400Word_4 Flashcards
marginal AC / ˈmɑːdʒən ə l, ˈmɑːdʒɪn ə l $ ˈmɑːr- / adjective
1 a marginal change or difference is too small to be important OPP significant: جزیی
- a marginal increase in the unemployment figures*
- a marginal improvement in profits*
2 technical relating to a change in cost, value etc. when one more thing is produced, one more dollar is earned etc.:
marginal revenue
3 marginal people or groups are not considered powerful or important معمولی
OPP mainstream:
The album contains too many songs by marginal bands.
4 [only before noun] written in a margin:
marginal notes
merit 1 / ˈmerət, ˈmerɪt / noun
1 [countable] an advantage or good feature of sth مزیت، پوئن مثبت
merit of
- The film has the merit of being short.*
- The merit of the report is its realistic assessment of the changes required.*
- The great merit of the project is its flexibility and low cost.*
- Each of these approaches to teaching has its merits.*
- Tonight’s meeting will weigh up the relative merits of the two candidates.*
Register
Merit is used especially in formal contexts. In everyday English, people usually talk about the good points of sth:
The book does have its good points.
2 [uncountable] formal a good quality that makes someone or sth deserve praise:
There is never any merit in being second best.
have (some) merit/be of merit (= be good)
The suggestion has some merit.
on merit
Students are selected solely on merit (= because they are good).
artistic/literary merit
a film lacking any artistic merit
3 judge/consider etc. sth on its (own) merits to judge sth only on what you see when you look at it rather than on what you know from other people or things:
It’s important to judge each case on its merits.
have merit
discuss/debate the merits of sth
consider/judge the merits of sth
assess/evaluate the merits of sth
question the merits of sth
see little/no merit in sth
have its merits
have merit Both suggestions had some merit.
discuss/debate the merits of sth (= discuss whether or not sth is a good idea) They were discussing the merits of sending soldiers to the area.
consider/judge the merits of sth (= think about whether or not sth is a good idea) The committee is considering the merits of the proposal.
assess/evaluate the merits of sth (= to decide what is good about sth using careful methods) Has any study assessed the merits of the two schools?
question the merits of sth (= not be sure if sth is a good idea) People began to question the merits of nuclear energy.
see little/no merit in sth (= think that sth is not a good idea) I can see no merit in violence.
have its merits (= have some good qualities) Each idea has its merits.
artistic merit
literary merit
great merit
outstanding merit
considerable merit
the relative/comparative merits of sth
artistic merit (= the qualities that make sth good as a piece of art) What are the artistic merits of this statue?
literary merit (= the qualities that make sth good as a book, play, or poem) There was no literary merit in his poems.
great merit It seems to me that the idea has great merit.
outstanding merit (= very great merit) The prize is given to students of outstanding merit.
considerable merit (= a lot of merit) There is considerable merit in using this kind of approach.
the relative/comparative merits of sth (= the good qualities of sth as compared to sth else) She is an expert in the relative merits of spa waters.
advantage
benefit
merit
virtue
the good/great/best thing about sth especially spoken
the beauty of sth is that
advantage a good feature that sth has, which makes it better, more useful etc. than other things:
The great advantage of digital cameras is that there is no film to process.
benefit a feature of sth that has a good effect on people’s lives:
Regular exercise has many benefits, including reducing the risk of heart disease.
merit a good feature that sth has, which you consider when you are deciding whether it is the best choice:
The committee will consider the merits of the proposals. | The merits and demerits of (= the good and bad features of) alternative funding systems were widely discussed in the newspapers. | The chairman saw no great merit in this suggestion (= he did not think that it was a good idea).
virtue an advantage that makes you believe that sth is a good thing:
They believed in the virtues of culture, civilization, and reason. | He’s always extolling the virtues of hard work (= saying that hard work is a good thing).
the good/great/best thing about sth especially spoken used when mentioning a good feature of sth. This phrase is rather informal and you should not use it in formal essays:
The good thing about cycling is that you don’t have to worry about getting stuck in a traffic jam.
the beauty of sth is that used when you want to emphasize that sth has a very good or useful feature:
The beauty of the plan is that it is so simple.
resign W3 / rɪˈzaɪn / verb [intransitive and transitive]
1 to officially announce that you have decided to leave your job or an organization → quit استعفا دادن
resign from
She resigned from the government last week.
resign as
He resigned as Governor of Punjab in August.
resign your post/seat/position etc.
Tom has since resigned his membership of the golf club.
2 resign yourself to (doing) sth to make yourself accept sth that is bad but cannot be changed → resigned:
- Josh resigned himself to the long walk home.*
- At sixteen, I resigned myself to the fact that I’d never be a dancer.*
resign your post/position/office
resign your seat
resign the presidency
resign your chairmanship
resign your membership
resign your post/position/office He later resigned his post as Minister of Energy.
resign your seat (= announce that you will no longer be a member of a parliament, be on a committee etc.) A majority of voters think he should resign his seat in Congress.
resign the presidency Richard Nixon resigned the presidency in 1974.
resign your chairmanship Mr Hunt announced that he has resigned his chairmanship of the committee.
resign your membership He recently resigned his membership of the National Rifle Association.
leave
quit
resign
hand in your notice/resignation
retire
leave I left my last job because the salary was so low. | Why don’t you just leave?
quit to leave your job permanently because you are not happy with it:
After enduring months of harassment, Mrs Collins decided to quit her job. | I’ve told them I’**m quitting.
resign to officially announce that you have decided to leave your job:
The company director was forced to resign over the scandal.
hand in your notice/resignation to write an official letter to your employer saying that you are going to leave your job on a particular date:
You have to hand in your notice at least four weeks before you leave.
retire to leave your job in order to stop working permanently, usually because you have reached the age when most people stop working:
After forty years of working for the bank, Karl retired in May. | He had to retire because of ill health.
resignation W3 / ˌrezɪɡˈneɪʃ ə n / noun
1 [uncountable and countable] an occasion when you officially announce that you have decided to leave your job or an organization, or a written statement that says you will be leaving استعفا
- Illness forced his resignation.*
- Further resignations are expected later this week.*
2 [uncountable] when someone calmly accepts a situation that cannot be changed, even though it is bad: تسلیم نرم
She gave a sigh of resignation.
with resignation
He accepted her decision with resignation.
call for sb’s resignation
demand sb’s resignation
hand in your resignation
offer your resignation (also tender/submit your resignation formal)
accept sb’s resignation
reject/turn down sb’s resignation
withdraw your resignation
a letter of resignation
call for sb’s resignation (= publicly ask for it) After the defeat, there were calls for the coach’s resignation.
demand sb’s resignation (= ask for it forcefully) His political opponents demanded his resignation.
hand in your resignation (= say that you are going to leave an organization) I’m thinking of handing in my resignation.
offer your resignation (also tender/submit your resignation formal) Claire apologized and offered her resignation. | On the Monday afternoon, Sir John tendered his resignation to the Queen.
accept sb’s resignation The Prime Minister reluctantly accepted his resignation.
reject/turn down sb’s resignation Initially, his resignation was rejected. | He offered his resignation but it was turned down by the Prime Minister.
withdraw your resignation (= say that you will not leave, after having said you would) The President persuaded him to withdraw his resignation.
a letter of resignation He immediately wrote a letter of resignation.
distill, distil / dɪˈstɪl / verb (past tense and past participle distilled, present participle distilling) [transitive]
— distillation / ˌdɪstəˈleɪʃ ə n, ˌdɪstɪˈleɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]
1 to make a liquid such as water or alcohol more pure by heating it so that it becomes a gas and then letting it cool. Drinks such as whisky are made this way: تقطیر کردن
distilled water
2 to remove a chemical substance from a plant, for example by heating or pressing it عرق گرفتن از
3 to get the main ideas or facts from a much larger amount of information گرفتن نکته اصلی
distill sth into sth
The notes I had brought back were waiting to be distilled into a book. Most students are confused by her lectures, but Joe can always distill her main idea.
entrepreneur / ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː $ ˌɑːntrəprəˈnɜːr / noun [countable]
— entrepreneurial adjective
someone who starts a new business or arranges business deals in order to make money, often in a way that involves financial risks موسس
extract 1 AC / ɪkˈstrækt / verb [transitive]
1 formal to remove an object from somewhere, especially with difficulty SYN pull out: بیرون کشیدن
You’ll have to have that tooth extracted.
extract sth from sth
He extracted an envelope from his inside pocket.
2 to carefully remove a substance from sth which contains it, using a machine, chemical process etc.
extract sth from sth
Oils are extracted from the plants.
3 to get sth which you want from someone, such as information, money, help etc, especially when they do not want to give it to you
extract sth from sb
- She had extracted a promise from him.*
- They used torture to extract information about their families.*
4 to take information or a short piece of writing from a book:
We need to extract the relevant financial data. بیرون کشیدن
5 to get an advantage or good thing from a situation
extract sth from sth
They aim to extract the maximum political benefit from the Games.
extract 2 AC / ˈekstrækt / noun
1 [countable] a short piece of writing, music etc. taken from a particular book, piece of music etc. SYN excerpt گلچین
extract from
I’ve only seen short extracts from the film.
2 [uncountable and countable] a substance obtained from sth by using a special process شیره
vanilla/malt/plant etc. extract
Add one teaspoon of vanilla extract.
haggle / ˈhæɡ ə l / verb [intransitive]
— haggling noun [uncountable]
to argue when you are trying to agree about the price of sth (چانه زدن به صورتی که بگیم آقا مگه چه خبره، اینقدرا هم نمی ارزه. اگه تخفیف بخواهیم باید از کلمه بارگین استفاده کنیم)
haggle over
tourists haggling over the price of souvenirs
haggle with
Ted was haggling with the street vendors.
proportional AC / prəˈpɔːʃ ə nəl $ -ˈpɔːr- / adjective
— proportionally adverb
sth that is proportional to sth else is in the correct or most suitable relationship to it in size, amount, importance etc.متناسب
OPP disproportionate
proportional to
- The punishment should be proportional to the crime.*
- The fee charged by the realtor is directly proportional to the price of the property.*
- a proportional increase in costs*
proportionately adv.
In an amount appropriate to each of several recipients (به تناسب)
The food aid was distributed proportionately per family, with larger families receiving more.
prototype / ˈprəʊtətaɪp $ ˈproʊ- / noun [countable]
1 the first form that a new design of a car, machine etc. has, or a model of it used to test the design before it is produced نمونه اولیه
prototype of/for
a working prototype of the new car
2 someone or sth that is one of the first and most typical examples of a group or situation
stereotype 1 / ˈsteriətaɪp, ˈstɪər- $ ˈster-, ˈstɪr- / noun [countable]
a belief or idea of what a particular type of person or thing is like. Stereotypes are often unfair or untrue نمونه کلیشه ای
racial/sexual/cultural etc. stereotype
racist stereotypes in the media
stereotype of
women who don’t fit the stereotype of the good mother
stereotype about
- stereotypes about the elderly*
- Charles quite plainly did not fit the stereotype of a successful, high powered businessman*
reward 1 W3 / rɪˈwɔːd $ -ˈwɔːrd / noun
1 [uncountable and countable] sth that you get because you have done sth good or helpful or have worked hard → prize, benefit: جایزه
The school has a system of rewards and punishments to encourage good behavior.
reward for (doing) sth
Parents often give their children rewards for passing exams.
2 [uncountable and countable] money that is offered to people for helping the police to solve a crime or catch a criminal
reward of
A reward of $20,000 has been offered.
reward for
a reward for information leading to the capture of the murderers
get/receive your reward
reap rewards
bring rewards
deserve a reward
offer a reward (also put up a reward informal)
claim a reward
a £10,000/$500 etc. reward
a large/substantial reward
reward money ’
get/receive your reward If you work hard, you will get your reward.
reap rewards (= get them) She is now reaping the rewards of all her hard work.
bring rewards (= cause someone to get rewards) Winning the title brings huge financial rewards.
deserve a reward The team have worked really hard and deserve some reward.
offer a reward (also put up a reward informal) The store has offered a £500 reward for information leading to a conviction.
claim a reward He contacted the police, hoping to claim the reward money offered by the bank.
a £10,000/$500 etc. reward The $100,000 reward Levitz’s family offered in the days after her disappearance still stands.
a large/substantial reward Despite a substantial reward being offered, the painting has never been found.
reward money ‘Anyone who gives me the information that leads to an arrest will get the reward money,’ he repeated.
shuttle 2 verb
1 [intransitive always + adverb/preposition] to travel frequently between two places SYN commute رفت و آمد کردن
shuttle between/back and forth
Susan shuttles between Rotterdam and London for her job.
2 [transitive] to move people from one place to another place that is fairly near SYN transport: جابجا کردن
The passengers were shuttled to the hotel by bus.
shuttle 1 / ˈʃʌtl / noun [countable]
1 a space shuttle
2 a plane, bus, or train that makes regular short journeys between two places:
- He took the Washington – New York shuttle.*
- A* shuttle bus operates to and from the beach of San Benedetto.
- There’s a shuttle service from the city center to the airport.*
3 a pointed tool used in weaving, to pass a thread over and under the threads that form the cloth میل بافتنی
advocate 1 AC / ˈædvəkeɪt / verb [I, T]
to publicly support a particular way of doing sth; To speak out in favor of sth: پشتیبانی کردن
Extremists were openly (بی پرده) advocating violence.
advocate for American English:
Those who advocate for doctor-assisted suicide say the terminally ill should not have to suffer.
recommend
tell
urge
advocate
endorse
recommend to advise someone to do sth, especially when you have special knowledge of a situation or subject:
I would strongly recommend buying a good quality bicycle rather than a cheap one. | The report recommended stricter supervision of the trade in live animals.
tell to tell someone that you think they should do sth, especially in order to avoid problems:
We**’ve been told that we should start revising early. | I told you not to drink the water here.
urge to strongly advise someone to do sth because you think it is very important: اصرار کردن
Her doctor has urged her to see a specialist. | Police are urging drivers not to come into London this weekend.
advocate to say publicly that sth should be done, often sth that a lot of people disagree about: مطرح کردن _ در عام برخلاف میل اکثریت
In 1984, he advocated the use of force against Nicaragua. | I am surprised that dentists don’t advocate the use of fluoride tablets.
endorse to say in an advertisement that you like a product and think that people should use it: گفتن تو تبلیغات
A lot of companies use sports stars to endorse their products.
bitterly / ˈbɪtəli $ -ər- / adverb
1 in a way that produces or shows feelings of great sadness or anger: با تلخی
- He complained bitterly about his exam grades.*
- I was bitterly disappointed.* Senator Thomas bitterly opposed the movement to design a new state flag.
- The march was bitterly opposed by local residents.*
2 bitterly cold very cold
coalition / ˌkəʊəˈlɪʃ ə n $ ˌkoʊə- / noun
1 [countable] a union of two or more political parties that allows them to form a government or fight an election together (ائتلاف)
coalition of
- a coalition of democratic forces*
- the center-right coalition government*
- an emergency meeting of the three* coalition parties
2 [countable] a group of people who join together to achieve a particular purpose, usually a political one
coalition of
a coalition of environmental groups
3 [uncountable] a process in which two or more political parties or groups join together:
He hoped to convert his party members to a belief in coalition.
in coalition with sb
He was working in coalition with other Unionist leaders.
form a coalition
join a coalition
lead/head a coalition
a coalition collapses/breaks up
form a coalition The Social Democrats rejected their offer to form a coalition. Several local churches, mosques, synagogues, and temples formed a coalition to promote understanding among people of different religions
join a coalition The Greens of Slovenia agreed to join the coalition led by the Liberal Democratic party.
lead/head a coalition The coalition was led by the Christian Democrats and the Socialists.
a coalition collapses/breaks up Austria’s ruling government coalition collapsed.
the ruling/governing coalition
the opposition coalition
a political coalition
a two-party/three-party etc. coalition
a left-wing/right-wing etc. coalition
the ruling/governing coalition The March elections may weaken the ruling coalition.
the opposition coalition (= forming an opposition party to the government) The opposition coalition’s strength increased from 37 to 53 seats.
a political coalition a political coalition of center parties
a two-party/three-party etc. coalition The composition of the three-party coalition remains unchanged.
a left-wing/right-wing etc. coalition The left-wing coalition was led by the former guerrilla movement.
a coalition government
a coalition partner
a coalition member
a coalition party
a coalition government There is little enthusiasm among voters for a coalition government.
a coalition partner There were fundamental differences between the two main coalition partners.
a coalition member Some coalition members are unhappy with the proposal.
a coalition party The treaty required the backing of both governing coalition parties.
contest 1 W3 / ˈkɒntest $ ˈkɑːn- / noun [countable]
1 a competition or a situation in which two or more people or groups are competing with each other مسابقه، رقابت
contest for
- the bitter contest for the Republican presidential nomination*
- Stone decided to hold a contest to see who could write the best song.*
- I only entered the* contest for fun.
- It is clear that the election will be a close contest.*
contest between/against
- the 1960 contest between Kennedy and Nixon*
- the 1975 Liberal leadership contest*
2 no contest informal بهترین نفر، بدون رقایب
a) spoken used to say that someone or sth is the best of its kind:
I think you’re the best rider here, no contest.
b) if a victory is no contest, it is very easy to achieve
3 plead no contest law to state that you will not offer a defense in a court of law for sth wrong you have done
enter a contest
take part in a contest
compete in a contest
win/lose a contest
withdraw from a contest
have/hold a contest
a contest takes place
enter a contest (= take part in one) Anyone over 18 years old can enter the contest.
take part in a contest Twenty-five countries took part in the contest.
compete in a contest The band has competed in many contests over the years.
win/lose a contest He won a public-speaking contest at his school.
withdraw from a contest (= stop taking part in a contest) Two candidates had withdrawn from the contest.
have/hold a contest My college holds an athletics contest once a year.
a contest takes place The contest took place in Berlin.
a leadership contest
a presidential contest
an electoral/election contest
a beauty contest
a talent contest
a popularity contest
close contest
fair contest
a leadership contest (= in which two politicians compete to become leader of their party)
The party did not want the turmoil of a leadership contest.
a presidential contest the 1987 U.S presidential contest
an electoral/election contest What will be the outcome of the electoral contest?
a beauty contest (= to find the most beautiful person) Miss Colombia won the beauty contest.
a talent contest (= to find the best performer) She’s singing a song in the school talent contest.
a popularity contest (= to decide which person people like the most) The competition has turned into a popularity contest.
close (= one which someone wins by a very small amount) The race was a close contest between two evenly matched crews.
fair (= one in which everyone has the same chance of winning) Divide the class into groups in a way that will make it a fair contest.
competition
contest
championship
tournament
quiz
competition an organized event in which people or teams compete against each other, especially in order to win a prize: My sister entered a dance competition. | The winner of the competition will be announced in June.
contest a competition in which people do an activity, and a group of judges decide the winner: a beauty contest | a contest to find America’s strongest man
championship an important sports competition to find the best player or team in the world or in a particular area: the European Athletics Championship | Brazil went on to win the world championship.
tournament a competition in a sport or game, in which many players or teams compete against each other until there is one winner: a golf tournament
quiz a competition in which people have to answer questions: a TV quiz show
inaugurate / ɪˈnɔːɡjəreɪt, ɪˈnɔːɡjʊreɪt $ -ˈnɒː- / verb [transitive]
— inauguration / ɪˌnɔːɡjəˈreɪʃ ə n, ɪˌnɔːɡjʊˈreɪʃ ə n $ ɪˌnɒː- / noun [uncountable and countable]:
President Hoover’s inauguration
1 to hold an official ceremony when someone starts doing an important job in government افتتاح کردن
inaugurate sb as sth
On 8 January 1959 de Gaulle was inaugurated as First President of the Fifth Republic.
2 to open a building or start an organization, event etc. for the first time:
The Turner Prize was inaugurated in 1984.
3 formal if an event inaugurates an important change or period of time, it comes at the beginning of it: شروع چیزی بودن
The International Trade Agreement inaugurated a period of high economic growth.
establish
set up
open
found
inaugurate / ɪˈnɔːɡjəreɪt, ɪˈnɔːɡjʊreɪt $ -ˈnɒː- / formal
establish to start a company or organization, especially one that exists for a long time: The company was established in 1899. | He established a new research center in Dublin. | Most of the money will be used to establish local industries and mobilize the work-force.
set up to start a new company or organization. Set up is less formal than establish, and is the usual phrase to use in everyday English: Kate and her partner are setting up their own printing business. | Dad set up as a builder in 1990 and now he employs over twenty men.
open to start a business that provides services to the public, such as a shop, restaurant, or hotel: He opened his first restaurant in 1995. | They just opened a new supermarket on Van Nuys Boulevard.
found to start a company or an organization such as a school or a hospital, especially by providing the money for it – used about sth that was started a long time ago: Who originally founded the college? | The bank was founded 60 years ago in Munich.
inaugurate / ɪˈnɔːɡjəreɪt, ɪˈnɔːɡjʊreɪt $ -ˈnɒː- / formal to start an organization with an official ceremony: Twenty years after the airport was inaugurated, it introduced its first transatlantic flights.
poll 2 verb [transitive]
1 to ask a lot of people the same questions in order to find out what they think about a subject: نظر سنجی کردن
18% of the women we polled said their husbands had a drinking problem.
2 to get a particular number of votes in an election: رای آوردن
Labor polled just 4% of the vote.
ask
inquire/enquire / ɪnˈkwaɪə $ -ˈkwaɪr / formal
demand especially written
interview
poll
ask to speak or write to someone to get an answer:
Did you ask about the price? | They asked me a lot of questions.
inquire/enquire / ɪnˈkwaɪə $ -ˈkwaɪr / formal to ask someone for information about sth:
I’m writing to inquire about the job that was advertised in yesterday’s ‘Times’.
demand especially written to ask a question in a firm or angry way:
‘Why didn’t you call me?’, she demanded.
interview to ask someone questions, to find out if they are suitable for a job, or as part of a television or radio interview:
When they interviewed me for the job, they didn’t mention the salary. | David Letterman has interviewed all the stars.
poll to officially ask a lot of people in order to find out their opinion on sth:
Over 1,000 people were polled for the report. | 64% of the people we polled said that they approved of the way the government had handled the crisis.
allegedly / əˈledʒədli, əˈledʒɪdli / adverb [sentence adverb] formal
used when reporting sth that people say is true, although it has not been proved: به گفته مردم
a sports car, allegedly stolen in Manchester; The chief financial officer of the company allegedly took company money for his personal use.