Pathology VI Flashcards
What is a possible compilcation of cerebellar tonsillar herniation into the foramen magnum?
Coma and death when herniation compresses the brainstem (p.448)
What causes central vertigo?
Brainstem or cerebellar lesion (e.g stroke affecting vestibular nucleu or posterior fossa timor) (p.446)
What clinical findings are present in a patient with central vertigo?
Directional change of nystagmus, skew deviation, diplopia, dysmetria (p.446)
What positional testing results indicate central vertigo?
Immediate nystagmus in any direction which may change directions (p.446)
What is the difference between positional testing results of peripheral vs central vertigo?
Peripheral- delayed horizontal nystagmus; central- immediate nystagmus in any direction that may change directions (p.446)
Name four neurocutaneous disorders.
Sturge-Weber syndrome, Tuberous sclerosis, neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen’s disease), von Hippel Lindau Disease (p.446)
What is Sturge-Weber syndrome?
A congenital disorder with port-wine stains typically in the V1 opthalmic distribution. Sporadic occurance (p.446)
What symptoms and findings are characteristic of Sturge-Weber syndrome?
Ipsilateral leptomeningeal angiomas, pheochromocytomas, glaucoma, seizures, hemiparesis, mental retardation (p.446)
What symptoms are characteristic of Tuberous Sclerosis?
Hamartomas in CNS and skin; adenoma sebaceum (cutaneous angiofibromas); Mitral regurgitation; Ash-Leaf spots; cardic rhabdomyoma; Tuberous sclerosis; mental retardation; renal angiomyolipoma; seizures (p.446)
How is tuberous sclerosis inherited?
Autosomal dominant (p.446)
What symptoms are characteristic of neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen’s diseae)?
Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (pigminted iris hamartomas), neurofibromas in skin, optic gliomas, pheochromocytomas (p.446)
Describe the mechanism of inheritance of Neurofibromatosis type I.
Autosomal dominant; 100% penetrant with variable expression (p.446)
What gene is mutated in Neurofibromatosis type I?
NF1 gene on chromosome 17 (p.446)
What symptoms are characteristic of von Hippel-Lindau disease?
Cavernous hemangiomas in skin, mucosa, organs; bilateral renal cell carcinoma, hemangioblastomas in retina, brainstem, cerebellum; pheochromocytomas (p.446)
Describe the mechanism of inheritance of von Hippel Lindau disease.
Autosomal dominant; mutated tumor suppressor VHL gene on chromosome 3 (p.446)
Name the five types of primary adult brain tumors.
Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma); Meningioma, Schwannoma, Oligodendroglioma; Pituitary adenoma (p.447)
What is the most common type of primary adult brain tumor?
Glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV astrocytoma) (p.447)
Where is a glioblastoma multiforme typically found?
In the cerebral hemispheres and can cross the corpus callosum (p.447)
What histological staining can pick up a glioblastoma multiforme?
GFAP (stains for astrocytes) (p.447)
What characterizes histology of glioblastoma multiforme tumors?
Pseudopalisading, pleomorphic tumor cells that border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage (p.447)
What is the second most common type of primary adult brain tumor?
Meningioma (p.447)
