400Word_6 Flashcards
delinquency / dɪˈlɪŋkwənsi / noun (plural delinquencies) [uncountable and countable]
illegal or immoral behavior or actions, especially by young people: بزه کاری
the ever-rising statistics of delinquency and crime
fringe 1 / frɪndʒ / noun [countable]
1 British English if you have a fringe, your hair is cut so that it hangs down over your forehead SYN bangs American English: موی چتری
a tall girl with straight brown hair and a fringe
2 a decorative edge of hanging threads on a curtain, piece of clothing etc.
3 on the fringes (of sth) در حاشیه چیزی
a) not completely belonging to or accepted by a group of people who share the same job, activities etc.:
a small group on the fringes of the art world
b) (also on the fringe) at the part of sth that is farthest from the center SYN on the edge of sth:
Nina remained on the fringe of the crowd.
hedonist / ˈhiːd ə n-əst, ˈhiːd ə n-ɪst / noun [countable]
— hedonism noun [uncountable]
— hedonistic / ˌhiːd ə nˈɪstɪk◂ / adjective; Suddenly wealthy, Allen fell into a hedonistic life of parties, expensive dinners, and heavy drinking
someone who believes that pleasure is the most important thing in life لذت گرا
hypocritical / ˌhɪpəˈkrɪtɪk ə l◂ / adjective
behaving in a way that is different from what you claim to believe – used to show disapproval تظاهر کار، ریا کار
OPP sincere
it’s hypocritical (of sb) to do sth
It’s hypocritical of these universities to call their football players student-athletes.; Henry spent $2,500 on a new suit and then hypocritically accused me of spending too much on clothes.
rebel 1 / ˈreb ə l / noun [countable]
1 someone who opposes or fights against people in authority: شورشی
Anti-government rebels attacked the town.
rebel forces/soldiers
the rebel leader
2 someone who refuses to do things in the normal way, or in the way that other people want them to: سرکش
Alex has always been a bit of a rebel.
status quo / ˌsteɪtəs ˈkwəʊ $ ˌsteɪtəs ˈkwoʊ, ˌstæ- / noun
the status quo the state of a situation as it is وضع موجود
maintain/preserve/defend the status quo (= not make any changes)
Will the West use its influence to maintain the status quo and not disrupt the flow of oil?; Let’s just maintain the status quo until we can think of a better way.
abstract 1 AC / ˈæbstrækt / adjective
1 based on general ideas or principles rather than specific examples or real events SYN theoretical تیوری و انتزاعی
abstract idea/concept etc.
- the ability to translate abstract ideas into words*
- By the age of seven, children are capable of thinking in abstract terms.*
- Human beings are the only creatures capable of abstract thought* (= thinking about ideas).
2 existing only as an idea or quality rather than as sth real that you can see or touch OPP concrete:
the abstract nature of beauty
3 abstract paintings, designs etc. consist of shapes and patterns that do not look like real people or things
ˌabstractˈnoun noun [countable]
(اسم عام)
a noun that names a feeling, quality, or state rather than an object, animal, or person. For example, ‘hunger’ and ‘beauty’ are abstract nouns.
context S2 W2 AC / ˈkɒntekst $ ˈkɑːn- / noun [uncountable and countable]
1 the situation, events, or information that are related to sth and that help you to understand it
political/social/historical etc. context
the political context of the election
place/put/see etc. sth in context
To appreciate what these changes will mean, it is necessary to look at them in context.
in the context of sth
These incidents are best understood in the broader context of developments in rural society.
2 the words that come just before and after a word or sentence and that help you understand its meaning:
The meaning of ‘mad’ depends on its context.
3 take/quote sth out of context to repeat part of what someone has said or written without describing the situation in which it was said, so that it means sth quite different:
His comments, taken out of context, seem harsh.
the social/political/historical etc. context
a wider/broader/larger context
an international/European/British etc. context
a general context
the social/political/historical etc. context You often need to understand the cultural context of jokes.
a wider/broader/larger context (= a more general situation, set of events etc.) It’s important to look at the story in the wider context of medieval Spain.
an international/European/British etc. context We study the work of these artists in their European context.
a general context This problem is occurring within a general context of economic difficulty.
see sth in the context of sth
look at/examine etc. sth in context
put sth in/into context
place/set sth in context
provide a context for sth
see sth in the context of sth (= consider and understand sth in relation to a particular situation) His life and work must be seen in the context of his youth.
look at/examine etc. sth in context Although this does not seem to be a good result, let’s examine it in context.
put sth in/into context (= consider sth in context) These statistics need to be put into context.
place/set sth in context (= consider sth in context) The issue must be placed within its historical context.
provide a context for sth The study provides a context for future research.
depict / dɪˈpɪkt / verb [transitive] formal
— depiction / dɪˈpɪkʃ ə n / noun [uncountable and countable]
to describe sth or someone in writing or speech, or to show them in a painting, picture etc.: به تصویر کشیدن
a book depicting life in pre-revolutionary Russia
depict sb/sth as sth
The god is depicted as a bird with a human head.
describe
tell sb about sb/sth
depict formal
portray/represent formal
characterize sb/sth as sth formal
paint sb/sth as sth
paint a picture
describe to talk or write about a person, place, event etc, in order to show what they are like:
Could you try and describe the man you saw? | In her book, she describes her journey across the Sahara. | Police described the attack as particularly violent.
tell sb about sb/sth to describe someone or sth to someone. This phrase is more commonly used than describe in everyday spoken English:
So, tell me about your holiday! | My friends have told me all about you!
depict formal to describe someone or sth in a piece of writing:
His stories depict life in Trinidad as seen through the eyes of a young boy. | In this new biography she is depicted as a lonely and unhappy woman.
portray/represent formal to describe someone or sth in a particular way:
College teachers are often represented on television shows as slightly eccentric. | The magazine has been criticized for the way it portrays women. | The treatment has been portrayed as a painless way of curing cancer, which is simply not true. | Police have represented her as a willing participant in the crimes.
characterize sb/sth as sth formal to describe someone or sth by emphasizing one particular quality or feature about them:
He characterized himself as ‘an average American’. | The successful schools were characterized as innovative and creative.
paint sb/sth as sth to describe someone or sth, especially in a way that makes people believe sth that is not true:
Not all young people are as bad as they’re painted in the press. | We won, yet the media is painting it as a victory for our opponents. | The woman was painted as having only a slight grasp of reality.
paint a picture to describe a situation, so that people can get a general idea of what it is like:
Can you paint a picture of life in Japan for us? | My uncle’s letters generally painted a rosy picture of how things were. | The report painted a bleak picture of the management’s failures.
dimension W3 AC / daɪˈmenʃ ə n, də- / noun [countable]
1 a part of a situation or a quality involved in it SYN aspect
dimension of
the moral dimension of world politics
add a new/an extra/another etc. dimension (to sth)
His coaching has added another dimension to my game.
political/social/economic etc. dimension
- It is important to keep in mind the historical dimension to these issues.*
- You can have a* spiritual dimension to your life without being religious.
2 [usually plural] the length, height, width, depth, or diameter of sth SYN measurement:
a rectangle with the dimensions 5cm x 2cm
dimension of
We**’ll need to know the exact dimensions of the room.
3 a direction in space that is at an angle of 90 degrees to two other directions:
A diagram represents things in only two dimensions.
→ fourth dimension, three-dimensional (1), two-dimensional (1)
4 dimensions [plural] how great or serious a problem is:
a catastrophe of enormous dimensions
add/give/bring a new etc. dimension to sth
have a new/social etc. dimension
take on a new/extra etc. dimension
add/give/bring a new etc. dimension to sth Digital cameras have added a new dimension to photography.
have a new/social etc. dimension Learning a language has an important cultural dimension.
take on a new/extra etc. dimension (= develop in a way that is new or different) Since I met her, my life has taken on a completely different dimension.
a new/different dimension
an extra/added/additional/further dimension
a social/political/cultural dimension
a moral/ethical dimension
a spiritual dimension
the human dimension
an international dimension
a new/different dimension The size of the bombs gave a new dimension to the terrorists’ campaign.
an extra/added/additional/further dimension Movies soon had the added dimension of sound.
a social/political/cultural dimension His writing has a strong political dimension.
a moral/ethical dimension The book discusses the ethical dimension involved in genetic engineering.
a spiritual dimension He was interested in the spiritual dimension to art.
the human dimension What the figures cannot show us is the human dimension of the disaster.
an international dimension The foreign players bring an international dimension to the English Premier League.
intrinsic AC / ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk, -zɪk / adjective
— intrinsically / -kli / adverb:
Science is seen as intrinsically good.
being part of the nature or character of someone or sth ذاتی، طبیعی
OPP extrinsic:
the intrinsic interest of the subject; Frequent elections are intrinsic to a democratic system
intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of sth
There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it more suitable for women.
intrinsic to
Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.
perspective W3 AC / pəˈspektɪv $ pər- / noun
1 [countable] a way of thinking about sth, especially one which is influenced by the type of person you are or by your experiences → viewpoint
perspective on چشم انداز به
His father’s death gave him a whole new perspective on life.
from sb’s perspective
The novel is written from a child’**s perspective.
from a feminist/Christian/global etc. perspective
- We have to look at everything from an international perspective.*
- a much-needed historical perspective*
wider/broader perspective
Our work in Uganda and Romania adds a wider perspective.
2 [uncountable] a sensible way of judging and comparing situations so that you do not imagine that sth is more serious than it really is:
- I think Viv’s lost all sense of perspective.*
- The figures have to be put into perspective.*
get/keep sth in perspective (= judge the importance of sth correctly)
3 [uncountable] a method of drawing a picture that makes objects look solid and shows distance and depth, or the effect this method produces in a picture:
the artist’s use of perspective
4 [countable] formal a view, especially one in which you can see a long way into the distance
a new/different perspective
a fresh perspective
a wider/broader perspective
a historical perspective
a global/international perspective
a feminist perspective
a female perspective
a Marxist perspective
a Christian perspective
a business perspective
the American/Russian/French etc. perspective
a new/different perspective I like the programme because it gives you a different perspective on world news.
a fresh perspective (= new and interesting or useful) The venture will benefit from their fresh perspective.
a wider/broader perspective Searching through a variety of sources will give them a wider perspective on their subject.
a historical perspective It is important to have a historical perspective when considering these changes.
a global/international perspective A global perspective allows firms to spot opportunities and reduce supply costs.
a feminist perspective If you look at this from a feminist perspective, things are, in fact, not equal.
a female perspective Carson’s lyrics are definitely written from the human experience, but from a female perspective.
a Marxist perspective From a Marxist perspective, crime is largely the product of capitalism.
a Christian perspective We approach the problem from a Christian perspective.
a business perspective I think it was a good thing to do, from a business perspective.
the American/Russian/French etc. perspective From the French perspective, therefore, 1934 marks a major turning point.
have a perspective
see/view sth from a perspective
give (sb) a perspective
provide a perspective
offer a perspective
get a perspective
put a perspective on sth
have a perspective Everyone seems to have a different perspective on the issue.
see/view sth from a perspective A child can only see see the world from his or her own perspective.
give (sb) a perspective A break might give her a better perspective on things.
provide a perspective Their research is concerned with providing an alternative perspective on our past.
offer a perspective Bamford offers a fresh perspective on this ongoing historical debate.
get a perspective When you get to my age, you get a different perspective on life.
put a perspective on sth This new evidence put a whole new perspective on the case.
lose perspective
put sth into/in perspective
get/see sth in perspective
keep sth in perspective
a sense of perspective
lose perspective People sometimes lose perspective on what is really important in life.
put sth into/in perspective (= consider sth in a sensible way by comparing it with sth else, or to help you do this) Let’s put this data into perspective. | I saw their suffering, and it really put my own problems into perspective.
get/see sth in perspective (= judge the importance of sth correctly by considering it in relation to other things) You’ve got to take a wider view and get things in perspective.
keep sth in perspective I hope we can all keep this issue in perspective.
a sense of perspective I felt I needed a break from the relationship in order to keep a sense of perspective.
portrayal / pɔːˈtreɪəl $ pɔːr- / noun [uncountable and countable]
the way someone or sth is described or shown in a book, film, play etc. تجسم
portrayal of
the newspapers’ portrayal of Islamic culture; Most portrayals of Abraham Lincoln emphasize his sense of humor and his honesty
accurate/realistic etc. portrayal
The film is not an accurate portrayal (= correct portrayal) of his life.
spectrum / ˈspektrəm / noun (plural spectra / -trə /) [countable]
1 a complete range of opinions, people, situations etc, going from one extreme to its opposite طیف
spectrum of
the ethnic spectrum of America
across the spectrum
The bill drew support from across the political spectrum.
broad/wide/full etc. spectrum
- a broad spectrum of environmental groups*
- The two articles here represent opposite ends of the spectrum.*
2 the set of bands of colored light into which a beam of light separates when it is passed through a prism رنگهای مرکبی
prism means: منشور
3 a complete range of radio, sound etc. waves:
the electromagnetic spectrum
advent / ˈædvent / noun written
the advent of sth the time when sth first begins to be widely used SYN coming: ظهور
the advent of the computer; The advent of the automobile greatly increased the demand for petroleum.
ambiguous AC / æmˈbɪɡjuəs / adjective
— ambiguously adverb:
The legislation had been ambiguously worded.
sth that is ambiguous is unclear, confusing, or not certain, especially because it can be understood in more than one way دوپهلو
OPP unambiguous:
- The language in the Minister’s statement is highly ambiguous.*
- His role in the affair is ambiguous.* The sentence It’s hard to say is ambiguous, with different meanings in different contexts.
Register
In everyday English, people also use the phrase you can take sth two ways instead of saying it is ambiguous:
What she says is ambiguous. ➔ You can take what she says two ways.
connotation / ˌkɒnəˈteɪʃ ə n $ ˌkɑː- / noun [countable]
— connotative / ˈkɒnəteɪtɪv $ ˈkɑːn-, kəˈnoʊtətɪv / adjective
A meaning implied, not stated directly; a quality or an idea that a word makes you think of that is more than its basic meaning; دلالت ضمنی
When my boss says,“Thank you,” the connotation is that she’s done talking and I should leave.
connotation of
- The word ‘professional’ has connotations of skill and excellence.*
- a negative connotation*
denote AC / dɪˈnəʊt $ -ˈnoʊt / verb [transitive] formal
— denotative adjective
— denotation / ˌdiːnəʊˈteɪʃ ə n $ -noʊ- / noun [countable]
1 to mean sth → connote: معنی دادن
What does the word ‘curriculum’ denote that ‘course’ does not?; An “X”next to a name on this list denotes a person who has been chosen for the soccer team
2 to represent or be a sign of sth SYN indicate:
Crosses on the map denote villages.
cipher, cypher / ˈsaɪfə $ -ər / noun formal
1 [uncountable and countable] a system of secret writing SYN code: رمز
- an expert in ciphers*
- messages written in cipher*
2 [countable] someone who is not important and has no power or influence:
At work, she was a cipher, a functionary (آدمی که کارهای بی اهمیتی اداری رو انجام میده), nothing more.
3 [countable] literary the number 0 SYN zero عدد صفر
decipher / dɪˈsaɪfə $ -ər / verb [transitive]
— decipherment noun [uncountable]
1 to find the meaning of sth that is difficult to read or understand کشف رمز کردن
She studied the envelope, trying to decipher the handwriting.
2 to change a message written in a code into ordinary language so that you can read it SYN decode رمز گشایی کردن
indecipherable / ˌɪndɪˈsaɪf ə rəb ə l◂ / adjective
impossible to read or understand SYN illegible: غیر قابل کشف
an indecipherable signature
illiterate 1 / ɪˈlɪt ə rət, ɪˈlɪt ə rɪt / adjective
— illiteracy noun [uncountable]
1 someone who is illiterate has not learned to read or write بی سواد
2 badly written, in an uneducated way: غیر قابل خوندن
It was an illiterate letter, full of mistakes.
3 economically/politically/scientifically etc. illiterate knowing very little about economics, politics etc.
predator / ˈpredətə $ -ər / noun [countable]
1 an animal that kills and eats other animals شکارچی
2 someone who tries to use another person’s weakness to get advantages:
a sexual predator
prey 1 / preɪ / noun
1 [singular, uncountable] an animal, bird etc. that is hunted and eaten by another animal شکار
OPP predator:
a tiger stalking its prey
2 bird/beast (جونور) of prey a bird or animal which lives by killing and eating other animals
3 be/fall prey to sb/sth if someone falls prey to someone or sth bad, they are harmed or affected by them: به دام چیزی افتادن
- Street children in this part of the world often fall prey to drug dealers.*
- They are prey to nameless fears.*
4 easy prey
a) someone who can easily be deceived or harmed:
He was easy prey for the two conmen who called at his house.
b) an animal which is easily caught by another:
Fish at the surface of the water are easy prey for eagles.
inscribe / ɪnˈskraɪb / verb [transitive]
to carefully cut, print, or write words on sth, especially on the surface of a stone or coin → engrave: حکاکی کردن
Inside the cover someone had inscribed the words ‘To Thomas, with love’.
be inscribed in/on sth
The team’s name is inscribed on the base of the trophy.
be inscribed with sth
The tomb was inscribed with a short poem.
inscription / ɪnˈskrɪpʃ ə n / noun [countable]
a piece of writing inscribed on a stone, in the front of a book etc.:
a Latin inscription on the memorial stone; The inscription on my ring says “August 1,” because that was the day of our wedding
symbolic AC / sɪmˈbɒlɪk $ -ˈbɑː- / adjective
— symbolically / -kli / adverb
1 a symbolic action is important because of what it represents but may not have any real effect نمادین
symbolic gesture/act
The protest was a symbolic gesture of anger at official policy.
symbolic significance/importance
a meeting of symbolic importance
purely/largely symbolic
It was a largely symbolic gesture from a government trying to win support.
2 representing a particular idea or quality:
Each element of the ceremony has a symbolic meaning.
symbolic of
Today’s fighting is symbolic of the chaos which the country is facing. Since the 1970s, yellow ribbons have been symbolic of hope that someone will return from a dangerous situation
3 using or involving symbols:
A map is a form of symbolic representation.
a symbolic gesture
a symbolic act
symbolic importance/significance
largely symbolic
purely symbolic
a symbolic gesture They fired arrows out to sea in a symbolic gesture of defiance.
a symbolic act Lighting the Olympic flame is a symbolic act.
symbolic importance/significance The capture of the city was of great symbolic importance.
largely symbolic The vote was largely symbolic.
purely symbolic Our protest was meant to be purely symbolic.
amateurish / ˈæmətərɪʃ, -tʃʊə-, -tʃə- ˌæməˈtɜːrɪʃ $ ˌæməˈtʊr-, -ˈtɜːr- / adjective
— amateurishly adverb
— amateurishness noun [uncountable]
not skillfully done or made آماتوری، ناشی
OPP professional:
His paintings are rather amateurish.
cast 2 noun [countable]
1 actors all the people who perform in a play, film etc.
cast of
- Films like ‘Ben Hur’ have a cast of thousands.*
- the entire cast of ‘Les Misérables’*
- an all-star cast*
- a strong supporting cast* (= everyone except the main actors)
- a member of the cast*
2 on arm/leg (also plaster cast) a hard protective case that is put over your arm, leg etc. because the bone is broken:
Murray has his leg in a cast.
3 for making a shape a mould (= hollow container) into which you pour liquid metal, plastic etc. in order to make an object of a particular shape, or the object made in this way
cast of
Make a cast of the statue.
4 sb’s cast of mind formal the way that a person thinks and the type of opinions or mental abilities they have:
Mary was of a far less intellectual cast of mind.
5 fishing the act of throwing a fishing line into the water
6 color literary a small amount of a particular color:
Sage leaves have a silvery cast.
7 eye old-fashioned a problem with your eye which causes it to look sideways
8 earth a small pile of earth that a worm produces on the surface of the ground