400Word_7 Flashcards
swamp 1 / swɒmp $ swɑːmp / noun [uncountable and countable]
— swampy adjective:
the soft, swampy ground
land that is always very wet or covered with a layer of water باتلاق
marsh
swamp
bog
wetland
fen
mire literary
marsh an area of low flat ground that is always wet and soft, that often has grasses or reeds growing in it but no trees:
The low hills you can see are like islands surrounded by the marsh. | Miles of salt marsh (= which has salt water under it because it is near the sea) stretched before us, reaching to the shores of the River Severn. | Hackney Marshes | the rustling of the marsh grass
swamp land that is always very wet or covered with a layer of water, that often has trees growing in it - used especially about areas in hot countries:
the swamps of Florida | Less than 200 years ago, the city was a swamp, infested by mosquitoes.
bog an area of low wet muddy ground, sometimes with bushes or grasses growing in it:
His foot started slowly sinking into the bog. | The destruction of peat bogs is contributing to global warming, according to a report commissioned by Friends of the Earth.
wetland an area of land that is partly covered with water, and that has grasses and other plants growing in it – often used about areas that are important to birds or wildlife:
The ecosystem of the world ‘s largest wetland, the Pantanal in southwest Brazil, is being threatened by tourists. | wetland birds
fen a large area of low flat wet land - used especially about the area of this type of land in eastern England in Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire, which is known as the Fens:
He grew up in the Fens | Intensive cultivation and continued drainage of the Fens further accelerates the degradation of the land.
mire literary an area of wet muddy ground, which people and vehicles etc. get stuck in:
The wagon was stuck fast in the mire. | The rain was turning the highway into a mire.
ty‧rant / ˈtaɪərənt $ ˈtaɪr- / noun [countable]
1 a ruler who has complete power and uses it in a cruel and unfair way: سلطان ستمگر
The country had long been ruled by tyrants.
2 someone who has power over other people, and uses it cruelly or unfairly:
My headmaster was a real tyrant.
cult 1 / kʌlt / noun
1 [countable] an extreme religious group that is not part of an established religion آیین دینی- فرقه
2 [countable] a fashionable belief, idea, or attitude that influences people’s lives
cult of
Diet, exercise… It’s all part of this cult of self-improvement.
3 [singular] a group of people who are very interested in a particular thing: گروهی که به چیز خاصی علاقمند هستند
O’Brien has a cult of devoted readers.
4 [uncountable and countable] formal a system of religious beliefs and practices
→ personality cult
pet‧ri‧fied / ˈpetrəfaɪd, ˈpetrɪfaɪd / adjective
— petrify verb [transitive]
1 extremely frightened, especially so frightened that you cannot move or think میخکوب شده - بخاطر ترس
petrified of
I’m petrified of spiders.
petrified with fright/fear
He was petrified with fear when he saw the gun.
2 petrified wood/trees etc. wood, trees etc. that have changed into stone over a long period of time سنگ شده
terrified
petrified
scared stiff/scared to death informal
in terror written
terrified very frightened:
He looked terrified as the plane took off. | James was absolutely terrified of losing his only child. | He dragged the terrified woman into his car.
petrified very frightened – used especially when you are so frightened that you cannot think or move:
She’s absolutely petrified of spiders.
scared stiff/scared to death informal very frightened:
I had to make a speech, and I was scared stiff. | She was scared to death of her father.
in terror written if you do something in terror, you do it because you are very frightened:
People fled in terror as the building went up in flames.
ex‧cre‧ment / ˈekskrəmənt, ˈekskrɪmənt / noun [uncountable]
formal
the solid waste material that you get rid of through your bowels مدفوع
swap 1 S3/ swɒp $ swɑːp / verb (past tense and past participle swapped , present participle swapping)
1 [intransitive and transitive] to give something to someone and get something in return SYN exchange: مبادله کردن - عوض کردن
Do you want to swap umbrellas?
swap something for something
He swapped his watch for a box of cigars.
swap something with somebody
The girls chatted and swapped clothes with each other.
2 [transitive] to tell information to someone and be given information in return SYN exchange:
- We need to get together to swap ideas and information.*
- They sat in a corner and swapped gossip.*
3 (also swap over) [intransitive and transitive] to do the thing that someone else has been doing, and let them do the thing that you have been doing SYN change:
- They decided to swap roles for the day.*
- You start on the windows and I’ll do the walls, then we can swap over after an hour or so.*
swap something with somebody
She ended up swapping jobs with her secretary.
4 [transitive] to stop using or get rid of one thing and put or get another thing in its place:
The driver announced that we would have to swap buses.
swap something for something
- She had swapped her long skirts for jeans and T-shirts.*
- He swapped his London home for a cottage in Scotland.*
5 [transitive] (also swap something around) to move one thing and put another in its place:
Someone had gone into the nursery (مهدکودک) and swapped all the babies around.
swap something with something
Why don’t we swap the TV with the bookcase?
exchange
change
swap informal
trade (also do a trade American English)
switch
reciprocate
in exchange/return (for something)
exchange to give something to someone, and receive a similar thing from them at the same time. Exchange is often used about people telling each other about their ideas, phone numbers, addresses etc:
They exchanged photographs before they met. | a place where people can exchange ideas | We exchanged email addresses. | if you are unhappy with the jacket, you can always take it back and exchange it for another one. | These coupons can be exchanged for meals and accommodation.
change to exchange something, especially money. Also used in British English about exchanging something you have bought for something different:
I need to change some dollars. | She changed all her money into euros. | We thought it was time we changed our car for something more modern.
swap informal to give something to someone, who gives you something similar:
The two schools use the Internet to swap pictures, stories, and jokes. | I like your room better – do you want to swap?
trade (also do a trade American English) to exchange something that you have for something that someone else has:
The stolen phones are being traded for drugs. | The boys trade sports cards on the playground. | We’ve got lots of plants we don’t need – do you want to do a trade?
switch to change the places of two or more people or things, so that each one is in the place the other was before:
Can I switch seats with you?
reciprocate to do or give something, because someone has done or given something similar to you – a rather formal use:
They invited us to dinner a while ago, and I’d like to reciprocate.
in exchange/return (for something) if you give something in exchange or in return for something else, you give it in order to get something else back:
Williams will plead guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence.
prop 1 / prɒp $ prɑːp / verb (past tense and past participle propped , present participle propping) [transitive always + adverb/preposition]
to support something by leaning it against something, or by putting something else under, next to, or behind it سرپا نگاه داشتن
prop something against/on something
- He propped his bike against a tree.*
- Can we prop the window open with something?*
prop something ↔ up phrasal verb
1 to prevent something from falling by putting something against it or under it:
The builders are trying to prop up the crumbling walls of the church.
prop something ↔ up against
paintings propped up against the wall
2 to help an economy , industry, or government so that it can continue to exist, especially by giving money:
The government introduced measures to prop up the stock market.
3 prop yourself up to hold your body up by leaning against something
prop yourself up on/against/with
She propped herself up on one elbow.
vig‧i‧lance / ˈvɪdʒələns, ˈvɪdʒɪləns / noun [uncountable]
careful attention that you give to what is happening, so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity: مراقبت و آمادگی
the need for increased police vigilance
care
caution
prudence
vigilance
regard for something
tact
discretion
care if you do something with care, you are careful to avoid damage, mistakes etc:
She put the needle in with great care. | Everyone should take care in the sun.
caution care to avoid danger or risks, or care about trusting information that might not be true:
Her evidence should be treated with caution. | There was a certain lack of caution among investors.
prudence a sensible and careful attitude that makes you avoid unnecessary risks - a rather formal use: احتیاط و ملاحظه
Banks should show more prudence in lending money.
vigilance careful attention to what is happening, so that you will notice any danger or illegal activity: مراقبت و آمادگی
Governments from across the world have called for greater vigilance against Internet-based crime. | There is a need for constant vigilance to protect vulnerable people.
regard for something careful attention and consideration shown to something, to avoid danger or risks - used especially when someone fails to do this:
The court heard that the company had shown no regard for the safety of its employees. | These men are cold-blooded killers and have little regard for human life.
tact care not to say anything that might offend or upset someone: درایت
He handled the matter with a great deal of tact.
discretion care to deal with situations in a way that does not embarrass, upset or offend people, especially by not telling any of their secrets: با بصیرت
Any confidential information was treated with discretion.
buff 1 / bʌf / noun
1 wine/film/opera etc. buff someone who is interested in wine, films etc. and knows a lot about them طرفدار
2 [uncountable] a pale yellow-brown color SYN beige بژ
3 in the buff لخت
old-fashioned not wearing any clothes SYN naked
expert
specialist
authority
connoisseur / ˌkɒnəˈsɜː $ ˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr /
buff / bʌf / informal
virtuoso / ˌvɜːtʃuˈəʊsəʊ $ ˌvɜːrtʃuˈoʊsoʊ /
expert someone who has a lot of knowledge about something or skill at doing something:
a computer expert | an expert on beetles | It’s best to ask an expert.
specialist an expert who has studied a particular medical or technical subject for a long time and knows much more about it than other people:
She is a specialist in corporate finance. | My doctor sent me to see a heart specialist.
authority an expert whose knowledge and opinions are greatly respected: متخصص
The professor is one of the world’s leading authorities on African art.
connoisseur / ˌkɒnəˈsɜː $ ˌkɑːnəˈsɜːr / an expert on food, art, literature, or design, who has had a lot of experience and knows when something is of very good quality: خبره
He was a connoisseur of fine wines. | His works are popular among connoisseurs.
buff / bʌf / informal someone who is very interested in a subject and knows a lot about it:
a wine buff | Jazz buffs will be familiar with the band’s first album.
virtuoso / ˌvɜːtʃuˈəʊsəʊ $ ˌvɜːrtʃuˈoʊsoʊ / an expert player or performer: هنرمند
The piece was played by violin virtuoso Pavel Sporcl. | a virtuoso pianist
fis‧sion / ˈfɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable] technical
1 the process of splitting an atom to produce large amounts of energy or an explosion شکافت اتم
2 the process of dividing a cell into two or more parts
harness 2 verb [transitive]
1 to control and use the natural force or power of something:تحت کنترل درآوردن
We can harness the power of the wind to generate electricity.
2 to fasten two animals together, or to fasten an animal to something using a harness افسار کردن حیوان
3 to put a harness on a horse
har‧ness 1 / ˈhɑːnəs, ˈhɑːnɪs $ ˈhɑːr- / noun [uncountable and countable]
1 a set of leather bands used to control a horse or to attach it to a vehicle it is pulling افسار
2 a set of bands used to hold someone in a place or to stop them from falling:
a safety harness
in‧flict / ɪnˈflɪkt / verb
— infliction / ɪnˈflɪkʃ ə n / noun [uncountable]:
the deliberate infliction of pain
1 [transitive] to make someone suffer something unpleasant
inflict something on/upon somebody تحمیل کردن
- The strikes inflicted serious damage on the economy.*
- Detectives warned that the men could inflict serious injury.*
2 inflict yourself/somebody on somebody to visit or be with someone when they do not want you – used humorously:
Was it really fair to her friends to inflict her nephew on them?
a‧jar / əˈdʒɑː $ əˈdʒɑːr / adjective [not before noun]
a door that is ajar is slightly open نیمه باز
wilt 1 / wɪlt / verb [intransitive]
1 if a plant wilts, it bends over because it is too dry or old → droop پلاسیده و پژمرده شدن
2 informal to feel weak or tired, especially because you are too hot
droop / druːp / verb
— droop noun [singular]
— droopy adjective:
a droopy moustache
1 [intransitive and transitive] to hang or bend down, or to make something do this: پلاسیده و پژمرده شدن
- The plant needs some water – it’s starting to droop.*
- His eyelids began to droop* (= close, because he was sleepy).
- Jessie drooped her head.*
2 [intransitive] to become sad or weak:
Our spirits drooped as we faced the long trip home.
tame 2 verb [transitive]
1 to reduce the power or strength of something and prevent it from causing trouble: رام کردن
The Prime Minister managed to tame the trade unions.
2 to train a wild animal to obey you and not to attack people SYN domesticate:
The Asian elephant can be tamed and trained.
tame 1 / teɪm / adjective
— tamely adverb
— tameness noun [uncountable]
1 a tame animal or bird is not wild any longer, because it has been trained to live with people رام
OPP wild:
tame elephants
2 informal dull and disappointing: بی مزه
- Most of the criticism has been pretty tame.*
- I decided that teaching was too tame for me.*
urn / ɜːn $ ɜːrn / noun [countable]
1 a decorated container, especially one that is used for holding the ash es of a dead body گلدون تزیینی برای خاکستره مرده ها
2 a metal container that holds a large amount of tea or coffee
me‧men‧to / məˈmentəʊ, mɪˈmentəʊ $ -toʊ / noun (plural mementos) [countable]
a small thing that you keep to remind you of someone or something یادگاری
memento of
I kept the bottle as a memento of my time in Spain.
ab‧o‧rig‧i‧ne , Aborigine / ˌæbəˈrɪdʒəni, ˌæbəˈrɪdʒɪni / noun [countable]
someone who belongs to the race of people who have lived in Australia from the earliest times
Campground
an area where people can camp, often with a water supply and toilets اردوگاه
camp‧site / ˈkæmpsaɪt / noun [countable]
a place, usually within a campground, where one person or group can camp
sub‧sist / səbˈsɪst / verb [intransitive]
1 to stay alive when you only have small amounts of food or money SYN survive زنده ماندن
subsist on
- We had to subsist on bread and water.*
- Old people often have to subsist on very low incomes.*
cir‧cum‧cise / ˈsɜːkəmsaɪz $ ˈsɜːr- / verb [transitive]
1 to cut off the skin at the end of the penis (= male sex organ)
2 to cut off a woman’s clitoris (= part of her sex organs)
fan‧ci‧ful / ˈfænsɪf ə l / adjective
— fancifully adverb
1 imagined rather than based on facts – often used to show disapproval: تخیلی
- a fanciful story*
- The suggestion that there was a conspiracy is not entirely fanciful.*
2 full of unusual and very detailed shapes or complicated designs:
fanciful decorations
con‧spi‧ra‧cy / kənˈspɪrəsi / noun (plural conspiracies) [uncountable and countable]
1 a secret plan made by two or more people to do something that is harmful or illegal توطئه - دسیسه
conspiracy to do something
He was charged with conspiracy to commit criminal damage.
conspiracy against
- a conspiracy against the government*
- There were many conspiracy theories* (= beliefs that something is the result of a conspiracy) surrounding Princess Diana’s death.
2 conspiracy of silence an agreement not to talk about something, even though it should not be a secret:
There’s often a conspiracy of silence surrounding bullying in schools.
an international/worldwide/global conspiracy
a criminal conspiracy
a political conspiracy
an alleged conspiracy
an international/worldwide/global conspiracy Hitler believed there was a worldwide conspiracy to enslave Germany.
a criminal conspiracy His crimes were illegal possession of arms and criminal conspiracy.
a political conspiracy Were the killings part of a political conspiracy?
an alleged conspiracy (= that people say exists but that is not yet proved to exist) The charges against him relate to an alleged conspiracy.
be part of a conspiracy (also take part in a conspiracy)
be involved in a conspiracy
be charged with conspiracy
be convicted of conspiracy
be part of a conspiracy (also take part in a conspiracy) The jury found that Poindexter was part of a conspiracy to ship arms to Iran.
be involved in a conspiracy Apparently the commander of the army had also been involved in the conspiracy.
be charged with conspiracy (= be formally accused of it) The women were charged with conspiracy to supply heroin.
be convicted of conspiracy (= be found guilty of it in a court) He was convicted of conspiracy to carry out terrorist acts.
a conspiracy theory
a conspiracy theorist
a conspiracy charge/charge of conspiracy
a conspiracy theory (= a belief by a number of people that something is the result of a conspiracy) President Kennedy’s assassination inspired a lot of conspiracy theories.
a conspiracy theorist (= someone who believes in a particular conspiracy) Conspiracy theorists believe that Princess Diana’s death was not an accident.
a conspiracy charge/charge of conspiracy Three men have been convicted on fraud and conspiracy charges.
plan
plot/conspiracy
strategy
initiative
policy
program
plan a set of actions for achieving something in the future, especially a set of actions that has been considered carefully and in detail:
Leaders outlined a plan to end the fighting.
plot/conspiracy a secret plan to do something bad or illegal, made by a group of people:
There was a plot to assassinate the President. | a terrorist conspiracy
strategy a carefully designed plan which is intended to achieve a particular purpose over a long period of time:
the company’s business strategy | The government’s economic strategy has been criticized by many experts. | We need to develop effective strategies for combating the sale of counterfeit goods.
initiative a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular aim:
a peace initiative | a major new initiative to tackle street crime
policy a plan that members of a government, political party, company etc. agree on, that states how they intend to deal with a particular subject or problem:
the government’s immigration policy | It’s company policy to allow people to work from home.
program a series of activities that a government or organization organizes, which aims to achieve something important and will continue for a long time:
a five-year program which will create 2000 new jobs | federal programs for low-income housing
in‧tim‧i‧date / ɪnˈtɪmədeɪt, ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt / verb [transitive]
— intimidation / ɪnˌtɪməˈdeɪʃ ə n, ɪnˌtɪmɪˈdeɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable]:
- She had endured years of intimidation and violence.*
- the intimidation of voters*
1 to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want مرعوب کردن، ترساندن
intimidate somebody into doing something
- They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.*
- Attempts to intimidate her failed.*
2 to make someone feel worried and not confident: اعتماد کسی رو از بین بردن
The whole idea of going to Oxford intimidated me.
frighten
scare especially spoken
terrify
give somebody a fright
give somebody the creeps
startle
alarm
intimidate
frighten to make someone feel afraid:
The thought of being in court frightened him.
scare especially spoken to frighten someone. Scare is less formal than frighten , and is the usual word to use in everyday English:
He was driving fast just to scare us. | It scared him to think that his mother might never recover.
terrify to make someone feel extremely frightened:
The idea of going down into the caves terrified her. | Robbers terrified bank staff by threatening them at gunpoint.
give somebody a fright to make someone suddenly feel frightened in a way that makes their heart beat more quickly:
It gave me a terrible fright when I found him unconscious on the floor.
give somebody the creeps if a person or place gives you the creeps, they make you feel slightly frightened because they are strange:
This house gives me the creeps.
startle to frighten someone. Used when you suddenly see someone and did not know they were there, or when you suddenly hear something: وحشت زده شدن
I’m sorry. I didn’t mean to startle you. | The noise startled him, and he dropped his glass on the floor.
alarm to make someone feel frightened and worried that something bad might happen:
I didn’t want to alarm her by calling in the middle of the night.
intimidate to deliberately frighten someone, especially so that they will do what you want:
Many of the gangs were using dogs to intimidate people.
