense and past participle upheld / -ˈheld /) [transitive]
— upholder noun [countable]
حمایت کردن
1 to defend or support a law, system, or principle so that it continues to exist:
a committee that aims to uphold educational standards
2 if a court upholds a decision made by another court, it states that the decision was correct OPP overrule: تایید کردن
The conviction was upheld by the Court of Appeal.
con‧front / kənˈfrʌnt / verb [transitive]
1 if a problem, difficulty etc. confronts you, it appears and needs to be dealt with: روبرو شدن با
The problems confronting the new government were enormous.
be confronted with something
Customers are confronted with a bewildering amount of choice.
2 to deal with something very difficult or unpleasant in a brave and determined way:
We try to help people confront their problems.
3 to face someone in a threatening way, as though you are going to attack them:
Troops were confronted by an angry mob.
4 to accuse someone of doing something, especially by showing them the proof متهم کردن کسی
confront somebody with/about something
- I confronted him with my suspicions, and he admitted everything.*
- I haven’t confronted her about it yet.*
be‧wil‧der‧ing / bɪˈwɪld ə rɪŋ / adjective
— bewilderingly adverb:
The details are bewilderingly complex.
confusing, especially because there are too many choices or things happening at the same time گیج کننده
a bewildering variety/array/range a bewildering variety of choices
confusing
puzzling (also perplexing formal)
baffling
bewildering
confusing unclear and difficult to understand:
a confusing message | The road signs were very confusing and we ended up getting lost.
puzzling (also perplexing formal) confusing, especially because something is different from what you expect:
Jan’s decision not to take part in the race was very puzzling. | It was the trivial details which he found so perplexing.
baffling extremely difficult to understand even though you have tried for a long time:
Police are close to solving one of Australia’s most baffling murder cases. | The failure was baffling, given the success of his previous businesses.
bewildering very confusing, especially because something is strange or new, or because there are a lot of different things:
Brain diseases can cause many bewildering changes in a person’s emotions and behaviour. | There is a bewildering number of mobile phone deals on offer.
man‧u‧script / ˈmænjəskrɪpt, ˈmænjʊskrɪpt / noun [countable]
1 a book or piece of writing before it is printed دست نوشته
in manuscript
- I read his novel in manuscript.*
- Unfortunately, parts of the original manuscript have been lost.*
2 a book or document written by hand before printing was invented:
a fine collection of medieval manuscripts نسخه خطی
lyre / laɪə $ laɪr / noun [countable]
a musical instrument with strings across a U-shaped frame, played with the fingers, especially in ancient Greece
re‧vive / rɪˈvaɪv / verb
1 [transitive] to bring something back after it has not been used or has not existed for a period of time: دوباره رواج دادن، احیا کردن
Local people have decided to revive this centuries-old tradition.
2 [intransitive and transitive] to become healthy and strong again, or to make someone or something healthy and strong again → recover: جون گرفتن
- The economy is beginning to revive.*
- an attempt to revive the steel industry*
- The doctors revived her with injections of glucose.*
3 [transitive] to produce a play again after it has not been performed for a long time:
A London theatre has decided to revive the 1950s musical ‘In Town’.
li‧bret‧to / lɪˈbretəʊ $ -toʊ / noun (plural librettos) [countable]
the words of an opera or musical play
ba‧roque 1 / bəˈrɒk, bəˈrəʊk $ bəˈroʊk, -ˈrɑːk / adjective
relating to the very decorated style of art, music, buildings etc, that was common in Europe in the 17th and early 18th centuries:
furnished in a baroque style
baroque music/architecture/paintings etc.
ac‧qui‧esce / ˌækwiˈes / verb [intransitive]
formal to do what someone else wants, or allow something to happen, even though you do not really agree with it کاری که دوست نداری رو بکنی
acquiesce in/to
Oil companies have been accused of acquiescing in the pollution of the ocean.
suc‧ces‧sion AC / səkˈseʃ ə n / noun
1 in succession به ترتیب
happening one after the other without anything different happening in between:
She won the championship four times in succession.
in quick/rapid/close succession (= quickly one after the other)
He fired two shots in quick succession.
2 a succession of something a number of people or things of the same kind, following, coming, or happening one after the other SYN stream: یه تعدادی از
A succession of visitors came to the door.
3 [uncountable] the act of taking over an official job or position, or the right to be the next to take it جانشین
If the prince dies, the succession passes to his son.
succession to
the queen’s succession to the throne
a‧ri‧a / ˈɑːriə / noun [countable]
a song that is sung by only one person in an opera or oratorio
re‧ci‧ta‧tive / ˌresətəˈtiːv, ˌresɪtəˈtiːv / noun [uncountable and countable] technical
a speech set to music that is sung by one person and continues the story of an opera (= musical play) between the songs
du‧et 1 / djuˈet $ duˈet / noun [countable]
a piece of music for two singers or players → quartet, solo, trio
pair
a couple (of something)
couple noun [countable]
twins noun [plural]
duo noun [countable]
duet noun [countable]
twice
pair two things of the same type that you use together. Also used about two people who do something together or who you often see together:
a pair of shoes | a pair of socks | Winners will receive a pair of tickets for the show. | The pair were arrested six days after the killing. | They’re a funny pair! | The British pair will be playing in the final on Saturday.
a couple (of something) two things of the same type, or a very small number of things:
There were a couple of empty seats at the table. | Do you have any stamps? I just need a couple.
couple noun [countable] two people who are married or having a sexual relationship:
a married couple | The couple met at university.
twins noun [plural] two children who were born on the same day to the same mother:
The twins look very alike. | identical twins
duo noun [countable] two people who perform together or who are often seen together:
a comedy duo
duet noun [countable] a piece of music written for two people to play:
They played a duet by Brahms.
twice two times adverb:
The group meets twice a week. | She sneezed twice.
re‧ci‧ta‧tion / ˌresəˈteɪʃ ə n, ˌresɪˈteɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]
1 an act of saying a poem, piece of literature etc. that you have learned, for people to listen to: از برخونی
recitations from the great poets
2 a spoken description of an event or a series of events
recitation of
He went into a recitation of his life from the earliest years.
sun‧spot / ˈsʌnspɒt $ -spɑːt / noun [countable] technical
a small dark area on the sun’s surface
pe‧num‧bra / pəˈnʌmbrə, pɪˈnʌmbrə / noun [countable]
technical
an area of slight darkness
mon‧e‧ta‧ry / ˈmʌnət ə ri, ˈmʌnɪt ə ri $ ˈmɑːnəteri / adjective [only before noun]
relating to money, especially all the money in a particular country:
- the government’s tight monetary policy*
- objects of little monetary value*
financial
economic
fiscal [only before noun] formal
monetary [only before noun] formal
budgetary [only before noun] formal
financial relating to money or the management of money:
businesses that provide personal financial services | the financial problems of old age
economic relating to the money of a country, area, or society, and the way it is earned, spent, and controlled:
American voters were anxious for a change in economic policy. | an economic crisis
fiscal [only before noun] formal relating to the money, debts, tax etc. that are owned and managed by the government: مالی
fiscal control | The Indian government is trying to reduce the fiscal deficit.
monetary [only before noun] formal relating to money, especially all the money in a country, and how it is managed:
The Bank of Thailand has retained a tight monetary policy. | the European Monetary System
budgetary [only before noun] formal relating to the official plan of how the money of a country or organization is spent: مربوط به بودجه
City officials are facing tough budgetary decisions. | the process of budgetary control
al‧lo‧ca‧tion AC / ˌæləˈkeɪʃ ə n / noun
1 [countable] the amount or share of something that has been allocated for a particular purpose: تخصیص
Twelve hours a week seemed a generous allocation of your time.
2 [uncountable] the decision to allocate something, or the act of allocating it
allocation of اختصاص چیزی
the allocation of funds to universities
par‧ti‧san 1 / ˌpɑːtəˈzæn, ˌpɑːtɪˈzæn $ ˈpɑːrtəz ə n, -s ə n / adjective
1 strongly supporting a particular political party, plan, or leader, usually without considering the other choices carefully: طرفدار
British newspapers are highly partisan.
2 relating to the fighting of an armed group against an enemy that has taken control of its country: پاتیزانی، چریکی
the nature of partisan warfare
stray 1 / streɪ / verb [intransitive]
1 to move away from the place you should be
stray into/onto/from
Three of the soldiers strayed into enemy territory.
2 to begin to deal with or think about a different subject from the main one, without intending to
stray into/onto/from
- We’re straying into ethnic issues here.*
- This meeting is beginning to stray from the point.*
3 if your eyes stray, you begin to look at something else, usually without intending to
stray to/back/over etc.
Her eyes strayed to the clock.
4 to start doing something that is wrong or immoral, when usually you do not do this
band‧mas‧ter / ˈbændˌmɑːstə $ -ˌmæstər / noun [countable]
someone who conducts a military band, brass band etc. رهبر اکستر
in‧sin‧u‧ate / ɪnˈsɪnjueɪt / verb [transitive]
1 to say something which seems to mean something unpleasant without saying it openly, especially suggesting that someone is being dishonest SYN imply اشاره کردن
insinuate that
- Are you insinuating that the money was stolen?*
- What are you trying to insinuate?*
2 formal to gradually gain someone’s love, trust etc. by pretending to be friendly and sincere: جلب نظر یا عشق کسی کردن
He managed to insinuate his way into her affections.
insinuate yourself into something
He insinuated himself into Mehmet’s confidence.
3 formal to move yourself or a part of your body into a place: خودت رو به محلی بکشونی
a large cat insinuated itself through the gap
rec‧on‧cile / ˈrekənsaɪl / verb
1 [transitive] if you reconcile two ideas, situations, or facts, you find a way in which they can both be true or acceptable: مصالحه و آشتی کردن
The possibility remains that the two theories may be reconciled.
reconcile something with something
Bevan tried to reconcile British socialism with a wider international vision.
2 be reconciled (with somebody) to have a good relationship again with someone after you have quarrelled with them:
Jonah and his youngest son were, on the surface at least, reconciled.
Register
In everyday English, people usually say that two people make up rather than saying that they are reconciled:
They had a fight, but they seem to have made up now.
reconcile somebody to something phrasal verb
to make someone able to accept a difficult or unpleasant situation:
He tried to reconcile his father to the idea of the wedding.
reconcile yourself to something
Henry had more or less reconciled himself to Don’s death.
dis‧so‧nance / ˈdɪsənəns / noun
— dissonant adjective
1 [uncountable and countable] technical a combination of notes that sound strange because they are not in harmony OPP consonance
2 [uncountable] formal lack of agreement
laud‧a‧to‧ry / ˈlɔːdət ə ri $ ˈlɒːdətɔːri / adjective formal
expressing praise: تحسین و تمجید کننده
a laudatory biography
pro‧claim / prəˈkleɪm $ proʊ- / verb [transitive] formal
1 to say publicly or officially that something important is true or exists اعلام کردن → proclamation: اعلامیه
The President proclaimed the republic’s independence.
proclaim that
Protesters proclaimed that the girl was innocent.
proclaim somebody something
His son was immediately proclaimed King.
2 to show something clearly or be a sign of something:
The stripes on her uniform proclaimed her seniority.
pro‧vi‧sion 1 S3 W1 / prəˈvɪʒ ə n / noun
1 [countable usually singular, uncountable] when you provide something that someone needs now or in the future
provision of تدارک چیزی
the provision of childcare facilities
provision for
- provision for people with disabilities*
- He made provisions for his wife and his children in his will.*
2 provisions [plural] food, drink, and other supplies, especially for a journey: خواربار و خوراکی راه
We had enough provisions for two weeks.
3 [countable] a condition in an agreement or law: شرایط قانونی
The agreement includes a provision for each side to check the other side’s weapons.
under the provisions of something
Under the provisions of the Act, employers must supply safety equipment.
sub‧sis‧tence / səbˈsɪst ə ns / noun [uncountable]
1 the condition of only just having enough money or food to stay alive: حداقل امکانات زندگی
- Many of the families are forced to live at the subsistence level.*
- The land provided subsistence and little more.*
2 subsistence farming/agriculture etc. farming that produces just enough food for the farmer to live on, but does not produce enough food to sell to other people
3 subsistence allowance/payment etc. money that is paid to someone so that they can buy meals, pay for a place to stay etc.
fare 2 verb
fare well/badly/better etc. to be successful, unsuccessful etc: یه چیزی بودن
- Although Chicago has fared better than some cities, unemployment remains a problem.*
- He wondered how Ed had fared in the interview.*
herd 2 verb
1 [transitive always + adverb/preposition] to bring people together in a large group, especially roughly: جمع کردن آدمها با خشونت
- The prisoners were herded together.*
- I don’t want to be herded around with a lot of tourists.*
herd somebody into something
The visitors were herded into two large halls.
2 [transitive] to make animals move together in a group:
It was Tom’s duty to herd the cows.
3 something is like herding cats used to say that trying to control or organize a group of people is very difficult