400Word_3

Question 1

paradigm AC / ˈpærədaɪm / noun [countable]

— paradigmatic / ˌpærədɪɡˈmætɪk◂ / adjective

— paradigmatically / -kli / adverb

Answer 1

1 technical a model or example that shows how sth works or is produced الگو

paradigm of

the basic paradigm of the family tree; The usual paradigm for economic growth in developed countries does not apply to some poor nations.

2 formal a very clear or typical example of sth

paradigm of

Pius XII remained the paradigm of what a pope should be.

Question 2

prejudiced / ˈpredʒədəst, ˈpredʒʊdəst / adjective

Answer 2

1 having an unreasonable dislike of someone or sth, especially a dislike of a group of people who belong to a different race, sex, or religion – used to show disapproval:

• Some officers were racially prejudiced.*
• an intolerant and prejudiced man*

prejudiced against

• The early Christian church was prejudiced against the Jews.*
• Environmentalists are prejudiced against the dam.*

2 seriously affected by a bad situation:

The council must provide housing for young people whose welfare is seriously prejudiced.

Question 3

curriculum / kəˈrɪkjələm, kəˈrɪkjʊləm / noun (plural curricula / -lə / or curriculums) [countable]

Answer 3

the subjects that are taught by a school, college etc, or the things that are studied in a particular subject: برنامه تحصیلی

• Languages are an essential part of the school curriculum.*
• curriculum planning*

in the curriculum American English:

Students are exempt from some classes in the curriculum for religious reasons.

Question 4

distinctly AC / dɪˈstɪŋktli / adverb

Answer 4

1 clearly یطور شفاف

OPP indistinctly:

• Speak clearly and distinctly.*
• He distinctly remembered the day his father left.* I distinctly remember saying that we would meet at noon.

2 very: خیلی

Paul was left feeling distinctly foolish.

distinctly uncomfortable/uneasy/unhappy etc.

3 used to say that sth has a particular quality or character that is easy to recognize:

dishes with a distinctly Jewish flavor

Question 5

erudite / ˈerədaɪt, ˈerʊdaɪt / adjective

— eruditely adverb

— erudition / ˌerəˈdɪʃ ə n, ˌerʊˈdɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable]

Answer 5

showing a lot of knowledge based on careful study SYN learned; دانشمند

Even though Stella was only a freshman, she was considered erudite by both her classmates and her professors

Question 6

fortify / ˈfɔːtəfaɪ, ˈfɔːtɪfaɪ $ ˈfɔːr- / verb (past tense and past participle fortified, present participle fortifying, third person singular fortifies) [transitive]

Answer 6

1 to build towers, walls etc. around an area or city in order to defend it: تقویت کردن شهر

The town was heavily fortified.

2 to encourage an attitude or feeling and make it stronger SYN strengthen: مستحکم کردن

Her position was fortified by election successes and economic recovery. The high-priced drink had extra vitamins and minerals to fortify the body.

3 written to make someone feel physically or mentally stronger

fortify yourself (with sth) تقویت کردن شخص

We fortified ourselves with a breakfast of bacon and eggs.

4 [usually passive] to make food or drinks more healthy by adding vitamin s to them: تقویت کردن غذا

fortified breakfast cereals

fortify sth with sth

foods fortified with vitamin B

Question 7

implicit AC / ɪmˈplɪsət, ɪmˈplɪsɪt / adjective

— implicitly adverb:

They believed implicitly in their own superiority. By joining the competition, she agreed implicitly to the rules.

Answer 7

1 suggested or understood without being stated directly OPP explicit تلویحی، ضمنی، غیرمستقیم

implicit criticism/threat/assumption

• Her words contained an implicit threat.*
• His statement is being seen as implicit criticism of the work of research laboratories.*

2 formal forming a central part of sth, but without being openly stated محور اصلی چیزی بودن ولی صریح بیان نکردن

implicit in

Confidentiality is implicit in your relationship with a counselor.

3 complete and containing no doubts مطلق

implicit faith/trust/belief

They had implicit faith in his powers.

— implicitly adverb: به طور غیرمستقیم و ضمنی

Question 8

explicit AC / ɪkˈsplɪsət, ɪkˈsplɪsɪt / adjective

— explicitly adverb

— explicitness noun [uncountable]

Answer 8

1 expressed in a way that is very clear and direct صریح و واضح

→ implicit:

The contrast could not have been made more explicit.

explicit knowledge of grammar

• The kidnappers gave us* explicit instructions not to involve the police.
• Be explicit when you talk about money with your family.*

explicit about

He made the rules without being explicit about them.

2 language or pictures that are explicit describe or show sex or violence very clearly:

The film contains some very explicit love scenes.

sexually explicit language

Question 9

parish / ˈpærɪʃ / noun [countable]

Answer 9

1 the area that a priest in some Christian churches is responsible for:

Father Doyle moved to a new parish.

Question 10

parochial / pəˈrəʊkiəl $ -ˈroʊ- / adjective

— parochialism noun [uncountable]

Answer 10

1 only interested in things that affect your local area – used in order to show disapproval: محدود، ناحیه ای

Local newspapers tend to be very parochial.
Marla moved from her rural community to get away from its parochial thinking.

Sending your children to a parochial school can cost as much as sending them to college.

2 [only before noun] relating to a particular church and the area around it:

the parochial church council

Question 11

rigor / ˈrɪɡə $ -ər / noun

Answer 11

1 the rigors of sth the problems and difficulties of a situation: سختیهای

• all the rigors of a Canadian winter*
• the stresses and rigors of modern life;* The wrestler followed his diet with rigor. The rigors of military life toughened the young men quickly

2 [uncountable] great care and thoroughness in making sure that sth is correct: دقت زیاد

Their research seems to me to be lacking in rigor.

Question 12

roster 1 / ˈrɒstə $ ˈrɑːstər / noun [countable]

Answer 12

1 a list of the names of people on a sports team, in an organization etc. فهرست اسامی

on a roster

The club has outstanding players on the roster. Two of the names on the roster were misspelled.

roster of

The campaign has a roster of 500 volunteers.

2 a list that shows when each person in a group must do a particular job

duty roster

Question 13

secular / ˈsekjələ, ˈsekjʊlə $ -ər / adjective

Answer 13

1 not connected with or controlled by a church or other religious authority: غیرروحانی، دنیوی

• secular education*
• our modern secular society*

2 a secular priest lives among ordinary people, rather than with other priests in a monastery (خانگاه، صومعه)

Question 14

sacred / ˈseɪkrəd, ˈseɪkrɪd / adjective

— sacredness noun [uncountable]:

the sacredness of human life

Answer 14

1 relating to a god or religion: مقدس

• a sacred vow*
• the miraculous powers of sacred relics*
• Certain animals were considered sacred.*

sacred to

The land is sacred to these tribesmen.

2 very important or greatly respected:

• Human life is sacred.*
• Frontiers which have held for over forty years are no longer sacred.*

sacred to

• Few things were sacred to Henry, but local history was one of them.*
• He had no respect for everything I held sacred.*

3 is nothing sacred? spoken used to express shock when sth you think is valuable or important is being changed or harmed

Question 15

religious

holy

sacred

theological

secular

Answer 15

religious relating to religion:

the country’s religious leaders | the importance of religious freedom

spiritual relating to matters of the human spirit, rather than the physical world:

The Dalai Lamai is the exiled spiritual leader of Tibet. | We tend to ignore people’s spriritual needs, and focus too much on material things. | spiritual values

holy [usually before noun] connected with God and religion, and therefore treated in a special way – used especially in the following phrases:

the Holy Bible | the holy city of Mecca | a Hindu holy man | They believe they are fighting a holy war. | The priest puts some holy water on the child’s head.

sacred connected with God and religion, and therefore treated in a special way – used especially in the following phrases:

This place is sacred to both Jews and Muslims. | In India, cows are considered sacred. | the Hindu sacred texts | sacred music | a sacred ritual

theological relating to the study of religion or to religious beliefs:

a theological debate | theological training

secular not relating to religion or controlled by a religious authority:

secular education | secular matters | In the UK we live in a much more secular society.

Question 16

trial 1 S3 W2 / ˈtraɪəl / noun

Answer 16

1 court [uncountable and countable] a legal process in which a judge and often a jury in a court of law examine information to decide whether someone is guilty of a crime محاکمه

The trial is due to start next week.

on trial (for sth)

Brady was on trial for assault.

2 test [uncountable and countable] a process of testing to find out whether sth works effectively and is safe: تست

a new drug that is undergoing clinical trials

3 try sb/sth [uncountable and countable] a short period during which you use or do sth or employ (استخدام کردن) someone to find out whether they are satisfactory for a particular purpose or job → try

on trial برای آزمایش

• They let me have the computer on trial for thirty days.*
• The security system will be reviewed after a three-month* trial period.
• Smith was hired on a six-month trial basis.*

trial separation (= a period of time in which a husband and wife do not live together, to find out whether they want to stay married)

4 by/through trial and error if you do sth by trial and error, you test many different methods of doing sth in order to find the best:

I learned most of what I know about gardening through trial and error.

5 difficulty [countable usually plural] sth that is difficult to deal with, and that is worrying or annoying → trying:

the daily trials of living in a poor country

be a trial (to/for sb)

• My brothers and I were always a real trial to my parents.*
• the trials and tribulations of running a business*

horse/sheepdog trials (= a sporting competition in which horses or dogs compete)

Question 17

suspend AC / səˈspend / verb [transitive]

Answer 17

1 stop to officially stop sth from continuing, especially for a short time → suspension: معلق کردن

• Sales of the drug will be suspended until more tests are completed.*
• Talks between the two countries have now been suspended.*

2 leave a school/job to make someone leave their school or job for a short time, especially because they have broken the rules → suspension:

The two police officers have been suspended until an enquiry is carried out.

sb is suspended from sth

Dave was suspended from school for a week.

3 hang formal to attach sth to a high place so that it hangs down آویزان کردن

6 be suspended in sth technical if sth is suspended in a liquid or in air, it floats in it without moving

suspend sth from sth

A large light was suspended from the ceiling.

sth is suspended by sth

He was suspended by his feet and beaten with metal bars.

4 suspend judgment to decide not to make a firm decision or judgment about sth until you know more about it

5 suspend disbelief to try to believe that sth is true, for example when you are watching a film or play

Question 18

allegiance / əˈliːdʒ ə ns / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 18

loyalty to a leader, country, belief etc. وفاداری

allegiance to

You owe allegiance (= have a duty to give allegiance) to your king. My allegiance to my country is based on respect for its principles

swear/pledge allegiance

• I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America.*
• an oath (سوگند) of allegiance*

switch/transfer allegiance (= start to support a different person, group etc.)

The people here have strong political allegiances.

Question 19

barrage 1 / ˈbærɑːʒ $ bəˈrɑːʒ / noun

Answer 19

1 [countable usually singular] the continuous firing of guns, dropping of bombs etc, especially to protect soldiers as they move towards an enemy رگبار گلوله

barrage of

a barrage of anti-aircraft fire

2 [singular] a lot of criticism, questions, complaints etc. that are said at the same time, or very quickly one after another

barrage of

a barrage of questions

Question 20

artillery / ɑːˈtɪləri $ ɑːr- / noun

Answer 20

1 [uncountable] large guns, either on wheels or fixed in one place; توپخانه

An artillery barrage broke down the city’s thick walls within seconds. The 47th Artillery fired on rebels camped in the city center

2 the artillery the part of the army that uses these weapons

Question 21

cease 1 W3 AC / siːs / verb [intransitive and transitive]

Answer 21

1 formal to stop doing sth or stop happening متوقف کردن یا شدن

cease to do sth

• He ceased to be a member of the association.*
• The things people will do for charity never cease to amaze me* (= I am always surprised by them).

cease doing sth

• the decision to cease using CFCs in packaging*
• The rain ceased and the sky cleared.*

cease trading/production/operations etc. (= stop operating a business)

The company ceased production at their Norwich plant last year. The lightning continued even after the thunder had ceased.

cease fire! (= used to order soldiers to stop shooting)

Register

In everyday English, people usually use stop rather than cease:

• They have stopped using CFCs in packaging.*
• The rain stopped just as the fireworks began.*

2 cease and desist law to stop doing sth

Question 22

hierarchy AC / ˈhaɪrɑːki $ -ɑːr- / noun (plural hierarchies)[uncountable and countable]

Answer 22

a system of organization in which people or things are divided into levels of importance: سلسله مراتب

• a rigid social hierarchy*
• She worked her way up through the corporate hierarchy to become president.*

Question 23

mobilize) / ˈmoʊbɪlaɪz / verb

— mobilization / ˌməʊbəlaɪˈzeɪʃ ə n, ˌməʊbɪlaɪˈzeɪʃ ə n $ ˌmoʊbələ- / noun [uncountable and countable]:

the mobilization of public opinion

Answer 23

1 [transitive] to encourage people to support sth in an active way: بسیج کردن

• an attempt to mobilize popular opinion*
• a campaign to mobilize support for the strike*
• They failed to mobilize their resources effectively.*

3 [intransitive and transitive] if a country mobilizes or mobilizes its army, it prepares to fight a war → demobilize

4 [transitive] to help sth to move more easily → immobilize:

The physiotherapist mobilizes the patient’s shoulder.

Question 24

Marine noun [countable]

Answer 24

a soldier who serves on a ship, especially a member of the Royal Marines or the US Marine Corps

Question 25

strategic W3 AC / strəˈtiːdʒɪk / (also strategical / -dʒɪk ə l /) adjective

— strategically / -kli / adverb:

Strategically placed video cameras can alert police to any trouble.

Answer 25

1 done as part of a plan, especially in a military, business, or political situation: (برنامه ریزی شده)

UN forces made a strategic withdrawal.

strategic planning meetings

a strategic decision to move production to Hungary

2 useful or right for a particular purpose: مناسب

Marksmen (تیراندازان ماهر) were placed at strategic points along the president’**s route.

3 relating to fighting wars → tactical:

Marseilles (دومی شهر یزرگ فرانسه) was of great strategic importance.

strategic arms/weapons (= weapons designed to reach an enemy country from your own)

strategic nuclear missiles

Question 26

annex / əˈneks $ əˈneks, ˈæneks / verb [transitive]

— annexation / ˌænekˈseɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 26

to take control of a country or area next to your own, especially by using force: به اشغال در آوردن

The Baltic republics were annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940.

Question 27

apex / ˈeɪpeks / noun [countable]

Answer 27

1 technical the top or highest part of sth pointed or curved:

• the apex of the roof*
• the apex of a pyramid*

2 formal the most important position in an organization or society: راس

The king was at the apex of society.

3 formal The highest point SYN peak:

• He was at the apex of his career.*
• Apex* is often used to describe the high point of someone’s abilities

Question 28

conquest / ˈkɒŋkwest $ ˈkɑːŋ- / noun

Answer 28

1 [singular, uncountable] the act of getting control of a country by fighting: تسخیر

the Norman Conquest (= the conquest of England by the Normans)

conquest of

the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire; The first recorded conquest of Mt. Everest was by Tensing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hilary

2 [countable] land that is won in a war: سرزمین اشغالی

French conquests in Asia

3 [countable] someone that you have persuaded to love you or to have sex with you – often used humorously:

He boasts (به رخ کشیدن) about his many conquests.

4 [countable] when you gain control of or deal successfully with sth that is difficult or dangerous

conquest of

the conquest of space

Question 29

victory

win

triumph

conquest

landslide

cakewalk

upset

Answer 29

victory noun [uncountable and countable] a situation in which you win a battle, game, election, or dispute:

The crowds celebrated Italy’s victory against England. | The party won a comfortable victory in the general election. | We**’re very confident of victory.

win noun [countable] a victory in a sports game or in a competition:

It was an important win for the Yankees. | A couple from London are celebrating a big lottery win.

triumph noun [countable] written an important victory, especially in war or politics: پیروزی و فتح

Thatcher’s greatest triumph was becoming the UK’s first female Prime Minister.

conquest noun [countable] a situation in which one country wins a war against another country and takes control of it:

the Spanish conquest of Mexico | Caesar is well-known for his military conquests.

landslide noun [countable] an election victory in which one party or candidate gets far more votes than their opponents:

In 1945, there was a Labour landslide.

cakewalk noun [countable] informal a very easy victory:

The match was expected to be a cakewalk for Brazil.

upset noun [countable] a situation in which the person, team, party etc. that was expected to win is defeated:

Truman pulled off the greatest election upset in United States history.

Question 30

devise / dɪˈvaɪz / verb [transitive]

Answer 30

to plan or invent a new way of doing sth: ابداع کردن

She devised a method for quicker communications between offices. The soldiers devised a way to cross the river into enemy territory without being seen

Question 31

devise a method/way

devise a means

devise a system

devise a plan/scheme

devise a strategy

devise a solution

devise a programme

devise an experiment/test

Answer 31

devise a method/way Our aim is to devise a way to improve quality and reduce costs.

devise a means (= think of a way) We must devise a means of transport that does not pollute the atmosphere.

devise a system How do you devise a system of testing students that is completely fair?

devise a plan/scheme Together they devised a clever plan to escape.

devise a strategy The region is keen to devise a strategy to develop tourism.

devise a solution Representatives met to discuss the crisis and devise solutions.

devise a programme Your trainer will devise an exercise programme for you to follow.

devise an experiment/test He devised a series of experiments to test his theory.

Question 32

invent

create

think of sth/think up sth

come up with sth

make sth up

dream sth up

devise formal

conceive formal

Answer 32

invent to think of an idea for a new product, machine etc, and design it or make it:

The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. | Who invented the Internet?

create to make or design sth new and original:

We decided to create the software ourselves. | For her latest book, she has created a whole new group of characters.

think of sth/think up sth to produce a new idea, plan, method, excuse etc. by thinking:

I’ve thought of an idea. | They’re always trying to think up new ways to improve efficiency.

come up with sth to produce a new idea, a way of dealing with sth etc, especially a good one:

How did you come up with that idea? | Ellis came up with the solution to the problem immediately.

make sth up to invent a story, song, game, excuse etc.:

My mother used to make up bedtime stories for us. | I didn’t want to go to the class, so I decided to make up an excuse.

dream sth up to think of an idea or plan, especially one that seems unusual or even crazy:

It can’t be easy dreaming up new advertisements all the time. | I wonder who dreamt up that idea!

devise formal to invent a way of doing sth, especially one that is clever or complicated:

This system was devised as a way of measuring students’ progress.

conceive formal to think of a new idea, plan etc. and develop it in your mind:

The project was originally conceived by a Dutch businessman two years ago.

Question 33

prevailing / prɪˈveɪlɪŋ / adjective [only before noun]

Answer 33

1 existing or accepted in a particular place or at a particular time SYN current: موجود

• The prevailing attitude among our neighbors is to be friendly but not too friendly.*
• The prevailing mood of public opinion remained hostile.*
• the prevailing* economic conditions in Northern Ireland

2 prevailing wind a wind that blows over a particular area most of the time

Question 34

violation AC / ˌvaɪəˈleɪʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 34

1 an action that breaks a law, agreement, principle etc.: نقض

human rights violations

violation of

a violation of international law; The army’s testing of new weapons was a violation of the cease-fire agreement. The sculptures at Mt. Rushmore may be a violation of sacred Indian land.

in violation of sth

Troops crossed the border in violation of the agreement.

2 an action that causes harm or damage by treating someone or their possessions without respect

Question 35

a serious violation

a gross violation

a clear violation

a flagrant/blatant violation

human rights violations

a traffic violation

a ceasefire violation

safety violations

Answer 35

a serious violation The committee said there had been serious violations of Senate rules.

a gross violation (= a very serious violation) They had committed gross violations of the law.

a clear violation This is a clear violation of privacy rights.

a flagrant/blatant violation (= a very clear violation) The act of shooting down a civilian aircraft was a flagrant violation of international law.

human rights violations (= violations of every person’s right to be treated fairly and without cruelty) There have been protests about human rights violations at the prison.

a traffic violation Speeding is one of the most common traffic violations.

a ceasefire violation Each side accused the other of ceasefire violations.

safety violations One oil rig worker blew the whistle on safety violations by his drilling company.

Question 36

commit a violation

constitute a violation formal

Answer 36

commit a violation Several soliders were suspected of committing human rights violations.

constitute a violation formal (= be a violation) The actions may constitute a violation of the treaty.

Question 37

chronological / ˌkrɒnəˈlɒdʒɪk ə l◂ $ ˌkrɑːnəˈlɑː- / adjective

— chronologically / -kli / adverb:

Answer 37

1 arranged according to when things happened or were made: به ترتیب تاریخ

We arranged the documents in chronological order.

2 chronological age a person’s chronological age is how old they actually are, rather than how old their mind or body seems

• The paintings are displayed chronologically.*
• Chronologically* is often used with arranged, organized, listed, or some other word for order.

Question 38

coincide AC / ˌkəʊənˈsaɪd, ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd $ ˌkoʊ- / verb [intransitive]

Answer 38

1 to happen at the same time as sth else, especially by chance

coincide with مصادف شدن با

• His entry to the party coincided with his marriage.*
• When our vacations coincided, we often holidayed together.*

planned/timed/arranged to coincide

The show is timed to coincide with the launch of a new book.

2 [not in progressive] if two people’s ideas, opinions etc. coincide, they are the same → coincidence:

The interests of the US and those of the islanders may not coincide.

coincide with

The cloth had a natural look which coincided perfectly with the image Laura sought.

3 to meet or be in the same place:

The journey coincides in part with the Pennine Way.

Question 39

coincidence / kəʊˈɪnsəd ə ns, kəʊˈɪnsɪd ə ns $ koʊ- / noun

Answer 39

1 [uncountable and countable] when two things happen at the same time, in the same place, or to the same people in a way that seems surprising or unusual تصادف → coincide, coincidental:

‘I’m going to Appleby tomorrow.’ ‘ What a coincidence ! I**’m going there too.’

by coincidence تصادفاًً

By coincidence, John and I both ended up at Yale.

sheer/pure coincidence تصادف محض(= completely by chance)

It was sheer coincidence that we were staying in the same hotel.

not a coincidence/more than coincidence (= not chance, but deliberate)

I think it is more than coincidence that all the complaints have come from the same group of people.

2 [singular] formal when two ideas, opinions etc. are the same

coincidence of

a coincidence of interest between the mining companies and certain politicians

Question 40

it is a coincidence that

it is not a/no coincidence that

be more than (a) coincidence

a string/series/set of coincidences

Answer 40

it is a coincidence that It was a remarkable coincidence that two people with the same name were staying at the hotel.

it is not a/no coincidence that (= it is deliberate) It is no coincidence that the Government made the announcement today.

be more than (a) coincidence (= there is some other explanation) When I saw him a third time, I realized it was more than just coincidence.

a string/series/set of coincidences The accident happened because of a string of unfortunate coincidences.

Question 41

consequence S3 W2 AC / ˈkɒnsəkwəns, ˈkɒnsɪkwəns $ ˈkɑːnsə-kwens / noun

Answer 41

1 [countable] sth that happens as a result of a particular action or set of conditions نتیجه، دست آورد

consequence of

Many believe that poverty is a direct consequence of overpopulation.

consequence for

Our findings have far-reaching consequences for researchers.

with… consequences

He ate some poisonous mushrooms, with fatal consequences.

2 as a consequence (of sth)/in consequence (of sth) formal as a result of sth:

• Animals have died as a consequence of coming into contact with this chemical.*
• She was over the age limit and, in consequence, her application was rejected.*

3 of little/no/any etc. consequence formal not very important or valuable

of little/no/any etc. consequence to

• Your opinion is of little consequence to me.*
• I don’t suppose it is of any consequence now.*

Question 42

result

consequence

repercussions

outcome

the upshot

the fruits of sth literary

Answer 42

result sth that happens because of sth else:

The fire at the house was the result of a dropped cigarette. | Many people find that herbal remedies produce a good result.

consequence sth important that happens as the result of a decision or action:

Global warming will have serious consequences for the environment. | Rising prices are the inevitable consequence of the grain shortage.

repercussions the bad effects that happen later as a result of an event, often a long time afterwards:

The economic crisis in the US is likely to have serious repercussions for the rest of the world. | The scandal could have major repercussions for his career.

outcome the final result of a meeting, election, war etc.:

The final outcome of the election remained in doubt for several days. | So, what is the likely outcome for Spain?

the upshot the final result of a situation, especially when this was unexpected:

The upshot of all this was that the trial had to be delayed.

the fruits of sth literary the things that have been achieved as a result of someone’s efforts – used especially in the following phrases:

He did not live to see the fruits of his labours. | They can now enjoy the fruits of their success.

Question 43

diminish AC / dəˈmɪnɪʃ, dɪˈmɪnɪʃ / verb

Answer 43

1 [intransitive and transitive] to become or make sth become smaller or less SYN reduce: کم کردن

• The party’s share of the electorate has diminished steadily.*
• These drugs diminish blood flow to the brain.*

2 [transitive] to deliberately make someone or sth appear less important or valuable than they really are: ضعیف جلوه دادن

• Don**’t let him diminish your achievements.*
• But that’s not to diminish the importance of his discoveries.*

3 diminishing returns when the profits or advantages you are getting from sth stop increasing in relation to the effort you are making

Question 44

decrease

go down

decline formal

diminish

fall/drop

plunge / plʌndʒ / /plummet / ˈplʌmət, ˈplʌmɪt /

slide

dwindle / ˈdwɪndl /

taper off / ˈteɪpə $ -ər /

Answer 44

decrease to become less in number or amount:

The average rainfall has decreased by around 30 percent.

go down to decrease. Go down is less formal than decrease and is the usual word to use in conversation:

Unemployment has gone down in the past few months.

decline formal to decrease – used with numbers or amounts, or about the level or standard of sth:

The standard of living has declined. | Support for the government is steadily declining. | Salaries have declined by around 4.5%.

diminish to become smaller or less important:

Union membership diminished from 30,000 at its height to just 2,000 today.

fall/drop to decrease, especially by a large amount. Fall and drop are less formal than decrease:

The number of tigers in the wild has fallen to just over 10,000. | At night, the temperature drops to minus 20 degrees.

plunge / plʌndʒ / /plummet / ˈplʌmət, ˈplʌmɪt / to suddenly decrease very quickly and by a very large amount:

Share prices have plummeted 29% in the last four months. | Climate change could cause global temperatures to plummet.

slide if a price or value slides, it gradually decreases in a way that causes problems – used especially in news reports:

The dollar fell in late trading in New York yesterday and slid further this morning.

dwindle / ˈdwɪndl / to gradually decrease until there is very little left of sth, especially numbers or amounts, popularity, or importance:

Support for the theory is dwindling.

taper off / ˈteɪpə $ -ər / if a number or the amount of an activity that is happening tapers off, it gradually decreases, especially so that it stops completely:

Political violence tapered off after the elections.

Question 45

longitude n.

Answer 45

A system of imaginary lines running from north to south along the Earth’s surface, where each line is numbered from 0º to 180° west or east; The prime meridian, a line running through Greenwich, England, is marked as 0° longitude.

Question 46

latitude / ˈlætətjuːd, ˈlætɪtjuːd $ -tuːd / noun

— latitudinal / ˌlætəˈtjuːdən ə l, ˌlætɪˈtjuːdən ə l $ -ˈtuːdn-əl / adjective

Answer 46

1 [uncountable and countable] the distance north or south of the equator (= the imaginary line around the middle of the world), measured in degrees → longitude

2 latitudes [plural] an area at a particular latitude:

• The birds breed in northern latitudes.*
• the planet’s southernmost latitudes*

3 [uncountable] formal freedom to choose what you do or say

considerable/greater latitude (= a lot of freedom to choose)

Pupils enjoy considerable latitude in deciding what they want to study.

latitude in/for

Employees should have some latitude in organizing their work.

Question 47

milieu / ˈmiːljɜː $ miːˈljɜː, -ˈljuː / noun (plural milieux / -ljɜːz, -ljɜː $ -ˈljɜːz, -ˈljuːz, -ˈljɜː, -ˈljuː / or milieus) [countable] formal

Answer 47

the things and people that surround you and influence the way you live and think: (محیط اطراف)

• Proust’s work reflected his own social and cultural milieu. Many Vietnam veterans did not feel comfortable in the antiwar social milieu of the 1970s*
• She never felt happy in a student milieu.*

Question 48

reconciliation / ˌrekənsɪliˈeɪʃ ə n / noun [singular, uncountable]

Answer 48

1 a situation in which two people, countries etc. become friendly with each other again after quarrelling: مصالحه

Her ex-husband had always hoped for a reconciliation. South Africa avoided a bloodbath (قتل عام) after apartheid by setting up a Truth and Reconciliation Commission

reconciliation between/with

• The meeting achieved a reconciliation between the groups.*
• his reconciliation with his brother*
• The treaty has brought a new spirit of reconciliation on both sides.*
• The leadership announced a programme of national reconciliation* (= an attempt by all sides to end a war or trouble in a country).

2 the process of finding a way that two beliefs, facts etc. that are opposed to each other can both be true or successful

reconciliation between

a reconciliation between environment and development

Question 49

allocate AC / ˈæləkeɪt / verb [transitive]

Answer 49

to use sth for a particular purpose, give sth to a particular person etc, especially after an official decision has been made اختصاص دادن

allocate sth to sb/sth

• the importance of allocating resources to local communities*
• You should allocate the same amount of time to each question.* The budget allocates $58 billion to the military and only about $2 billion to education; Things that can be allocated are things that can be “spent”—money, time, energy, etc

sth is allocated for sth

One million dollars was allocated for disaster relief.

allocate sb/sth sth

Several patients were waiting to be allocated a bed.

Question 50

commodity / kəˈmɒdəti, kəˈmɒdɪti $ kəˈmɑː- / noun (plural commodities) [countable]

Answer 50

1 a product that is bought and sold: کالا، متاع

• agricultural commodities*
• Commodity prices fell sharply.*

2 formal a useful quality or thing:

Time is a precious commodity.

Question 51

an important commodity

an expensive commodity

a valuable/precious commodity

a rare/scarce commodity

a hot commodity

a saleable/tradeable commodity

agricultural commodities

industrial commodities

commodity prices

a commodity market

Answer 51

an important commodity Crude oil is the world’s most important commodity.

an expensive commodity Consumers began to find that they could afford more expensive commodities.

a valuable/precious commodity Land is an extremely valuable commodity.

a rare/scarce commodity Soap was a scarce commodity during the war.

a hot commodity (= one that a lot of people want to buy) Web domains ending in.com became hot commodities.

a saleable/tradeable commodity (= one that can be sold or traded) Land is a freely saleable commodity.

agricultural commodities The falling prices of agricultural commodities such as coffee have severely affected the economy.

industrial commodities Sales of the old industrial commodities of iron and coal are still important.

commodity prices Commodity prices are very high in the UK.

a commodity market Coffee is facing the deepest crisis in a global commodity market since the great depression of the 30s.

Question 52

product noun [countable]

goods noun [plural]

commodity noun [countable] formal

merchandise noun [uncountable] formal

wares noun [plural] written

export noun [countable often plural]

import noun [countable often plural]

Answer 52

product noun [countable] sth that is made or produced in large quantities, usually in order to be sold: consumer products such as mobile phones | dairy products

goods noun [plural] things that are produced in order to be sold, especially for use in the home: They sell furniture and other household goods. | electrical goods | white goods (= large electrical goods used in the home such as washing machines and refrigerators)

commodity noun [countable] formal a type of product or raw material that can be bought and sold – used especially about basic food products, metals, and fuels: The decline in prices for agricultural commodities made the economic situation worse. | All metal was a valuable commodity and was rarely wasted.

merchandise noun [uncountable] formal things that are being sold, especially in shops: Customers are not allowed to handle the merchandise. | Sales of books, videos, and other merchandise have increased.

wares noun [plural] written things that are offered for sale, especially in a market or on the street: In the market, the traders began selling their wares. | Merchants brought their wares from all over the world.

export noun [countable often plural] a product that is sent to a foreign country in order to be sold: US exports rose to $11.935 billion. | At the moment, oil is their biggest export.

import noun [countable often plural] goods that are brought from one country into another to be sold there: The UK clothing industry cannot compete with foreign imports on price.

Question 53

decline 1 W2 AC / dɪˈklaɪn / noun [singular, uncountable]

Answer 53

a decrease in the quality, quantity, or importance of sth کاهش

decline in

There has been a decline in the size of families.

decline of

the decline of manufacturing

rapid/sharp/steep/dramatic decline

a rapid decline in unemployment

steady/gradual/long-term decline

• The island’s population initially numbered 180, but there was a gradual decline until only 40 people were left.*
• the economic decline faced by many cities*

in decline/on the decline (= falling)

the widely held belief that educational standards are in decline

fall/go etc. into decline (= become less important, successful etc.)

The port fell into decline in the 1950s.

Question 54

sharp/steep decline

rapid decline

dramatic decline

marked decline

gradual decline

steady/progresssive decline

a long-term decline

economic/industrial etc. decline

Answer 54

sharp/steep decline (= by a large amount) The higher prices caused a sharp decline in sales.

rapid decline (= fast) We noticed a rapid decline in his health.

dramatic decline (= extremely fast, and by a large amount) The last three years have seen a dramatic decline in the number of tigers in the area.

marked decline (= very noticeable) Hunting led to a marked decline in bird numbers.

gradual decline After 1870, there was a gradual decline of the disease.

steady/progresssive decline (= gradual but continuous) There has been a steady decline in club membership.

a long-term decline (= happening for a long time) The long-term decline in the manufacturing industry is still continuing.

economic/industrial etc. decline This area has been severely affected by long-term industrial decline.

Question 55

cause/lead to a decline

go/fall into decline

suffer a decline

stop/halt a decline

reverse a decline

see a decline

Answer 55

cause/lead to a decline The use of agricultural chemicals has led to a decline in water quality.

go/fall into decline (= become less important, successful etc.) At the beginning of the century the cloth trade was going into decline.

suffer a decline The firm suffered a sharp decline in its profits.

stop/halt a decline (= stop it from continuing) These measures are intended to halt the decline in fish populations.

reverse a decline (= make sth start to improve again) The main aim is to reverse the decline of the world’s environment.

see a decline (= used to say that a decline happens at a particular time or in a particular place) The 20th century saw a steady decline in the rural population.

Question 56

decrease

reduction

cut

drop/fall

decline

Answer 56

decrease used when the number, amount, or level of sth becomes less than it used to be:

There has been a significant decrease in the number of deaths from lung cancer. | a 5% decrease in housing prices

reduction used when the price, amount, or level of sth is made lower:

There will be further price reductions in the sales. | A small reduction in costs can mean a large increase in profits.

cut used when a government or company reduces the price, amount, or level of sth:

a 1% cut in interest rates | tax cuts | It is possible that there will be further job cuts.

drop/fall used when the number, amount, or level of sth goes down, especially by a large amount:

The figures showed a sharp fall in industrial output. | There was a dramatic drop in temperature.

decline used when the number, amount, level, or standard of sth goes down, especially gradually:

During the 1970s, there was a gradual decline in the birthrate. | a decline in educational standards

Question 57

equity / ˈekwəti, ˈekwɪti / noun

Answer 57

1 [uncountable] formal a situation in which all people are treated equally and no one has an unfair advantage انصاف، برابری

OPP inequity:

a society run on the principles of equity and justice

2 [uncountable] technical the amount of money that you would have left if you sold your house and paid off the money you borrowed to buy the house; In this meaning, equity is always singular and usually followed by an in phrase:

Barnard’s equity in the business was one-third, or about $350,000

3 equities [plural] technical share s in a company from which the owner of the shares receives some of the company’s profits rather than a fixed regular payment

4 [uncountable] law the principle that a fair judgment must be made in a situation where the existing laws do not provide an answer

Question 58

per capita / pə ˈkæpətə $ pər- / adjective, adverb formal

Answer 58

used to describe the average amount of sth in a particular place, calculated according to the number of people who live there: سرانه

• the country’s per capita income;* Research shows we’re likely to sell 15 light bulbsper capita** per year in medium-sized cities
• the number of crimes that occur per capita*

Question 59

subsidy AC / ˈsʌbsədi, ˈsʌbsɪdi / noun (plural subsidies) [countable]

Answer 59

money that is paid by a government or organization to make prices lower, reduce the cost of producing goods etc. یارانه

trade/agricultural subsidies etc.

international disagreement over trade subsidies; Federal subsidies to grain farmers have helped them stay in business despite three years of bad weather

Question 60

tangible / ˈtændʒəb ə l, ˈtændʒɪb ə l / adjective

— tangibly adverb

— tangibility / ˌtændʒəˈbɪləti, ˌtændʒɪˈbɪləti / noun [uncountable]

Answer 60

1 clear enough or definite enough to be easily seen or noticed محسوس و ملموس

OPP intangible:

The scheme must have tangible benefits for the unemployed. One tangible benefit of putting electrical cables underground is a clearer view of the sky.

tangible evidence/proof

He has no tangible evidence of John’s guilt.

2 tangible assets/property property such as buildings, equipment etc.

3 technical if sth is tangible, you can touch or feel it:

The silence of the countryside was almost tangible.

Question 61

affluent / ˈæfluənt / adjective formal

— affluence noun [uncountable]

Answer 61

having plenty of money, nice houses, expensive things etc. SYN wealthy: ثروتمند

affluent families

an affluent society/area etc.

the affluent Cô**te d’Azur

Question 62

rich

wealthy

affluent formal

prosperous formal rich

well-off

well-to-do written

privileged

comfortably off [not before noun]

be rolling in it/be loaded informal

Answer 62

rich having a lot of money – used about people and places:

She married a rich Greek shipowner. | one of the world’**s richest nations

wealthy rich – used about people and places, especially when they have been rich for a long time:

wealthy landowners | Orange County is a very wealthy area. | a wealthy Arab businessman

affluent formal rich – used about societies, groups of people, or areas where people live, where people have nice houses and a lot of expensive possessions:

today’s affluent society | affluent young professionals | an affluent suburb of Boston

prosperous formal rich – used about places and groups of people, especially when their money is related to success in business:

Sales have grown fastest in the more prosperous areas of the south. | prosperous merchants and bankers

well-off fairly rich compared to other people, so that you can live very comfortably:

Her parents are pretty well-off. | children from well-off families

well-to-do written rich – used especially in the past about families and people who had a fairly high position in society:

Only well-to-do families could afford to send their children to university. | The Westons were now well-to-do and there was no necessity for work.

privileged having special advantages because your family have a lot of money and a high position in society:

He comes from a privileged background. | The sport was only played by a privileged few.

comfortably off [not before noun] having enough money to have a nice life without having to worry about money:

I wouldn’t say that we were rich – just comfortably off.

be rolling in it/be loaded informal to be extremely rich:

They’ve got two houses and a boat – they must be rolling in it. | Her books were so successful that she’s loaded now.

Question 63

elite 1 / eɪˈliːt, ɪ- / noun [countable]

Answer 63

a group of people who have a lot of power and influence because they have money, knowledge, or special skills نخبه، گلچین

political/social/economic etc. elite

• the domination of power by a small political elite*
• a struggle for power within the ruling elite*

Question 64

impoverish / ɪmˈpɒv ə rɪʃ $ ɪmˈpɑː- / verb [transitive]

— impoverished adjective:

an impoverished student

— impoverishment noun [uncountable]:

spiritual impoverishment

Answer 64

1 to make someone very poor: فقیر کردن

• Falling coffee prices have impoverished many Third World economies.*
• families impoverished by debt*

2 to make sth worse in quality:

Fast-growing trees remove nutrients and impoverish the soil.

Question 65

nobility / nəʊˈbɪləti, nəʊˈbɪlɪti, nə- $ noʊ-, nə- / noun

Answer 65

1 the nobility the group of people in some countries who belong to the highest social class and have titles such as “Duke” or “Count” (for men) and “Duchess” or “Countess” (for women) SYN the aristocracy نجیب زادگان

2 [uncountable] the quality of being noble:

the nobility of his intentions

Question 66

prestige 1 / preˈstiːʒ / noun [uncountable]

Answer 66

the respect and admiration that someone or sth gets because of their success or important position in society

prestige of

• the prestige of having your work shown at a top London gallery*
• The king wanted to* enhance his prestige through war.
• This little-known British firm has now gained* considerable prestige.
• the personal prestige attached to owning a large property*

Question 67

reputation noun [countable]

image noun [countable]

name noun [singular]

standing noun [uncountable]

prestige noun [uncountable]

stature noun [uncountable] formal

Answer 67

reputation noun [countable] the opinion that people have about a person, organization etc. because of what has happened in the past:

She was a good lawyer with a reputation for honesty and diligence. | The school had an excellent reputation. | The lawsuit has damaged the company’**s reputation.

image noun [countable] the idea that people have about what sth is like, especially when this is created through newspaper stories, advertising etc.:

A PR campaign was launched in an effort to improve the company’s image.* | *Boxing has rather anegative image.| The princess tried to**project**animage** of herself as serious and hard-working (= she tried to give people the idea that she was serious and hard-working).

name noun [singular] the reputation that a person, organization etc. has – used especially in the following phrases:

The company is anxious to protect its good name. | Cyclists who ignore traffic rules give other cyclists a bad name. | Electrolux has a name for making top quality vacuum cleaners. | He went to court in order to try to clear his name (= prove that he is innocent).

standing noun [uncountable] someone’s reputation and position compared to other people in a group or society, based on other peoples’ opinion of them:

The class system in Great Britain encourages people to be very aware of their social standing. | He needs to improve his standing among female voters. | Jacques Tati was a man of international standing in the world of screen comedy.

prestige noun [uncountable] the good reputation that a company, organization, group etc. has, which makes people respect and admire them:

the prestige of a carmaker such as Rolls-Royce | Does Stanford University carry the same prestige as Harvard orYale? | Hosting the Olympic Games would enhance our country’s international prestige. | The teaching profession has lost the prestige it had in the past.

stature noun [uncountable] formal the importance and respect that a person or organization has, because of their achievements or their influence:

As he got older, Picasso’s stature as an artist increased. | Their work is equal in stature. | an actor of international stature | The party’s stature has increased in recent years.

Question 68

prosper / ˈprɒspə $ ˈprɑːspər / verb [intransitive]

Answer 68

if people or businesses prosper, they grow and develop in a successful way, especially by becoming rich or making a large profit: رونق یافتن

Businesses across the state are prospering. Vargas prospered after finally patenting his new inventions

Question 69

assess S2 W2 AC / əˈses / verb [transitive]

Answer 69

1 to make a judgment about a person or situation after thinking carefully about it SYN judge قضاوت کردن

assess the impact/extent/effectiveness etc. of sth

a report to assess the impact of advertising on children

assess what/how etc.

The technique is being tried in classrooms to assess what effects it may have.

be assessed as sth

Many of the adults were assessed as having learning difficulties.

2 to calculate the value or cost of sth

be assessed at sth

The value of the business was assessed at £1.25 million.

Question 70

asset / ˈæset / noun [countable]

Answer 70

1 [usually plural] the things that a company owns, that can be sold to pay debts دارایی ها

in assets

• a corporation with $9 billion in assets*
• the value of a company’s assets*

2 [usually singular] sth or someone that is useful because they help you succeed or deal with problems چیز باارزش و مفید

OPP liability:

A sense of humor is a great asset in this business.

be an asset to sb/sth

I think Rachel would be an asset to the department.

→ fixed assets, liquid assets

Question 71

ˌfixedˈassets noun [plural] technical

Answer 71

land, buildings, or equipment that a business owns and uses اموال غیرمنقول

Question 72

ˌliquidˈassets noun [plural] technical

Answer 72

the money that a company or person has, and the property they can exchange for money اموال منقول

Question 73

lease 1 / liːs / noun [countable]

Answer 73

1 a legal agreement which allows you to use a building, car etc. for a period of time, in return for rent قرارداد اجاره

take out a lease on قرارداد اجاره بستن

• They took out a lease on a seven-acre field.*
• The landlord refused to renew his lease.*
• The 99-year lease expired in 1999.*
• Do you understand all the terms of the lease* ?

2 a new lease on life عمر دوباره

a) if sth has a new lease on life, it is changed or repaired so that it can continue:

Historic buildings can have a new lease on life through conversion.

b) if someone has a new lease on life, they become healthy, active, or happy again after being weak, ill, or tired:

an operation to give her a new lease on life

Question 74

have/hold a lease

take (out) a lease

renew a lease

grant sb a lease

sign a lease

a lease runs

a lease runs out (also a lease expires formal)

Answer 74

have/hold a lease Who has the lease on the flat?

take (out) a lease (= start having a lease) He took a seven-year lease on the place.

renew a lease (= keep a lease for a longer period of time) The company decided not to renew the lease on the office.

grant sb a lease (= let someone have a lease) The landlord may grant a lease for a short or long period.

sign a lease (= agree to the legal details of a lease by signing it) He refused to sign the new lease because the rent was too high.

a lease runs (= continues for a period of time) The lease will run for 21 years.

a lease runs out (also a lease expires formal) (= it stops) Their lease runs out in June.

Question 75

a short/short-term lease

a long/long-term lease

a 20/30/40 etc. year lease

the current/existing lease

a lease agreement

a lease payment

Answer 75

a short/short-term lease These flats are let on short leases to students.

a long/long-term lease We**’re negotiating a long-term lease on the building.

a 20/30/40 etc. year lease The company has acquired the building on a 30-year lease.

the current/existing lease The current lease still has 12 years to run.

a lease agreement The organization has signed a lease agreement on a 50-acre site.

a lease payment He is struggling to afford the lease payments on the office.

Question 76

the terms of a lease

Answer 76

(= the legal details of it) Under the terms of the lease, the tenants have to pay for any repairs.

Question 77

liability / ˌlaɪəˈbɪləti, ˌlaɪəˈbɪlɪti / noun

→ limited liability

Answer 77

1 [uncountable] legal responsibility for sth, especially for paying money that is owed, or for damage or injury مسولیت

liability for

Tenants have legal liability for any damage they cause.

liability to

your liability to capital gains tax

liability to do sth

The court ruled there was no liability to pay any refund.

2 liabilities [plural] technical the amount of debt that must be paid بدهیها

OPP assets

3 [singular] someone or sth that is likely to cause problems for someone: آدم مشکل ساز

A kid like Tom would be a liability in any classroom.

liability to

The outspoken minister has become a liability to the government.

4 liability to sth law the amount by which sth is likely to be affected by a particular kind of problem, illness etc.

Question 78

full liability

limited liability

unlimited liability

legal liability

criminal liability

civil liability

tax liability

personal liability

Answer 78

full liability (= complete responsibility)

The driver of the other car accepted full liability for the accident.

limited liability (= when someone is responsible for damages or debts for a limited amount of money)

Limited liability encourages managers to take more risks with shareholder funds than they would otherwise.

unlimited liability (= when someone is responsible for damages or debts for the full amount of money)

Under the agreement, the insurance company has unlimited liability.

legal liability (= responsibility for sth that is covered by laws)

What is the legal liability of an employer in the event of an accident at work?

criminal liability (= responsiblity for injury or damage covered by criminal law)

A child under the age of ten cannot face criminal liability for its acts.

civil liability (= responsiblity for injury or damage covered by civil law)

A company operating a ship which spills oil into the sea will face civil liability.

tax liability (= a legal responsibility to pay tax)

The government is planning to increase the tax liability on company cars.

personal liability (= when an individual person is legally responsible)

Directors can incur personal liability for errors made by their companies.

Question 79

have liability

accept/admit liability

assume liability

incur liability

deny liability

escape/avoid liability

Answer 79

have liability The parents of these children may have some liability.

accept/admit liability The company accepts no liability for any loss, inconvenience, or delay caused by a cancellation of train services.

assume liability (= take the responsibility for sth, which you did not have before) You would then assume the tax liability for the account.

incur liability (= be in a situation in which you must take responsibility for sth) The transfer of property will not incur a liability to inheritance tax.

deny liability (= say you are not responsible for sth) The defendants continued to deny liability for Peck’s death.

escape/avoid liability The defendant escaped liability by proving that he had taken all possible measures to avoid the accident.

Question 80

a liability claim

liability insurance/cover

Answer 80

a liability claim (= a claim that someone is legally responsible) A liability claim was made by a consumer injured by the product.

liability insurance/cover (= insurance that protects you against a liability claim) Many house and contents insurance policies have provision for liability insurance for claims of negligence against you.

Question 81

proprietor / prəˈpraɪətə $ -ər / noun [countable]formal

Answer 81

an owner of a business مالک

proprietor of

the proprietor of a small hotel and restaurant

newspaper/garage/cafe etc. proprietor

Question 82

safeguard 1 / ˈseɪfɡɑːd $ -ɡɑːrd / verb [transitive]

Answer 82

to protect sth from harm or damage حراست کردن، حفاظت کردن

safeguard sb’s interests/rights/welfare etc.

• The industry has a duty to safeguard consumers.*
• technology that will safeguard the environment*

safeguard sth against sth

a program for safeguarding the computer system against viruses

Question 83

protect

give/offer/provide protection

guard

save

preserve

safeguard

shield

shelter

harbor

Answer 83

protect to keep someone or sth safe from harm, damage, or illness:

Don**’t worry, I’ll protect you. | The government wants to protect the environment. | Eating healthily helps to protect against many diseases.

give/offer/provide protection to protect someone from sth harmful:

Wearing a hat offers some protection from the sun. | The drug can give protection against cancer. | The law provides no protection.

guard to protect a person, place, or object by staying near them and watching them:

Police officers guarded the entrance to the building. | He is guarded by armed men.

save to protect someone or sth when they are in danger of being harmed or destroyed:

Local people are fighting to save the theatre from demolition. | Emergency aid could save millions of people who are threatened with starvation.

preserve to keep sth, especially buildings or the environment, from being harmed, destroyed, or changed too much:

The organization works to preserve forests. | There is little money for preserving historic buildings.

safeguard to protect sth important, such as people’s rights, interests, jobs, health etc.:

The deal will safeguard 200 jobs at the factory. | Laws should do more to safeguard the rights of victims.

shield to put sth in front of sth else to protect it. Also used to talk about protecting people from unpleasant situations:

He lifted his hand to shield his eyes from the light. | They thought the public should be shielded from the truth.

shelter to provide a place where someone or sth is protected from the weather or from danger:

The village is sheltered by a belt of trees. | His family had sheltered Jews during the war.

harbor to help and protect someone who has done sth illegal, and prevent the police from finding them:

He is accused of harbouring suspected terrorists.

Question 84

sole 1 W3 AC / səʊl $ soʊl / adjective [only before noun]

Answer 84

1 the sole person, thing etc. is the only one SYN only:

• the sole American in the room*
• Griffiths is the* sole survivor of the crash.
• The story was published with the sole purpose of selling newspapers.*

2 not shared with anyone else:

• Derek has sole responsibility for sales in Dublin.*
• The company has the sole rights to market Elton John’**s records.*

Question 85

sb’s sole purpose/aim

the sole reason

the sole cause

the sole candidate

the sole occupant

the sole survivor

Answer 85

sb’s sole purpose/aim Their sole purpose was to kill.

the sole reason His sole reason for calling was to shower abuse upon me.

the sole cause I’m not saying that TV violence is the sole cause of violence in society.

the sole candidate He was the sole candidate for the post.

the sole occupant The library’s sole occupant was a thin, elderly man.

the sole survivor Jack was the sole survivor of the crew.

Question 86

the sole surviving/remaining member/child etc.

sole responsibility

sole rights

sole ownership/proprietorship

sole control/charge

Answer 86

the sole surviving/remaining member/child etc. His sole surviving child, Mary, succeeded to the throne at the age of one week.

sole responsibility She has the sole responsibility for a large family.

sole rights The company now has the sole rights to the process.

sole ownership/proprietorship He now has sole ownership of the company.

sole control/charge The school was no longer under their sole control.

Question 87

compensate AC / ˈkɒmpənseɪt $ ˈkɑːm- / verb

Answer 87

1 [intransitive] to replace or balance the effect of sth bad: جبران کردن

Because my left eye is so weak, my right eye has to work harder to compensate.

compensate for

Her intelligence more than compensates for her lack of experience.

Register

In everyday English, people usually say make up for sth rather than compensate for sth:

What she lacks in patience she makes up for in determination.

2 [transitive] to pay someone money because they have suffered injury, loss, or damage:

the government’s promise to compensate victims of the flood

compensate sb for sth

The firm will compensate workers for their loss of earnings.

Question 88

dynamic 1 AC / daɪˈnæmɪk / adjective

— dynamically / -kli / adverb

Answer 88

1 full of energy and new ideas, and determined to succeed: پویا

dynamic and ambitious people

2 continuously moving or changing:

a dynamic and unstable process

3 technical relating to a force or power that causes movement

Question 89

energetic

full of energy/bursting with energy

dynamic

hyperactive

tireless

full of beans informal

Answer 89

energetic having a lot of energy:

If you’re feeling energetic, we could go out for a run.

full of energy/bursting with energy energetic and ready to work hard or do a lot of things:

I admire her because she’s so full of energy and enthusiasm. | When she first started at the college she was bursting with energy and full of new ideas.

dynamic very energetic and always wanting to do new things:

What this country needs is a dynamic new leader.

hyperactive having more energy than is normal or good, because you cannot keep still or quiet for very long – used especially about children:

Our youngest daughter was hyperactive, and it had a damaging effect on the whole family.

tireless working with a lot of energy in a determined way, especially to achieve a particular thing:

She was a tireless campaigner against apartheid in South Africa.

full of beans informal feeling energetic and happy and showing this in the way you behave:

He’s one of those people who leap out of bed full of beans every morning.

Question 90

enterprising / ˈentəpraɪzɪŋ $ -tər- / adjective

— enterprisingly adverb

Answer 90

having the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them work and make money:

• Some enterprising students are designing software.*
• an enterprising scheme to provide interest-free loans*

Question 91

exploit 1 AC / ɪkˈsplɔɪt / verb [transitive]

— exploitable adjective

— exploiter noun [countable]

Answer 91

1 to treat someone unfairly by asking them to do things for you, but giving them very little in return – used to show disapproval: (بهره برداری کردن)

Homeworkers can easily be exploited by employers.

2 to try to get as much as you can out of a situation, sometimes unfairly:

The violence was blamed on thugs (گردن کلفت) (a violent man) exploiting the situation.

3 to use sth fully and effectively:

The new TV companies are fully exploiting the potential of satellite transmission.

4 to develop and use minerals, forests, oil etc. for business or industry:

the urgent need to exploit the resources of the Irish Sea

Question 92

use

make use of sth

employ formal

utilize formal

exploit

apply

draw on sth

resort to sth

Answer 92

use Do you mind if I use your phone? | They rebuilt the church using local stone. | We use a range of different methods.

make use of sth to use sth that is available to you:

Staff can make use of a wide range of facilities. | She made full use of her contacts within the organization.

employ formal to use a particular method or skill in order to achieve sth:

The surgeons employed a new technique. | They employed every means at their disposal (= every available method).

utilize formal to use sth that is available to you, for a practical purpose:

The company has developed a new way to utilize solar energy. | a better way of utilizing the space

exploit to use sth as fully and effectively as possible, or to use sth that will give you an advantage over your opponent:

The country’s natural resources have not yet been fully exploited. | He was quick to exploit any weakness in his opponent’**s argument.

apply to use sth such as a method, idea, or system in a particular situation:

New technology is being applied to almost every industrial process. | I wanted to apply the things that I had learned on the course.

draw on sth to use information, knowledge, or experience that you have learned in the past:

He was able to draw on his own experience as a diplomat when he was writing the book. | Journalists draw on information from many different sources.

resort to sth to use violence, force, threats etc. as a way of achieving sth:

Extremists on both sides resort to violence. | We are prepared to resort to force if necessary.

Question 93

incentive AC / ɪnˈsentɪv / noun [uncountable and countable]

Answer 93

sth that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc. → motivation: (انگیزه و مشوق)

As an added incentive, there’s a bottle of champagne for the best team.

create/provide/give sb an incentive

Awards provide an incentive for young people to improve their skills.

incentive to do sth

Farmers lack any incentive to manage their land organically.

economic/financial/tax etc. incentives

a recycling drive backed with financial incentives

Question 94

have an incentive

give/offer sb an incentive

provide sb with an incentive

create an incentive

act as an incentive

Answer 94

have an incentive Companies have an incentive to maximize efficiency.

give/offer sb an incentive If you want people to change their behavior, it’s a good idea to offer them some kind of incentive.

provide sb with an incentive Good teachers provide their students with incentives to learn.

create an incentive We need to create an incentive for people to recycle their rubbish.

act as an incentive (= be an incentive) The chance of promotion acts as an incentive for many employees.

Question 95

a strong/powerful incentive

a significant incentive

a greater incentive

the main incentive

an extra/added incentive

economic/financial incentives

Answer 95

a strong/powerful incentive The possibility of acquiring wealth acts as a strong incentive in many people’s lives.

a significant incentive The high financial rewards provide a significant incentive.

a greater incentive The scheme gives industry a greater incentive to tackle pollution.

the main incentive What is the main incentive for people to join the army?

an extra/added incentive The cash prize gives contestants an added incentive to do well.

economic/financial incentives (= money that is offered to someone as an incentive) Doctors are encouraged through financial incentives to work in poor areas.

Question 96

cash incentives

tax incentives

price incentives

an incentive scheme/system

have little/no incentive to do sth

Answer 96

cash incentives The scheme gives farmers cash incentives to manage the countryside for wildlife.

tax incentives (= a reduction in tax, offered to people as an incentive) Tax incentives are provided for employees to buy shares in their own companies.

price incentives (= lower prices, offered to people as an incentive) The strong December sales were attributed to attractive price incentives.

an incentive scheme/system The incentive scheme was introduced to encourage companies to use renewable energy sources.

have little/no incentive to do sth Poor farmers have little incentive to grow crops for export.

Question 97

motivation AC / ˌməʊtəˈveɪʃ ə n, ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃ ə n $ ˌmoʊ- / noun

— motivational adjective:

motivational speeches

Answer 97

1 [uncountable] eagerness and willingness to do sth without needing to be told or forced to do it محرک، انگیزه

sb’s motivation

• efforts to improve employees’* motivation
• Jack is an intelligent pupil, but he lacks motivation.*
• a high level of motivation*

2 [countable] the reason why you want to do sth

motivation for (doing) sth

• What was your motivation for becoming a teacher?*
• Escape can be a strong motivation for travel.*

motivation behind

There is suspicion about the motivation behind the changes we are debating.

Question 98

industrious / ɪnˈdʌstriəs / adjective

— industriously adverb

Answer 98

someone who is industrious works hard SYN hard-working; سخت کوش

Usage tips Only people can be industrious; companies cannot