Anatomy and Physiology X

Question 1

What is global aphasia?

Answer 1

Nonfluent aphasia with impaired comprehension (p.420)

Question 2

What regions of the brain are affected in patients with global aphasia?

Answer 2

Both Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas (p.420)

Question 3

What is conduction aphasia?

Answer 3

Poor repetition but fluent speech and intact comprehension (p.420)

Question 4

Damage to what area causes conduction aphasia?

Answer 4

Damage to the arcuate fasciculus (p.420)

Question 5

What surfaces of the brain is supplied by the anterior cerebral artery?

Answer 5

The anteromedial surfaces (p.420)

Question 6

What surfaces of the brain is supplied by the middle cerebral artery?

Answer 6

The lateral surfaces of the brain (p.420)

Question 7

What surfaces of the brain are supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?

Answer 7

The posterior and inferior surfaces of the brain (p.420)

Question 8

Where are the two watershed zones of the brain?

Answer 8

Between anterior cerebral/ middle cerebral arteries; between the posterior cerebral/ middle cerebral arteries (p.420)

Question 9

Name a typical cause of watershed infarction?

Answer 9

Severe hypotension (p.420)

Question 10

Name two symptoms associated with watershed infarction.

Answer 10

Upper leg/ upper arm weakness; defects in higher-order visual processing (p.420)

Question 11

How is brain perfusion regulated?

Answer 11

Tight autoregulation primarily driven by PCO2 (p.421)

Question 12

In instances of severe hypoxia, how is brain perfusion regulated?

Answer 12

PO2 modulates brain perfusion in addition to PCO2 (p.421)

Question 13

What is therepeutic hyperventillation?

Answer 13

Decreasing PCO2 to decrease ICP in cases of acute cerebral edema (stroke, trauma, etc) via decreasing cerebral perfusion (p.421)

Question 14

When is therepeutic hyperventillation used?

Answer 14

During cases of acute cerebral edema to reduce ICP (p.421)

Question 15

At what point does hypoxemia increase cerebral perfusion pressure?

Answer 15

Cerebral blood flow is only increased when PO2 is less than 50mmHg (p.421)

Question 16

When does cerebral perfusion pressure increase proportionally to PCO2?

Answer 16

Cerebral blood flow increases proportionally to PCO2 until PCO2 > 90 mmHg; It levels off at this point (p.421)

Question 17

What three arteries compose the anterior circulation of the brain?

Answer 17

MCA, ACA, Lateral striate artery (p.422)

Question 18

What four functional areas does the MCA supply?

Answer 18

The motor cortex (upper limb and face); Sensory cortex (upper limb and face); Temporal lobe (Wernicke’s area); Frontal lobe (Broca’s area) (p.422)

Question 19

What symptoms are associated with an infarction of the MCA?

Answer 19

Contralateral paralysis of the upper limb and face; contralateral loss of sensation of the upper limb and face; aphasia if in dominant (usually left) hemisphere; hemineglect if lesion affects non dominant side (usually right side) (p.422)

Question 20

What two functional areas are supplied by the ACA?

Answer 20

Motor cortex- lower limbs; sensory cortex- lower limbs (p.422)

Question 21

What symptoms are associated with an infarction of the ACA?

Answer 21

Contralateral paralysis of the lower limb; contralateral loss of sensation of the lower limb (p.422)

Question 22

What two functional areas are supplied by the lateral striate arteries?

Answer 22

The striatum and internal capsule (p.422)

Question 23

What symptoms are associated with an infarction of the lateral striate arteries?

Answer 23

Contralateral hemiparesis/hemiplegia (p.422)

Question 24

What arteries are commonly infarcted in the setting of lacunar infarcts?

Answer 24

The lateral striate arteries (p.422)

Question 25

What causes lacunar infarcts?

Answer 25

Unmanaged hypertension (p.422)